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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 1

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 2

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 3

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 4

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AmB-~mn Vo H$m_ H$$ eH$V ZmhrV H$maUAmS>mVM Zmhr Va nmoh`mV H$g oÙma?EHo$H$mir _y`{ejUmV Y_mM WmZ AmhmoV, naVw AmO ^maVmbm JaOoMr AgUmarY_{ZanojVm, g_Vm, ZmJ[aH$mMr AmYw{ZH$H$V ` dJao AdmMrZ _y ` H$moUVmhr Y_Ody eH$V Zmhr. AmoKmZM _J `mH$m_mgmR>r Amn`mbm {ejUjomH$S>o ~KmdbmJob. `m {>H$moZmVyZ n{hbr Vo ~mamdrm 6 Vo 18 d`moJQ>mVrb _wbm-_wbtZmJaOoM gm_m{OH$ {ejU emmoV nVrZAmnMm[aH$ar`m md, Ag _bm dmQ>V.AmOhr Aem H$maMo {df` emboÀ`mgH$_mV AgVmV, naVw `mV am`m-am`mV EH$ Va \$aH$ AgVmo Am{U embo`gWoda `m {ejUmbm {H$Vr _hd m`MVo Adb~yZ AgV. "`m {ejUmMm Cd[aVAm w``mV H$mhrM Cn`moJ hmoUma Zmhr', m^mdZoVyZ nm` d nmbH$, XmoKhr, CXmgrZAgVmV d \$ma Pmb Va, nmg hmo`mnwaVo_mH$ {_idU hoM gdmM o`` AgV.

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Eo{hH$ JVr gmYbr Amho Am{UdmV`mZVa`m XrK H$mbIS>mZVa bmoH$mZmS>moH$ da H$mT>m`bm gdS> {_imbr Amho,ZmhrVa AUm`m AmXmobZmbm EdT>mMS> _mUmda OZmYma bm^bm ZgVm!

VwV`m ^ >mMmam{damoYr AmXmoZb-$nr bT>mV AUm qOH$moV dm Z qOH$moV,naVw XoemV gwT> d geV bmoH$emhr{Z_mU H$a`mgmR>r gw$ Ho$bo`m `wmVAUmZr {dO`r gwdmV Ho$br Amho, hr~m~ {Z{ddmX!

gnH$ - gw.Jmo. [email protected]

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Ho$edgwV hUOo "AmYw{ZH$ _amR>rH${dVoMo OZH$' ho `mMo nX _amR>rgmadVm`m B{VhmgmV AOam_a PmboAmho Ago H$UmOr Ho$ed Xm_bo gd _amR>r^m{fH$mZm gm_m`V: kmV AmhoV.

hm boI Ho$edgwV hUOo _moamo Ho$edXm_bo (1868-1913) m H${dd`Ho$edgwVm`m YmH$Q>m ~Yy`m EH$m {deofJWm`m gX^mV Amho. hm JW hUOo _moamoHo$ed Xm_bo `mMm AJ JW MagnumOpus "emr` _amR>r `mH$aU' hm hmo` ._w{V d$nmV hm JW {g Pm`mMrVmarI Amho 11-11-1911. hUOoò`m 11-11-2011 amoOr m JWmbme^ a df} nyU hmoVrb. `m >rZo JWmMm d`m AZwfJmZo JWH$`mMm B{Vhmg WmoS>`mV_mS>mdm EdT>mM _`m{XV hoVy ` m {bImUm_mJoAmho.

_moamo Ho$ed mMm O_ _mbJwS>bmM,Ho$edgwVm`m ZVa XmoZ dfmZr, 7 Zmoh|~a1868 amoOr Pmbm. lrYa Ho$ed hUOo`m M o Wm oabo ~ Y y `m Zr `m Xm oKm Zm{ejUmgmR>r ~S>mombm R>odbo hmoVo. naVwdV: lrYanVm`m AmH$p_H$ _ y`ZVa hrXmohr _wbo ~S>momhZ H$moH$UmV naV Ambr.nwT>o, H$UmOrnV H$mhr {Xdg ZmJnyabmamhZ nw`mg Ambo Va _moamonV C_amdVrbmJobo. VoWoM Vo 1887 _ o` _{Q>H$ narjmdhmS>mV gH$V_ o` gdm{YH$ JwU {_idyZCmrU Pmbo d "{gboAa nm[aVmo{fH$'{_idVo Pmbo. nwT>o Vohr nw`mbm Ambo.\$JgZ H$mboO, S>oH$Z H$mboO ` oWo {ejU

nyU H$$Z 1891 gmbr ~r.E. d 1893gmbr E_.E. m narjm CmrU Pmbo. _moamoHo$ed mZr mMm ` go~r mMo {deof o_gnmXZ Ho$`mZo `m`m {e\$maer_wioCOZrbm _mYd H$mboOmV Vo m`mnH$Pmbo. nwT>o 1908 _ o` ZmJnya`m "Zrb{gQ>r hm`Hy$b'Mo _w`m`mnH$ Pmbo.nU...Am{U hm nUM _moR>m {d{M Amho._wimV Ho$gmonV hUOo Ho$edamdmMr gJir_wbo OJbr ZmhrV. Or OJbr `m`mdmQ>mbm AmH$p_H$ _ y`Mr XmU AmnmrAmbobr hmoVr. AndmX \$V qMVmo Ho$ed`mMm. lrYa Ho$ed {df_damZo ~S>momVm`mnH$ AgVmZmM AMmZH$nUo dmabo._w ~BMm boJ Q>miyZ h~irg Jobo`mHo$edgwVmZm boJZo JmR>bo (1905) `mVVo d ZVa gw_mao AmR>-Xhm {XdgmZr `m`mnZr `mMo {ZYZ Pmbo. _moam o Ho$edZmJnyahZ ZmJnya- w^gmdi ng|OaZo nw`mbmò`mgmR>r {ZKmbo AgVm AH$mo`m-Odi`m ~moaJmd Q>oeZOdi _mbJmS>rerQ>H$a hmoD$Z Pmbo`m AnKmVmV Vo d`m`m nZr Ago XmoKmMohr {ZYZ Pmbo.ghm dfmMr YmH$Q>r _wbJr _m ~mhoa \o$H$brJo`mZo dmMbr. grVmam_ Ho$ed `mZr _moamoHo$edm`m _wbmMr H$miOr dm{hbr `mMohrd`m`m Ho$di nZmgm`m dfu nSy>amoJmZod Am{WH$ Q>m hmbmIr`m pWVrV{ZYZ Pmbo. grVmam_nVXoIrb hema.1900 _ o` ~r.E. Pmbo. BJOr {df`mMo"E{bg mBP' {_idbo. EbEb.~r. Pmbo.Amn`m H$m`m`m kmZm`m Omoamda

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hm emn BWoM Am{U AgmM gnbmAgo Zmhr. Vmo _moamo Ho$ed `m`m _w`JWm`mhr Z{e~r Ambm. `mMr JWgnXmEdT>m EH$m JWmnwaVr _`m{XV Zmhr.ES>_S> ~H$`m `m`mZmMr ^mfmVao,`mèmmdarb dV JW, ewboIZgwYmaUm, h[aha_hmamO CXmgr `mMrH${dVm, emr` _amR>r `mH$aU Aer~h{dY Amho. "emr` _amR>r `mH$aU'boIH$ _moamo Ho$ed Xm_bo, gwn[aQ>|S>Q>, {_S>bHy$b-ZmJnya, H$meH$, Xm_m oXagmdimam_ Am{U _S>ir, 1911; nR>22+990 Aer `m JWmMr Zm|X Amho.BV`m _moR>m n[al_nydH$ nVrZo {gHo$bo`m JWmMm _moamo Ho$emZm EH$ Zdmngmhr _mo~Xbm {_imbm Zmhr. \$VXm_moXa gmdimam_ _S>itH$Sy>Z "h[aha_hmamO CXmgtMr H${dVm' _mo\$V N>mnyZ{_imbr EdT>oM. AmO`m H$meZm`mgw{dYm, H$meH$mMr g`m, {dVaUmMrAmYw{ZH$ Vo, "JWmbr'gmaIr Midi ` mgd nm^ y_rda hr Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zm|X ~arM~mobH$s dmQ>Vo. JWm{df`r, JWH$`m{df`r~aoM H$mhr gmJyZ OmVo.

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Va \$ma nVeranUo JWmMr {gVm Ho$br.JWm`m V`marbm Ama^ `mZr COZrbmAg`mnmgyZ Ho$bm. gwdmVrbm gwQ>r gwQ>rQ>mMUo Ho$br. JW `j {bhZ H$mT>`mgmR>r_wm_ OmS> H$mJX AmUyZ, `m`m gmo` rH$adm H$$Z, ~mD$Z nona bmdyZ `dpWVdm {edyZ KoV`m d gwdm` hVmjamVJW EH$Q>mH$s {bhZ H$mT>bm. m EHy$U18 dm X._mo. Xm_bo mZr gm^miyZR>od`m hmo`m. AmYr CboI Ho$bobm emnhUVmo Vmo H$gm dmQ>oV Ambm Vo ~Km._`Var "bmoH$gmm'_ò nmZeoV`mYaU\w$Q>rZo nw`ZJarV Omo Yw_mHy$i KmVbm`m KQ>Zobm 50 df} nyU Pm`m`m{Z{_mmZo H$mhr AmR>dUtMo gH$bZ {gHo$bo hmoVo. `mV hr AmR>dU {g H$aVmAmbr AgVr, H$maU _moamo Ho$edm`m m__~YmV`m R>odrMo, Eo{Vhm{gH$ A_y`XVmdoOmMo ajU hmoUma hmoVo, gm{h`n[afXogma`m gWoH$S>o ho hV{b{IV gwnyXhmoUma hmoVo. naVw {Z`Vrbm Vo _m` ZhVo.Vmo {dMma nyU hmo`mAmYrM, 1961`mYaU\w$Q>rZo nw`mMm Am{U AZoH$m`mnw`mBMm ^bVmM {heo~ _mS>bm. `mObb`mV ho hV{b{IV Z> Pmbo. _moamoHo$ed hV{b{IVmV Iao {OdV hmoVo, `mZmaodoAnKmVmZVa - nwhm Obg_mYr{_imbr. Xwg`mXm _aU `m`m dmQ>mbmAmbo.

n[al_nydH$ {g Pmbo`m JWmMohrZer~ ~Km. N>mnm`bm Hw$Ur V`ma Zmhr.nmM-ghm _{h`mZ Va eoR > Xm_m oXagmdiam_ `Xo `m _wH$-H$meH$mernydH$meZm_wio Pmbo`m n[aM`mVyZ `XoeoR> V`ma Pmbo. Xm_`mZr VmdZoV`m`m~b "{XbXma' H$meH$ hUyZH$VkVm `V Ho$br Amho. `Xo `m`m"BXwH$me' N>mnIm`mV nwVH$mMo _wU1911 _ò Pmbo. gwdmVrMr 468 nmZoEH$m IS>mV d nwT>rb 990 n`VMr nmZoXwg`m IS>mV {g Pmbr. CnH$_ dCnghma Aer XmoZ {ZdoXZo XmoZ ^mJmZm

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 19

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 20

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Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 21

OZwH$R>go {ZH$maU Jmoim H$a`mbmOmJ{VH$ _mZdr-hH$-g{_VrMm Vrd{damoY Amho.

BbS>_ o` Va Mm`mE|er gmbmnmgyZAem _m{hVrH$moemM H$m_ gw$ Amho.Hw$R>`mhr JwmMm ZwgVm Amamon Pmbm H$sVmo Amamon {g hmodmo AJa Z hmodmo, `mge{`VmMo Am{U o`H$ H$mMo R>go KoVboOmV. {VW`m nmM Q>Ho$ a{hdmemMoOZwH$R>go `m H$moemV AmhoV. `mV hOmamo{ZXm}f ZmJ[aH$mMm Am{U {Znmn bhmZ_wbmMmhr g_mdoe Amho. {Zdi `m_m{hVrH$moemV {V`m OZwH$R>emMr Zm|XgmnS>br `m EH$mM H$maUmgmR>r EH$md{H$brU~mB bm H$m_md$Z H$mT y >ZQ>mH$`mV Amb.

2008 gmbr wàmon`m _mZdrhH$g{_VrZ `m OZwH$R>emZm Amjon KoVbm.H$mhr H$maUm _ wio `m B pbe_m{hVrH$moemda dUofmMhr ~mbQ> Amb.\$V J^ ra Amamon {g Pmbo VaM AgoR>go KoVbo Omdo; {ZXm}fnUm {g Pm`mda`m H$moemVbo R>go nwgbo Omdo; {ZXmZ `mZVaXhm-~mam dfmV Var Vo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdo Agmgm {Xbm Jobm. nU gwa{jVVo`mg~~rImVa YmoaU Amn ~Xbb JobobZmhr.

^maVmV JwhoJmam`m OZwH$R>emMm_m{hVrH$moe V`ma H$am`Mm gaH$maMm_Zgw~m Amho. ho H$m_ A`V _hmJS>Amho, BVahr H$mhr AS>MUr AmhoV`m_wio Aer _m{hVr Jmoim H$amdr AggmJUm`m H$m`mMm AmamIS>m AOyZ{eH$m_moV~mMr dmQ> nmhV Amho.

nU Aem H$maMr Hw$R>brhr nVeâ Q>Ho$ {~ZYmoH$ Agy eH$V Zmhr.Jwm`m {R>H$mUr OZwH$s` ôgi ghOhmoD$ eH$Vo. nmobrg, nH$ma, `m`mH$nS>mZm, H$_o`mZm {MH$Qy>Z {H$VrVarAdmVa OZwH$s` _mb KQ>ZmWir XmIbhmoD$ eH$Vmo. `mgmR>r `m gm`mZrOmVrV OmV H$miOr `m`bm hdr.

1993 Vo 2009 `m gmoim dfm`mH$mimV `wamon_Y`m doJdoJ`m XoemVKS>bo`m IyZ, ~bmH$ma, Mmoar, XamoSo> AemAZoH$ H$ma`m JwmV EH$mM `VsMoOZwH$R>go gmnS>bo hmoVo. gmoim dfmZr `mR>emMr _mbH$sU nmo{bgmZm gmnS>br.H$mngm`m `m ~mo`mZr Jwm`m{R>H$mUMm nwamdm Jmoim Ho$bm OmV hmoVm Vo~m oio ~ZdUm`m H$maIm`mVbr Vr

H$m_H$ar ~mB hmoVr! H$maIm`mZ {Z`_nmibm hmoVm Vmo ~moio {ZOVwH$ H$a`mMm,Vo {ZOZwH$ Ro>d`mMm Zho!

hUyZM ZwgVo OZwH$s` R>go dmn$ZHw$UmdaMm J^ra Amamon {g hmoVm Zò.A_o[aH o $V `mgmR>r AmUIr EH$nS>Vm`mMm Q >nm R o >dbobm Amho.OZwH$R>em_wio Or `Vr ge{`V R>aob{VMr OZwH$MmMUr Am{U MmMUrMrnwam`mer hmoUmar VwbZm EH$m kmZr Am{UO~m~Xma OZwH$Vkmbm XmIdbr OmVo.`mZo nS>VmiyZ nm{h`mdaM Vmo AmamonJm Yabm OmVmo. Am{U Vohmhr Vmo {ghmoV Zmhr.

VmoV`m AZmMo OZwH$R>go Pma`mHw$Qw>{~`m`m hUOo amo_mZmohm`m R>emerOwibo ZmhrV hm EH$ Anwam nwamdm hmoVm.

AZm`m hUOo \$mpPH$m`m ~{hUrMmZmVy _mCIa hm AZm hr Amnbr doS>r _mdgAmOr Ag`mMm Xmdm H$aVM hmoVm.`m`m _mÒZwH$mMo R>go AZm`m R>emerOwibo Am{U AZmVm{e`m`m Oibo`mXohmMo OZwH$R>go amo_mZmohmer Am{U {g{\${bnerhr Owibo. Ago gm`m VnerbmMoV wH$S o > MnIb EH$ O_bo V ohmMAZmdaMm VmoV`m{JarMm hrZ Amamon Iam{g Pmbm Am{U B{VhmgmVbr EH$ MwH$sMrZm|X Imrbm`H$ar`m Q>ibr.

OZwH$R>go hm Ho$di EH$ nwamdm Amho.Vmo IQ>`m`m {H$ o`bm n`m` hmoD$ eH$VZmhr. Amamonr, {\$`mXr, gmjrXma `mMrarVga KoVbobr O~mZr, CnbY AgboboBVa nwamdo, d{H$bmZr _mS>bobo _wo Am{U`m`mYremZr Am{U `watZr Ho$bobm`m`{Z> gmamgma {dMma ` m gm`mMm ` mo`_oi O_bm VaM g_J gOrdg>rH$Sy>Z {_iyeH$Umar hr OZwH$~m obrVbr gmj`m`XmZmbm `mo` _mJ XmIdy eHo$b.

- S>m. Cdbm Xidr

[email protected]

"Am fY "Zb'J o _Obm',hUUm`m X_`VrbmM H$embm,Hw$Umbmhr Hw$R>br _mm bmJy nS>obAm{U {VMo {H$Vr digo md obmJVrb ho ZmS>rnarjod$Z R>aVAgo. hbr Hw$R>`mhr `Vr`mAem Am fY-H$VrMm AXmO~mYm`bm emk DNA Hw$S>brMmAmYma KoVmV. AmfYemmVb hoOZwH$-`mo{Vf {S>g|~a`m AH$mVnmh`m.

em~[aH$Iamo{bH$m

^maVr` {MnQ> `dgm`mMo

OZH$ _hmXodamd Am{U

nQ>dYZ ~Yy

lrH$mV noQ>H$a

_y` 60 n o`gdbVrV 35 n o`

Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 22

Amhr y` `mH$ am`mMr amOYmZrAm~ZrOdi amhVmo. BWo {g hmoUm`mX{ZH$ "Q>mBg w`{Z`Z'_ o` 'MoleculesThat Matter' `m XeZmg~Yr boI_m`m dmM`mV Ambm. XeZmMo Jmd hmoVoBWyZ Cmaobm 25 _b AVamdarb gaQ>moJmpO! ho Jmd A_o[aHo$V XmoZ H$maUmgmR>r{g Amho. EH$, Ja_ nm`mMo Pao,Amn`mH$S>rb dgBOdirb dOoargmaIoBWo AmhoV. Xwgao, Chm`m`m _{h`mVrbOwb d AmJQ>_ò BW`m aogH$mogdaâUm`m KmoS>m `m e`Vr! JmdmV{b~ab AmQ>gMo EH$ N>moQ>ogo H$mboO Amho.`m pH$S>_moa H$mboO_Yrb "Q>J {Q>qMJ`w{P`_'_ò ho XeZ âbobo hmoVo.boIm_wio _mPo Hw$Vyhb OmJV Pmbo d _r`mbm o^Q> Xo`mMo R>adbo.

H$bm_H$ Jmo>r ({Mo d {eno),hV{Z{_V dVy (Artifacts) VgoMemr` _mS> og d _m{hVrnQ> mMmXeZmV g_mdoe hmoVm. hV{Z{_V qH$dm_mZd{Z{_V dVy V gZ 1910 MrApn[aZMr ~mQ>br VgoM gZ 1940_Yrb Zm`bmZ Q>mqH$Ogma`m Jmo>rR > od`mV Am`m hm o`m. H$m b oOMoagm`ZemmMo m`mnH$ ao {Jdoao mZrJ o`m eVH$mVrb Xhm H$m~ Z a oU yXeZmgmR>r {ZdS>bo. Vo {ZdS>`mMo H$maU,`m`m _Vo, `m eVH$mVrb o`H$ XeH$mVm _hdnyU aoUyMm emoY bmJbm hmoVm.

aoUy (Molecule) hUOo g` wJmMmbhmZmV bhmZ H$U. `mV AmUIr gy_

H$U-AUy AgVmV. hUyZM ~hYm"AUy-aoUy' hm dmH$Mma ApVdmVAmbm Agmdm. aoUy hm EH$ qH$dm A{YH$AUynmgyZ V`ma hmoVmo. CXmhaUmW, EH$mAmpgOZ`m AUyZo ~mYbo`m XmoZhm`S>moOZ AUyMo n[adVZ nmUr (H20)m aoUy_ o` hmoVo ho OJ{g Amho.

H$m~Z m _ybH$mMo d{eQ> hUOoVo dV:er ~`mM doim qH$dm BVa_ybH$m er ghOJ`m ~mYbo OmVo...`m `mer J>r O_Vo! m `m`mJwUY_m_wio Ag` H$m~Z_` g`wJo(H$nmD$S>) V`ma hmoVmV. gd H$m~Z_` aoUyg|{` (AmaJ{ZH$) g_Obo OmVmV.{dgm`m eVH$mVrb Xhm H$m~Z aoUy`mgemoYZm_wio _mZdr Am w`` H$go ~Xbbo hoH$_dmamZwgma nmh.1) gZ 1900 - A{g{Q>bg{b{g{bH$A{gS> :

Jo`m eVH$mVrb hm n{hbm M_H$mahQ>bm nm{hOo. hm KQ>H$ AgUm`mApn[aZ`m JmoirMo nmoQ>mV H$mhr _mUmV{dKQ>Z hmoD$Z `mVyZ Ago{Q>H$ Amb Am{U

g{b{g{bH$ Amb {Z_mU hmoVo. hr AmboAmVS>mVyZ emofbr OmVmV. hr Jmoir Vmn,S>moHo$XwIr, gXu VgoM emar[aH$ doXZmdaBbmO hUyZ dmnam`bm gwdmV Pmbr.

OJmV OdiOdi 10 H$m oQ > rJmo`mMm In hmoVmo Am{U `mMr qH$_VAgVo 40/50 ngo (AXmOo 1 A_o[aH$Zg|Q>) - \$V EH$m JmoirgmR>r! Jo`meVH$m`m AmR>`m XeH$mnmgyZ Apn[aZXwg`m hmQ> AQH$Mm YmoH$m Q>mi`mgmR>rdmnabo OmVo. ^{d`mV ~w{^ emda({S>_|{e`m) d _moR>m AmVS>m`m(H$m obm oZ) H$H$am oJmda Cnm` hUyZApn[aZMm Cn`moJ hmo`mMr e`VmAmho.

2) gZ 1910 -Am`gmoAmQ>oZ (2,2,4Q>m`_o{Wb n|Q>oZ) :

H$magma`m AVdbZ (BQ>aZbH$~Z) B{OZ_ò dbZm`m doioV(Q>m`q_J) JS>~S> Pmbr Va BYZ dbZmMr{H$`m AnyU amhVo, VgoM B{OZ_òAmKmVr (ZmqH$J) AmdmOhr {Z_mU hmoD$eH$VmV. Vo Q>mi`mgmR>r Am`gmoAmQ>oZ-gma`m I{ZO Vobm`m AZwOmVrMm(noQ>mo{b`_ S>o[aho{Q>h) Cn`moJ H$a`mggwdmV Pmbr.

3) gZ 1920 - no{Z{g{bZ :emk AboPmS>a boq_J mZm

no{Z{g{b`_ `m ~waerVrb OVwZmeH$dbjmV Ambo. m ~waerMr dmT> Ho$br AgVm

{dgm`m eVH$mVrb H$m~Z aoUyMo emoYgwYra Hw$bH$Uu

nm`mMo aoUy

Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 23

{Z_mU Pmbo`m nXmWmV OVy{VH$maH$JwU AmhoV ho `mZmV Ambo. `mVyZno{Z{g{bZ ho {VO{dH$ (A{Q>~m`mo{Q>H$)V`ma Ho$bo hr Jmo> OJ{g AmhoM.

Xwg`m _hm`wmV no{Z{g{bZ_wioXmoV g{ZH$m`m OI_mVrb OVyggJm_wio(~Q>o[aAb B\o$eZ) hmoUm`m _ y`_ o`d Ad`dN>oXZmV (A w`Q>oeZ) OdiOdi12 Vo 15 Q>`mZr KQ> Pmbr. ` wH$mimVno{Z{g{bZ \$ma _moR>m _mUmV {Z_mUH$a`mV AS>MUr hmo`m. VgoM Vo nmoQ>mVJo`mda 3 Vo 4 Vmgm`m AmV bKdrmao~mhoa nS>V Ago. m H$maUmZr `m H$mimVamo`mMo _y O_m H$$Z, `mVrb no{Z{g{bZdoJio H$$Z naV dmna`mMr Wm M{bVhmoVr. Vo Q>mi`mgmR>r nwT>o no{Z{g{bZnmoQ>mV Xo`mEodOr Am`.hr. (BQ>mphZg)nVrZo m`bm gwdmV Ho$br. hbr VaVo Jmo`m`m $nmVhr CnbY PmboboAmho. no{Z{g{bZ d BVa {VO{dH$(A{Q>~m`m{Q>H$) AmfYm_wio {dgm`meVH$mVrb _mZdr Am w``_mZ gamgar XhmdfmZr Var dmT>bobo Amho.

4) gZ 1930 - nm{bEWo{bZ :C_ bpQ>H$ qH$dm Wa_mobpQ>H$

hr gamg dmnabr OmUmar dVy (H$ w`_aH$_m {S >Q >r) Amho. gd OJmV mModm{fH$ CnmXZ Amho 6 H$moQ>r Q>Z. `mMo`mdgm{`H$ CnmXZ H$a`m`m gwb^{H$òMm emoYhr AnKmVmZo bmJbm.B bS >_Yrb B {n[a`b Ho ${_H$bBS>Q>rOH$aVm H$m_ H$aUmao emk E[aH$\$mgoQ> Am{U ao{OZmS> {JgZ ho emoYH$hm oV o. `m `m `m em oYm_wio X wg`m_hm w`mnmgyZ g{ZH$s dVy VgoM AmO`md`nmH$KamV Cn`m oJr nS>Um`mQ>nadoAagma`m dVyMm dmna hmo`mggwwdmV Pmbr.

5) gZ 1940 - Zm`bmZ 6,6 :OJ{g S>w nm Q > H $nZr`m

EH$m emkmbm - dmbog H$amoWagbmAnKmVmZoM Zm`bmZMm emoY bmJbm. hmn{hbm _mZd{Z{_V VVy R>abm. `mnmarVdmda m aoe_mgma`m C__Xy bpQ>H$Ym`mMm Cn`moJ Zm`bmZ Qy>W~egmR>r W_Ho$bm Jobm Xwg`m _hm w`H$mimV (OnmZZoMrZ H$m~rO Ho$`mZo). aoe_m`m Q>MmB_wioa oe_mEodOr Zm`bmZ Ym`mMm dmnabH$amgmR>r Cn`moJmV òUm`m nameyQ>bH$ OHo$Q> d _moQ>aMo Q>mà m`mgmR>rH$am`bm gwwdmV Pmbr. "JaO hr emoYmMrOZZr Amho' m hUrMr BWo {MVr o`Vo.

_moR>m _mUmV nm`mbm OmV{damoY H$a`mMm JwUhr Zm`bmZ_ o` Amho.XUH$Q> d BVa agm`ZmZm {damoY H$a`m`meVr_wio H$Jdo, Ho$gmMo ~e, nwbmMo~ oA[a J, _pN>_mar Omir, OmO_o,{JQ>ma`m Vmam, XmoaIS>o, {JAa B`mXrdVygmR>r Zm`bmZMm Cn`moJ H$aVmV.

6) gZ 1950 - S>rEZE ({S>Amopg[a~moZwboBH$ A{gS>) :

m H|$H$mbmV ( y`boBH$ A{gS>)OZwH$s` gyMZm (OoZo{Q>H$ BQ>eg) AmhoVH$s `mmao gOrd H$m àV amhVmV d `mMrdmT>hr hmoVo. Xwhoar _igym`m (ho{bg)

AmH$mamMm qH$dm MH$mH$ma {O`mgmaImS>rEZE hm OZwH$s` gHo$VdmhH$ (H$moS>H$[aAa) Amho. m`m emoYm_wio Odnm^y_rda H$me nS>bm d _mZdrOdm~b`m AmH$bZmMr XoUJr mVPmbr.

~`mM emkm`m `mZmV AmboAmho H$s S>rEZE_ o` gOrdmg~Yr {Z `H$AmamIS>m qH$dm ZH$mem (_mQ>a bZ)nmhm`bm {_iVmo. AmO`m H$mimV,ge{`VmZr Ho$bo`m JwmMm nwamdm hUyZS>rEZE MmMUr `m`mb` _m` H$aVo.`mM_mUo S>rEZE n wam`m_wioge{`Vmdarb Amamon {g Z Pm`mZo`mMr gwQ>H$mhr Pmbobr Amho. EImm~mbH$m`m {nVdm~b dmX Ag`mg`m`mYre {ZH$mb XoVmZm S>rEZEMmMUrda Adb~yZ amhVmV.

7) gZ 1960 - moOopQ>Z :hr ZwgVr Jmoir ({X {nb) hUOoM

{ZamoYZmMr Jmoir hUyZhr AmoiIbrOmVo. JâjH$mMm (moOoQ>oamoZ) hm EH$H${_ ({gW|{Q>H$) H$ma Amho. {dgm`meVH$mVrb emr` VgoM gm_m{OH$~Xbmbm H$maUr^yV Pmbobo VrH$ hr"Jmoir' _mZbr OmVo.

moOopQ>ZMm Cn`moJ XmoZ H$mamZrH$aVmV : EH$, gdmZm n[a{MV Agbo`mgVVr {Z`_ZmgmR>r; X wga o, hm_m }ZnwZWm nZm {M{H$gogmR>r (hm_m }Zb[abog_|Q> Woanr)

8) gZ 1970 - S>rS>rQ>r (S>m`bmoamo-S>m`{\$ZmBb-Q>m`bmoamoBWoZ) :

ho gdmV {g H${_ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$({gW|{Q>H$ nopQ>gmBS>) gZ 1874 nmgyZ~Zdm`bm gwdmV Pmbr naVw `mVrbH$sQ>H$ZmeH$ JwU g_Om`bm COmS>bo1939 gmb. Xwg`m _hm`wmV g{ZH$VgoM ZmJ[aH$mMo S>mgm_wio gUm`m_bo[a`m, Q>m`\$g VgoM BVa H$sQ>H$m_wio

S>rEZE

Mr&& gQ>|~a 2011&& 24

\ $bmdUm`m am oJm nmgyZ {V~YH$a`mgmR>r S>rS>rQ>rMm Cn`moJ H$am`bmgw wdmV Ho $br. ` wmZ Va eoVmdarbH$sQ>H$ZmeH$ hUyZ S>rS>rQ>rMm gamg dmnahm`bm bmJbm.

gZ 1962 _ò A_o[aH$ZOrddkm{ZH$ (~m`mbm{OQ>) aoMb H$mgZ{hZo "gm`b|Q> pJ' ZmdmMo nwVH$ {bhZS>rS >rQ >r`m A{Z~Y \$dm`m _ wion`mdaUmda hmoUm`m AmKmVmMr `mXrgmXa Ho$br. VgoM \$dm`m_m\$V gm[aVHo$bo`m agm`Zm_wio _mZdr eara dBH$mbmOrda hmoUm`m n[aUm_m~bhr {VZo CnpWV Ho$bo. S>rS>rQ>r Am{U Vg_H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m_wio H$ga hmo`mMr deoVmVrb dmnam_wio m`mZm, {deofV:n`mZm, YmoH$m {Z_mU hmoUm`m e`VoMr{VZo OmUrd H$$Z {Xbr. m nwVH$m`mH$meZmZo n`mdaU _mo{h_obm mogmhZ{_imbo. Pmbo`m OZOmJVrMm n[aUm_hUOo A_o[aH$m d OJmVrb BVa H$mhrXoemV eoVm`m H$m_mgmR>r 1972 nmgyZS>rS>rQ>rbm ~Xr KmVbr Jobr! _m _bo[a`m{Z_ybZmgmR>r dS> hoW AmJZm`PoZZohbr S>rS>rQ>r \$V KamV dmna`mMr{e\$mag Ho$br Amho.

9) gZ 1980 - bwAmgoQ>mBZ :{S>oeZda Cnm` hUyZ ho gd

OJmVrb {H$mBS> AmfY Amho. gZ2006 _ o` \$V A_o[aHo$V 2 H$moQ>r 30bmIm`mda {pH$eZg {b{hbr Jobr.A_o[aHo$Vrb g|Q>a \$ma {S>{gP H$Q>mobbm,moPH$gma`m {S>oeZ{damoYH$ AmfYm_wio10 Vo 24 d`moJQ>mVrb Am_h`m`mYmo`mV KQ> Pm`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo.

10) gZ 1990 - ~H${_Q>a \w$boaoZ(WmoS>`mV \w$boaoZ qH$dm ~{H$~mb) :

m ~h$nr H$m~ Z H w $Q w > ~mMm(Abm oQ > m o g H$m~ Z \ ${_br) em oYBbS>_Yrb ggog d A_o[aHo$Vrb amBg

{dmnrR>mVrb am~Q> H$b, hamS> H$moQ>mo d[aMS> _mbr m emkmZr gZ 1985_ò bmdbm. (`m~b 1996 gmbragm`ZemmVrb Zmo~ob nm[aVmo{fH$ m{VKmZm {_imbo.) `mZr emoY bmdbo`mH$m~ Za oU y Zm "~{H$~m b' hUyZhrAmoiIVmV. `mMm AmH$ma Jmob, b~JmobqH$dm ZirgmaIm Agy eH$Vmo. `mZVa`moJemioV {Z_mU Ho$bo`m \w$boa oZ8960Mm emoY bmJbm.

_oU~mrZ o {Z_m U hm oUm`mH$mOir`m H$UmVhr ho aoUy nmhm`bm{_iVmV. m Mm AmH$ma gw{gAm{H$Q>oQ> [aMS> ~H${_Q>a \w$ba mZrbmoH${` Ho$bo`m ^ynR>r` Kw_Q> qH$dm

Jmobmgma`m ({OAmoS>o{gH$ S>mo_ qH$dmp\$Aa) Ag`mZo Vo ~H${_Q>a \w$boaoZm bm~bMH$ ZmdmZohr AmoiIbo OmVmV.

ZZm o Q > wg hUOo Zir`mAmH$mamMo \w$boaog. `mMr Xr \$VH$mhr Z Zm o_rQ >g AgVo. nU bm ~r_m _m`H$m o_rQ>anojm H$_r Vo H$mhr{_br_rQ>gn`V Agy eH$Vo. AZà oU yaMZo_ wio Z Zm o Q > wgZm {deof

_m`H$moH$mo{nH$ JwU mV hmoVmV. `mVCM VmU~b (Q> o gmB b Q > o W),CM {dwV dmhH$Vm (BbopQ >H$bH$S>pQphQ>r), CM CUVm {damoYH$ (hrQ>ao{PQ>Q>) Am{U amgm`{ZH$ {ZpH$`Vm(Ho${_H$b BZApQ>phQ>r) mMm g_mdoehmoVmo. hUyZM H$m~Z ZZmo Q>wgMm Cn`moJhbr ~og~mb ~Q>g, gm`H$b \o$g dJm \$ bOgmR>r H$a`mV òVm o.\w$boaog`m Aem JwUm_wio `mMo gemoYZd {dH$mg ([agM AS> S>ohbn_|Q>) jog`m \$ma VoOrV Amho.

J o`m eVH$mVrb darb XhmH$m~ZaoUy`m emoYmMm AmT>mdm KoVbmAgVm Amn`m Am w``mda Pmbobm n[aUm_{Z{VM AmT>iyZ o`Bb. ^{d`mV ZZmo-Q>oZmbmOr_m\$V {dH$mgmMo ZdrZ XmbZgw$ hmoV Amho. VgoM S>rEZE qH$dmH|$H$mg~Yr`m A{YH$ OmUH$marZo_mZdm`m amhUrV MmJboM n[adVZ hmoBb.

- gwYra e. [email protected]

{OAmoS>o{gH$ S>mo_

~{H$~mb

_Jbm Im{S>bH$a Am{UJOmZZ g~Zrg{b{IV

"hr AmnbrM _mUg'`m nwVH$mMm

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/ColorImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict > /JPEG2000ColorImageDict > /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 300 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages true /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict > /GrayImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict > /JPEG2000GrayImageDict > /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /MonoImageResolution 1200 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict > /AllowPSXObjects false /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile () /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False

/Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure true /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles true /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /NA /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice

ruchi september 2011

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