i have a photographic memory but once in a while i forget to take off the lens cap. - milton berle...
TRANSCRIPT
I have a photographic memory but once in a while I forget to take off the lens
cap.- Milton Berle
Forming & Using New Memories
What is memory?
processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present
Control processes: active processes that can be controlled by the person
model view of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
Modal Model of Memory: Sensory Memory
Persistence of vision: retention of the perception of lightSparkler’s trail of light
Frames in film
Echo (auditory)
Similar to icon, BUT:
Recall can be cued by category
Echoes can last longer (up to 20 secs)
Modal Model of Memory: Sensory Memory
Summary of Sensory Memory
Sensory memories
are modality specific
have relatively large capacity (although short storage time)
are relatively unprocessed (mostly physical, not meaningful, aspects)
barricadechildrendietgourd foliometer journeymohairphoenixcrossbowdoorbellmufflermousemenuairplane
Subtract out from printed slides
Word list for a serial position curve experiment (A); typical results (B).
Free-Recall Experiments
Primacy effect
Recency effect
Modal Model of Memory: Short Term Memory
Modal Model of Memory: Short Term Memory
Ericcson et al. (1989)S.F. had an initial digit span of 7After 320 one-hour training sessions
S.F. could remember up to 79 digitsChunking
Short-Term MemoryForgetting
Is forgetting caused by decay or interference?
Probe-digit task
4 9 8 5 7 3 9 6 0 4 9 8 7 2 6 5
Working Memory
Working memory differs from STMSTM is a single componentWM consists of multiple parts
STM holds information for a brief period of time
WM is concerned with the manipulation of information that occurs during complex cognition
Phonological Loop
Word-Length EffectMemory for lists of words is better for
short words than for long words
It takes longer to rehearse long words and to produce them during recall
Phonological Loop
Articulatory SuppressionPrevent one from rehearsing items to be
rememberedReduces memory spanEliminates word-length effectReduces phonological similarity effect
for reading words
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Brooks (1968)Memorize sentence and
then consider each word (mentally) and eithersay “yes” if it is a noun
and “no” if it is notpoint to a Y if word is a
noun and a N if word is not
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Pointing was easier than speakingPointing involved the visuospatial sketch
pad and the phonological loop Speaking involved two verbal tasks which
overloaded the phonological loop
Working Memory
WM is set up to process different types of information simultaneously
WM has trouble when similar types of information are presented at the same time