hypermedia-driven socio-technical networks for goal-driven discovery in the web of things

Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks forGoal-driven Discovery in the Web of Things

Andrei Ciortea1 Antoine Zimmermann1 Olivier Boissier1 Adina Florea2

1Univ. Lyon, MINES Saint-Etienne, CNRS Lab Hubert Curien UMR 5516,F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France

2Department of Computer Science, University ”Politehnica” of Bucharest,Romania

7th International Workshop on the Web of ThingsNovember 7, 2016

The World Wide Web –An Internet-scale hypermedia-driven environment for people

Local guidance: hypermedia

Global guidance: the buyer’s goal

Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks for Goal-driven Discovery in the Web of Things 2/16

What about software agents?

Global guidance: various solutions available to program goal-driven softwareagents [Boissier et al., 2013, Bordini et al., 2009] (e.g., [Ciortea et al., 2016])

What’s missing:

• an Internet-scale hypermedia-driven environment for software agents

• key features: support for heterogeneity, effective crawling and autonomy

Objective: to enable software agents to reliably and effectively participate inlarge hypermedia-driven environments.

What’s missing:

Outline

1 Hypermedia-driven Environments

2 Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks

3 Proof of Concept

4 Conclusions and Perspectives

Hypermedia-driven Environments Hypermedia-driven STNs Proof of Concept Conclusions and Perspectives

A personal view on hypermedia-driven environments

Hypermedia-driven environment: a dynamic set of resources and relations among themexposed to software clients by one or more hypermedia-driven interfaces.

• Enablers for hypermedia-driven interfaces: Thing Description [W3C WoT IG, 2016],Hydra [Lanthaler and Gutl, 2013], RESTdesc [Verborgh et al., 2012]

• Hypermedia-driven environments:

Directories of resources

Constrained RESTful Environment [Shelby, 2012]

Linked Data Platform [Speicher et al., 2015]

HyperCat [Blackstock and Lea, 2014]

Graphs of services

Computational Marketplaces [Mayer, 2014]

A personal view on hypermedia-driven environments

Hypermedia-driven environment: a dynamic set of resources and relations among themexposed to software clients by one or more hypermedia-driven interfaces.

• Enablers for hypermedia-driven interfaces: Thing Description [W3C WoT IG, 2016],Hydra [Lanthaler and Gutl, 2013], RESTdesc [Verborgh et al., 2012]

• Hypermedia-driven environments:

Directories of resources

Constrained RESTful Environment [Shelby, 2012]

Linked Data Platform [Speicher et al., 2015]

HyperCat [Blackstock and Lea, 2014]

Graphs of services

Computational Marketplaces [Mayer, 2014]

1 Hypermedia-driven Environments

2 Hypermedia-driven Socio-technical Networks

3 Proof of Concept

4 Conclusions and Perspectives

Socio-technical Networks

Dynamic networks of people and things interrelated in a meaningful manner via typedrelations (e.g., friendship, ownership, provenance, colocation) [Ciortea et al., 2015]

• people and things that are actively trying to influence the environment aremodeled as agents

• things that passively augment the environment with new capabilities aremodeled as artifacts

• typed relations enable informed crawling, support reasoning, and can be furtherextended with domain- and application-specific knowledge

Agents (human and software) can “rewire” the networks in pursuit of their goals

An STN is “mirrored” in the digital world through digital artifacts, which can bedistributed across multiple platforms

STNs on the Web

All entities in an STN are mapped to Web resources:

• real-world entities (e.g., people, physical devices) 7→ non-information resources

• digital artifacts 7→ information resources

STNs are described using the STN ontology [Ciortea et al., 2014]:

• defines a general model for STNs

• promotes a uniform interface between software agents and STN platforms

Key ingredients: REST + the STN ontology + linked data

STNs on the Web

Deploying STNs on the Web

• Identification

• Formats

• Interaction

Identification

All entities in an STN are identified through URIs.

• If implementation-specific identifiers are used, the URIs of the hosting platformshave to be encapsulated in the references.

@prefix stn: <http :// w3id.org/stn/core\#> .

a stn:Person ;

stn:holds ;

stn:holds [ a stn:UserAccount ;

<http :// home1.example.org/david > a stn:UserAccount ;

stn:name "David Doe" ;

stn:description "An IoT enthusiast !" ;

stn:connectedTo <http :// home2.example.org/bob > .

Dereferencing an entity’s URI should return something useful.

• E.g., use of hash URIs [Sauermann and Cyganiak, 2008] for real-world entities.

• Dereferencing the URI of a platform should return a machine-readabledescription of its API.

Identification

<http://home1.example.org/david#me> a stn:Person ;

stn:holds <http://home1.example.org/david> ;

stn:hostedBy <http://facebok.example.org/#platform> ;

stn:id "1550387481863557" ] .

Identification

<http://home1.example.org/david#me> a stn:Person ;

stn:holds <http://home1.example.org/david> ;

stn:hostedBy <http://facebok.example.org/#platform> ;

stn:id "1550387481863557" ] .

FormatsThe states of digital artifacts are represented in RDF:

• using standard RDF serialization formats, or

• new serialization formats that fit specific needs

... but most Web APIs don’t use RDF.

• A simple mapping language for extracting RDF data from heterogenous JSONrepresentations:

@prefix stn -ops: <http :// w3id.org/stn/core/operations#> .

@prefix stn -http: <http :// w3id.org/stn/core/http#> .

<#facebookAccountJSONMapping >

stn -ops:mediaType ;

stn -ops:entityType ;

stn -http:key "id" ;

stn -http:STNTerm stn:id ;

• More general approaches: SPARQL-Generate [Lefrancois et al., 2016], RML [Dimou

et al., 2014] etc.

stn -ops:mediaType ;

stn -ops:entityType ;

et al., 2014] etc.

a stn-ops:Representation ;

stn -ops:mediaType stn-http:JSON ;

stn -ops:entityType stn:UserAccount ;

stn-ops:contains [

a stn-http:Mapping ;

et al., 2014] etc.

stn-ops:contains [

et al., 2014] etc.

stn-ops:contains [

et al., 2014] etc.

stn-ops:contains [

et al., 2014] etc.

Interaction

Per HATEOAS constraint [Fielding, 2000], interaction is driven by hypermedia=⇒ software agents are loosely coupled to the underlying infrastructure

STNs enhance hypermedia-driven interaction through:

• the social network metaphor =⇒ discovery of agents and artifacts

• agent descriptions =⇒ discovery of agents’ user accounts across variousSTNs

• hosting relations =⇒ discovery of machine-readable API documentation

Proof of Concept: The Social TV

Assumption: David’s friends advertise their URIs on Facebook and Twitter(e.g., via the personal website field).

Challenge: API rate limiting

Conclusions

Application of socio-technical networks for enhancing hypermedia-driveninteraction across otherwise siloed IoT environments

• conforms to the REST architectural style

• integrates both hypermedia and non-hypermedia APIs into a singlehypermedia-driven environment

Autonomous software agents are able to seamlessly navigate and act on thedeployed environment

• they are agnostic to the underlying heterogeneous platforms

• they can navigate the environment in an informed manner

• they can act on the environment in a reliable manner

Perspectives: A Social Web of Things (SWoT)Layered Architecture [Ciortea et al., 2015, 2013]

Application

Normative

Social

Agency

WoTThingsIoT devices are integrated into the Web(Conformity to REST principle)

scalabilityevolvability

Application

Normative

Social

AgencyAgents and artifactsThings are endowed with autonomy.(Autonomy principle)

uniformitysimplicitymodularity

Application

Normative

SocialTyped relationsRelations among entities are externalized.(Social connectivity principle)

discoverabilityflexible interactionsimplicity

Application

NormativeNormsNorms are externalized, monitored and regulated.(Regulation principle)

observabilitycontrolabilitysimplicity

ApplicationAgent and artifact logicBusiness logic of SWoT applications.

NormativeNormsNorms are externalized, monitored and regulated.(Regulation principle)

observabilitycontrolabilitysimplicity

Thanks!

[email protected]

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