1. *II- SampaguitaGroup 3Emman, John PaulJamison, DielSantos, RalphTimbreza, HanzMontales, Lara

2. * 3. * Hydropower is the electricity or power that is generated from the energy of moving water. Hydro means water.* Itis a renewable source of energy. It is constantly being refilled by the water cycle, specifically precipitation. * 4. * AncientGreek farmers have used water wheels togrind wheat into flour.* In the early 1800s, American and Europeanfactories made use of the water wheel to runmachines.* In the late 19th century, hydropower was used forgenerating electricity.* Waterwheels and mills were used for irrigation andmining.* Hydropower was the foremost source of energy fornew inventions. * 5. * In the 1830s, hydropower provided the energy for transportation up and down steep hills.* In1848, the turbine was created, improving the waterwheels and mills which were bulky and slow. Turbines are specific to each site.* The first hydroelectric power plant was built at the Niagara Falls in 1879.* Inthe late 1940s, big dams for hydropower had been built. * 6. * The first and foremost use of hydropower is togenerate electricity.* Hydropower also powers machines.* Hydropower has been used for irrigation andoperating mechanical devices (such as watermills, sawmills, and dock cranes) duringancient times.* Water mills produced flour from grain, sawedtimber and stone, and pounded linen intopaper. They also extracted metal from ores.* 7. *A hydropower plant has three parts: the powerplant where electricity is produced, the dam, andthe reservoir.* The amount of electricity depends on the head andflow. The head is the height of the water or thedistance from the highest point of the water towhere it goes through the turbine. Flow is howmuch water moves through the system.* Dams are artificial waterfalls that control the flowof water.* Dams are built on rivers wherein the landscape willcreate a reservoir or artificial lake above the dam.Reservoirs store the water coming from the rivers.* 8. * When the dam gates are open, the water flows through a pipe called a penstock and pushes on the turbines, causing them to turn. They power a generator which produces the electricity.* Spillway gates release extra water in heavy rainfall. Dams expel water when needed for electricity production. * 9. * 10. * Hydropower is the least expensive method of generating electricity. The flowing water is free and renewable by the water cycle.* It is readily available. It can be controlled easily.* Hydropower can store energy. The water can be saved and managed efficiently, depending on the seasons. It can also be used again and again.* It wastes less energy.* Dams control flooding and the water supply.* Hydropower plants are dependable and lastlong. The maintenance costs are quite low.* 11. * Hydropowers source of energy is clean.* Hydro plants do not release pollutants into the air because they do not burn fuel.* Reservoirs can also offer leisure activities, such as swimming and boating * 12. * Hydropowermay become more expensive in thefuture. Licensing and assessing dams is a long andexpensive process.* Wildlife habitats can be changed or destroyed. Fish,for example, may not be able to swim upstream toreproduce. Their spawning and migratory patternsare disrupted.* The water quality can also be degraded as thehydro plant blends in dissolved metals.* Hydropower can increase silting, alter watertemperatures, and lower the amount of dissolvedoxygen in the water. * 13. * In the present day, we use these methods for hydropower: * Conventional dams * Run-of-the-river (Getsthe kinetic energy of rivers without building dams) * Pumped-storage (Water is pumped and used again and again) * Dams that make use of marine bodies of water or currents* 14. * Hydropowerprovides almost 1/5 of the worlds total electricity.* One of the largest hydropower plants in the world is the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River in China.* China,Canada, Brazil, United States, and Russia were the five largest hydropower producers in 2004.* Examples of Philippines hydropower plants are the Caliraya Hydroelectric Power Plant in Lumban, Laguna, and the Botocan Hydroelectric Power Plant in Majayjay, Laguna.* 15. Research* No author. (January 4, 2012). Hydropower. Retrieved January 16, 2012from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower.* The NEED Project. (2011). Hydropower. Retrieved January 16, 2012 fromwww.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/HydroS.pdf.* Society of Petroleum Engineers. (2011). Hydropower. Retrieved January16, 2012 from http://www.energy4me.org/energy-facts/energy-sources/hydropower/.* National Geographic. (n.d.) Hydropower: Going with the Flow. RetrievedJanuary 16, 2012 fromhttp://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower-profile/.* No author. (January 9, 2008). First and Oldest (Hydroelectric) PowerPlants in the Philippines. Retrieved January 16, 2012 fromhttp://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p77.htm.Images* Victoria, L. (November 19, 2010). Putting the Hydro Industrys Fox inCharge of the Henhouse? Retrieved January 16, 2012 fromhttp://peakwater.org/tag/wcdworld-commission-on-dams/. Picture from:www.gis.rdg.co.uk.* Bonsor, K. (n.d.) How Hydropower Plants Work. Retrieved January 16,2012 fromhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydropower-plant1.htm. *