C.F. Tolman (1937): Groundwater, McGraw Hill , New York and London.

D.K. Todd (1995): Groundwater Hydrology, John Wiley and Sons.

F.G. Driscoll (1988): Groundwater and Wells, UOP, Johnson Div.St.Paul. Min. USA.

H.M. Raghunath (1990): Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd.,H.S. Nagabhushaniah (2001): Groundwater in

Hydrosphere (Groundwater hydrology), CBS Publ.. K. R. Karanth (1989): Hydrogeology, Tata McGraw Hill Publ..S.N. Davies and R.J.N. De Wiest (1966): Hydrogeology, John

Wiley and Sons, New York.  

 Introductionto

  Hydrogeology

 Introductionto

  Hydrogeology

Hydrology: Processes governing the depletion and replenishment of water resources of land areas of the earth. Dealing with ground water

Hydrogeology: Mode of occurrence, distribution, movement and chemistry of water occurring in the subsurface in relation to the geological environment. Geohydrology: Emphasising the hydrologic aspect.

• Dealing with surface water• Potamology: Science of surface

stream• Limnology: Science of Lakes• Cryology: Science of snow and ice• Dealing with air water• Hydrometeorology• Climetology

• Importance• Evaluation  of  surface  water-  required parameters- precipitation, infiltration, slope

• Evaluation  of  ground  water-required parameters-geometry of basin, storage, yield, properties of aquifer

• Mineral  prospecting  and  mining-  Sulphide minerals-1ppm Zinc

• Evaluation  of  sites  for  geotechnical construction– reservoir and dam

• Problem related to pollution• Proper management of water resource-  Problem- • excess  extraction  of  ground  water– depletion  of  water  level,  subsidence  of land surface---- both by artificial recharge• Excess use of surface water for irrigation– water logging---by conjuctive use          

• Groundwater development•      Stratigraphy•      Petrography•      Structural Geology•      Geomorphology• ------  Presence  of  aquifer,  type  of aquifer,                         dimension of aquifer, lithofacies  variation  productivity, quality  of  water,  structure  of       formation

• Water resource    

•  Ocean-                       97%                                  •  Ice caps                       2%   •  Deep ground water                       0.31%

• Fresh water  0.69%          (surface water  3%,                    subsurface   97%)

•Hydrogeology and environment• Construction  of  reservoir—shallow  water table• Deforestation---reduce  infiltration  and recharge,  increase  runoff and erosion and evaporation• Waste  disposal---  water  quality  (water pollution)

•Hydrogeological classification of rocks

•Consolidated (hard)•Unconsolidated (soft)

• Hydrologic cycle:                   The circulation of water  from  the  ocean  to  the atmosphere,  atmosphere  to  the lithosphere  and  lithosphere  to  the ocean occurring through complex and independent  process  including precipitation,  runoff,  ground  water flow, evaporation and transpiration, is called hydrologic cycle. 

• The stages of the Hydrological Cycle.

• Hydrologic cycle• Precipitation• Evaporation• Transpiration• Evapotranspiration• Field capacity• Wilting point• Consumptive use• Conjunctive use• Infiltration• Run off

• 1.Precipitation:  It  is atmospheric  discharge  of water  in the form of the solid, liquid  from  the  earth  surface. The  distribution  of  water  on the  surface  and  subsurface  is governed  by  duration  and intensity of precipitations.

Types of precipitation•Cyclonic•Convective•Orographic

Forms of Precipitation• Drizzle--.1-.5mm• Rain-- >.5mm• Glaze• Sleet –ice pellets—1—4mm• Snow—ice crystal• Hail->5mm• Dew

• 2. Evaporation and transpiration:  It  is  the process by which water  is returned to the atmosphere.

Evaporation:Sublimation:Transpiration:

Factors affecting evaporationMeteorological—Radiation,temperature,humidity,wind, pressurePhysical  factors:  water  quality, shape  and  size  of  evaporating surface

• (i) Wilting  point:  Lowest  amount  of moisture that is held by soil, not available for transpiration  by  vegetation,  is  the  wilting point

• (ii)Field  capacity:  The  maximum  water  that the soil can hold against the force of gravity. 

• Available    soil  moisture:  Difference  between field capacity and wilting point 

• 1. Transpiration:  The  part  of  water reaching  the  ground  is  evaporated through the leaves.• 2. Evapo-transpiration:The umulative  loss  by  evaporation  and transpiration

• (i) Consumptive  use:  Term  includes water  used  in  plant  metabolism  and evapo-transpiration.

•4.    Infiltration: Moving of precipitated  water  in  to subsurface.  The  rate  of infiltration  depends  on the  rain  fall  intensity, duration  and  texture  of materials.

•Runoff. Runoff is the water discharged  through  stream consisting  wholly,  or  in part,  of  water  contributed by  overland  flow  (surface runoff)  and  ground  water flow (base flow). 

•Vertical distribution of water or kind of ground water•  Zone of aeration•  Zone of saturation

•Above water table•Soil water•Pellicular water•Vadose •Pearched  water•Capillary water

•Below water table•Free water•Confined water•Fixed water•Connet water

•Zone of saturation•Aquifer•Aquitard•Aquiclude•Aquifuge

• Types of aquifer•Unconfined or water table or phreatic•Confined or artesian or pressure• Leaky or semi confined

•Piezometric surface