hydrogen from renewable energy sources - hzg€¦ · hydrogen from renewable energy sources...

www.lbst.de1

ludwig bölkowsystemtechnik

Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources

Reinhold [email protected]

Ludwig-Bölkow-Systemtechnik GmbHOttobrunn/ Germany

www.lbst.de

FuncHy Workshop 2007FZK - Karlsruhe – 21 November 2007

www.lbst.de2


Content

Global Future Energy Trends

Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources Compared to Other Alternative Fuels

Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources for the Production of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel

Cost of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel Compared to Other Alternative Fuels

www.lbst.de3


Global Future Energy Trends

www.lbst.de4


OIL PEAK2005~2010

Scenario assumption: decline rate after peak of 2.7%/yrActual experience: decline rates of 10%/yr and beyond (e.g. Alaska, Mexico, Norway, Oman, UK)

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000Pr

oduc

tion

in [M

toe

per y

ear]

LegendOil

Oil

Global future energy trendsPeak of fossil energy supply

Sour

ce:

LBST

Oil Peak or ‘Peak Oil’: the point at which supply cannot match demand anymore

www.lbst.de5


GAS PEAK2015~2025

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000Pr

oduc

tion

in [M

toe

per y

ear]

LegendGasOil

Oil

Gas


Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de6


COAL PEAK2030~2040

For details on coal resource/reserve analysis, see EWG Report No. 1/ 2007 "Coal“:http://www.lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2007EWG-coal__e.html

1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000Pr

oduc

tion

in [M

toe

per y

ear] Legend

Coal ligniteCoal bit+subbitGasOil

Oil

Gas

Bituminous +subbituminous

Lignite coal


Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de7


1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000Pr

oduc

tion

in [M

toe

per y

ear]

LegendNuclearCoal ligniteCoal bit+subbitGasOil

Oil

Gas


Lignite coal

Nuclear

NUCLEAR PEAK2015~2020

For details on nuclear resource/reserve analysis, see EWG Report No. 1/2006 "Uranium“:http://www.lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2006EWG-uranium__e.html


Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de8


1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000Pr

oduc

tion

in [M

toe

per y

ear]

LegendNuclearCoal ligniteCoal bit+subbitGasOil

Oil

Gas


Lignite coal

Nuclear

WEO 2006 scenario

FOSSIL+NUCLEAR PEAK2015~2020


Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de9


Global future energy trends

Alternative World Energy Outlook by LBST

1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

Tota

l prim

ary

ener

gy s

uppl

y in

[Mto

e] LegendGeothermalHydroWindBiomassSolar collectorsSOTPVUraniumCoalGasOil

Geothermal

Hydropower

Wind power

Oil

SOT

Biomass

Solar collectors

2004 2030

PVGas

Coal

Uranium

WEO 2006

Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de10


Hydrogen from Renewable Energy Sources Compared to Other Alternative Fuels

www.lbst.de11


Today available alternatives:

Fatty acid methyl ester (bio-diesel)

Virgin plant oil

Bio-ethanol

Natural Gas (CNG)

Electricity (battery electric vehicles)

Further future alternatives:

Synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from biomass (BtL)

Synthetic liquid hydrocarbons from coal (CtL)

Purified biogas (“Compressed Methane Gas“ from biogas)

Hydrogen (CGH2, LH2) from all hydrocarbons or water containing sources

Alternative Transport Fuels (i.e. non petroleum-based)

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de12


Crude Oil GasolineDiesel

Natural Gas Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)MethanolFT-Diesel, FT-NaphthaHydrogen (CGH2, LH2)

Electric Power (fossil, nuclear) Hydrogen (CGH2, LH2)Electricity

Electric Power (renewable) Hydrogen (CGH2, LH2)Electricity

Biomass (Lignocellulosis) Hydrogen (CGH2, LH2)MethanolEthanolFT-Diesel, FT-Naphtha (BTL)

Biomass (Sugar Beet, Wheat) EthanolBiomass (Oil Plants) Plant Oil

FAMEBTL-like fuel (NExBTL)

Biogas Methane from BiogasHydrogen (CGH2)

Conventional and Renewable Transportation Fuel Supply Paths

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de13


Compressed Hydrogen (CGH2) from Biomass Gasification

Gasifier(allothermal)

Pressure Swing Adsorption(PSA)

CO, H2

Compression

Gasification of Wood Chips (WC)

CO Shift

η ≈ 50 %Compressed Hydrogen

(for 70 MPa Vehicle Tanks)

Gas Engine/MCFC

Spülgas

ElectricityGrid

WC

Water

DM2

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de14


Compressed Hydrogen (CGH2) from Renewable Electricity

Electrolysis

Compression

Compressed Hydrogen from Renewable Electricity

Electricity

Hydrogen

Compressed Hydrogen(for 70 MPa Vehicle Tanks)

Water

Concept for CGH2 Refuelling Station(Hydrogen Systems)

η ≈ 60 %

ηWKA = 100 %

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de15


Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) from Renewable Electricity

Electrolysis

Liquefaction

Electricity

Hydrogen

Liquid Hydrogen

η ≈ 50 %

Water

LH2 trailer

Distribution

ηWKA = 100 %

Liquid Hydrogen from Renewable Electricity

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de16


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Biodie

sel (

RME)Eth

anol

wheat

Ethan

ol sh

ort ro

tation

fore

stry

Bio-m

ethan

e

BTL

CGH2 sho

rt rot

ation

fore

stry

LH2 s

hort

rotat

ion fo

restry

CGH2 PV

LH2 P

VCGH2 w

ind po

werLH

2 wind

power

Yie

ld [

GJ

fin

al f

uel

/(ha

yr)

]

Bandwidth

Assumptions H2:

• Area occupied with PV: 33%

• Solar irradiation: 900 kWh/(m2 yr)

• Efficiency PV panels: 15%

• Performance Ratio: 75%• Efficiency CGH2 supply: 60%• Efficiency LH2 supply: 54%

• 4.8 wind turbines/km2

• 2000 kW/wind turbine

• Equivalent full load period WT: 1800 h/yr

*)*)

Acreage Yields for Several Renewably Produced Transportation Fuels

*) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture

Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de17


Flächenerträge für verschiedene erneuerbare Kraftstoffe

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Biodie

sel (

RME)

Etha

nol a

us W

eizen

Etha

nol a

us K

urzu

mtrieb

Methan

aus B

iogas BT

L

CGH2 a

us K

urzu

mtrieb

LH2 a

us K

urzu

mtrieb

CGH2 a

us PV

LH2 a

us PV

CGH2 W

indLH

2 Wind

Ertr

ag [

GJ

KS/(

ha

a)]

Bandbreite

Annahmen H2:

• Anteil Fläche PV-Module: 33%

• Solare Einstrahlung: 900 kWh/(m2 a)

• Wirkungsgrad PV-Module: 15%

• Performance Ratio (PR): 75%• Wirkungsgrad CGH2-Bereitstellung: 60%• Wirkungsgrad LH2-Bereitstellung: 54%

• 4,8 Windkraftanlagen/km2

• 2000 kW/Windkraftanlage

• Jahresvollbenutzungsdauer WKA: 1800 h/a

*)*)

PalmölIndonesien

Sour

ce:

LBST


www.lbst.de18


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Biodie

sel (

RME)Et

hano

l whe

at

Ethan

ol sh

ort ro

tation

fore

stry

Bio-m

ethan

e

BTL

CGH2 sh

ort ro

tatio

n for

estry

LH2

short

rota

tion f

ores

tryCGH2 a

us P

VLH

2 au

s PV

CGH2 Wind

LH2 W

ind

[Pas

seng

er c

ars/

ha]

Diesel engine

Otto engine

Fuel cell

Bandwidth

*)

*)

Reference vehicle: VW Golf

Assumptions H2:




• Performance Ratio (PR): 75%• Efficiency CGH2 supply: 60%• Efficiency LH2 supply: 54%




Number of Passenger Cars (hybrid) which can be supplied per haAnnual operating range passenger cars: 12,000 km


Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de19


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Biodie

sel (

RME)Et

hano

l whe

at

Ethan

ol sh

ort ro

tation

fore

stry

Bio-m

ethan

e

BTL

CGH2 sh

ort ro

tatio

n for

estry

LH2

short

rota

tion f

ores

tryCGH2 a

us P

VLH

2 au

s PV

CGH2 Wind

LH2 W

ind

[Pas

seng

er c

ars/

ha]

Diesel engine

Otto engine

Fuel cell

Bandwidth

*) *)

Assumptions H2:




• Performance Ratio (PR): 75%• Efficiency CGH2 supply: 60%• Efficiency LH2 supply: 54%





Reference vehicle: VW Golf

Number of Passenger Cars (hybrid) which can be supplied per haAnnual operating range passenger cars: 12,000 km

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de20


Energy Use "Well-to-Wheel“ hybrid

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Gasoli

ne P

etrole

um

Diesel P

etroleu

mFAME (R

ME)Ethan

ol Sug

ar Bee

t

Ethanol

Wheat

Coal-CHP

Ethanol

Wheat

Biogas

Plant*

Ethanol

Waste W

ood

Ethanol

Short R

otatio

n

Ethanol

Residu

al Stra

w

BTL Was

te Wood

**

BTL Sho

rt Rota

tion**

CGH2 Bioga

s (Bio

Waste)

CGH2 Was

te Woo

d

CGH2 Short

Rota

tion

LH2 W

aste

Wood

LH2 S

hort R

otatio

n

[MJ/

km]

RenewableNuclearFossil

Fuel CellInternal Combustion Engine

Reference Vehicle: VW Golf Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

Credit for Electricity

* Integrated ecological concept with recycling of residual products to the agricultural crop land** Synthetic Diesel fuel from Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis

www.lbst.de21


-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Gasoli

ne P

etrole

um

Diesel P

etroleu

mFAME (R

ME)Ethan

ol Sug

ar Bee

t

Ethanol

Wheat

Coal-CHP

Ethanol

Wheat

Biogas

Plant*

Ethanol

Waste W

ood

Ethanol

Short R

otatio

n

Ethanol

Residu

al Stra

w

BTL Was

te Wood

**

BTL Sho

rt Rota

tion**

CGH2 Bioga

s (Bio

Waste)

CGH2 Was

te Woo

d

CGH2 Short

Rota

tion

LH2 W

aste

Wood

LH2 S

hort R

otatio

n

[g C

O2-E

quiv

alen

t/km

]

N2OCH4CO2

* Integrated ecological concept with recycling of residual products to the agricultural crop land** Synthetic Diesel fuel from Fischer-Tropsch-Synthesis

Fuel CellInternal Combustion Engine

Credit for Electricity

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

Reference Vehicle: VW Golf

Greenhouse Gas Emissions "Well-to-Wheel“ hybrid

www.lbst.de22


Potentials of Renewable Energy Sources for the Production of Hydrogen

as Transport Fuel

www.lbst.de23


0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

min max min max min max min max min max min max min max

PJ/a

(Transport)2004 1)

Road transport

Civil aviation

Rail

Inland navigation

Residual wood, residual straw

1) Source: IEA-Statistics 2003-2004, 2006 edition2) Gross (without the energy efforts for the supply of the fuels e.g. the use of external energy for the ethanol plant)

Via biogas

Biogas(Methane)

Hydrogen(CGH2)

BTL Ethanol fromwheat 2)

Plant oil/FAME

Ethanol viaSSCF

Plantation (short rotation forestry)

Plantation(grasses: 10-25 t DM/ha/yr)

2)

5,75% share of biofuels

DemandHydrogen

(LH2)

The potentials of different alternatives are shown and can not be added. including present utilization

Without consideration of competing utilisation for power and heat production

Technical potential of different biofuels in the EU-27

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de24


0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

min max min max

[PJ/

yr]

Wind offshore

Wind onshore

Hydropower

PV (roof area, open land area) 2)

Solarthermal power stations

Fuel consumption(Transport 2004) 1)

CGH2 LH2

Geothermal

Ocean power

1) IEA Statistics 2003-2004, 2006 edition2) Photovoltaic plants on open land area: 0.1% of total land area

Road transport

Civil aviation

Rail

Inland navigation

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

Technical potentials for hydrogen from renewable electricity in EU 27

www.lbst.de25


Substitution of global fossil based transportation fuel by hydrogen

For comparison: land area of the USA is about ~9.2 million km2

Comparison hydrogen from photovoltaic electricity (PV) versus plant oil from jatropha

1) 2 t seed per ha and year, oil yield 0.34 kg/kg; without irrigation; 2) 8 t seed per ha and year, oil yield 0.34 kg/kg; with irrigation;Source: Abhiskek Maharishi, Centre of Excellence for Jatropha Biodiesel Promotion, India; www.jatrophabiodiesel.org

Unit CGH2 LH2

Fuel consumption transport 2004 Mtoe 1,975 1,975 1,975 1,975

TWh/yr 22,964 22,964 - -

Efficiency fuel supply 0.60 0.54 - -

Electricity demand fuel production TWh/yr 38,086 42,851 - -

Solar insulation kWh/(m2 yr) 1,300 1,300 - -

Efficiency PV panel 0.15 0.15 - -

Performance ratio 0.75 0.75 - -

Electricity yield PV panel area kWh/(m² yr) 146 146 - -

Fraction of area covered by PV panels 0.33 0.33 - -

Yield plant oil t/(ha yr) - - 0.7 2.7

Required area Mill. km2 0.8 0.9 29.0 7.3

Land area earth Mill. km2 149 149 149 149

Share of land area for fuel production % 0.5 0.6 19.5 4.9

Plant Oil (Jatropha)

~320 l gasoline/cap. @ 8 billion cap.

1) 2)

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de26


Energy Flux Densities Analysis

Energy flux densities (a comparison)Global Energy Supply Systems: ~ 0,03 Wm-2 Global Biomass Energy Flux Density: ~ 0,10 Wm-2Global Geothermal Heat Flux Density: ~ 0,10 Wm-2Global Kinetic Energy Dissipation: ~ 3 Wm-2Global Surface Solar Energy Flux Density: ~ 165 Wm-2

Conclusions:• In the long run, only the sun and the wind can be pillars

of the energy supply system.• Biomass energy ‚clashes‘ with food production.

Source: Prof. H. Graßl, MPI

www.lbst.de27


Potential P: available technical potential[ecological limitations considered]

Source: LBST

History(already developed)

0.5 * P

T0

Potential P

bPotential

F = P

1+e-T-T0

b( )

Logistic growth concept

Average global growth rates

+ 11 % per yearGeothermal

+ 2.3 % per yearHydropower

+ 16 % per yearWind power

+ 2.3 % per yearBiomass

+ 11 % per yearSolar collectors (heat)

+ 30 % per yearSolar thermal power plants (SOT)

+ 24 % per yearPhotovoltaic (PV)

Primary Energy Supply: Contributions from Renewable Energies

Growth rates and methodology

Com

pila

tion:

LB

ST

www.lbst.de28


Role of hydrogen

Where does the hydrogen come from? – Electricity by world region

PV SOT Wind Hydropower Geothermal

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

Elec

tric

ity p

rodu

ctio

n in

[TW

h/yr

]

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

LegendAfricaMiddle EastLatin AmericaEast AsiaSouth AsiaChinaTransition EconomiesOECD PacificOECD EuropeOECD North America

Electricity demand (2004)

17,500 TWh

Cumulative regional growth scenarios based on historic growth rates projected into the future via logarithmic function

Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de29


Heat and transportation fuel

demand (2004): ~5,700 Mtoe

Biomass demand (2004):

~1,100 Mtoe

Biomass Biogas Geothermal heat Solar thermal

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

Ther

mal

ene

rgy

prod

uctio

n in

[Mto

e/yr

]

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

LegendAfricaMiddle EastLatin AmericaEast AsiaSouth AsiaChinaTransition EconomiesOECD PacificOECD EuropeOECD North America

?

Sour

ce:

LBST

Role of hydrogen

Where does the hydrogen come from? – Heat by world region

Cumulative regional growth scenarios based on historic growth rates projected into the future via logarithmic function

www.lbst.de30


Infrastructure ?

Alternative Fuels ?

Role of hydrogen

Which needs can it cover?

Transport sector:Local production of hydrogen(reduction of oil import dependency, long-term growth will not be feasible with fossil fuels nor with biomass-derived fuels respectively through imports)

Stationary sector:Supply of back-up power via fuel cells (hospitals, telecom, data processing, manufacturing processes, refrigeration, etc.)Remote /re-electrification for electrical islands(compensation for infrastructure deficits)Load levelling of fluctuating electricity production So

urce

: LB

ST

www.lbst.de31


Cost of Hydrogen as Transport Fuel Compared to Other Alternative Fuels

www.lbst.de32


Fuel costs “Well-to-Tank”

0,00

0,20

0,40

0,60

0,80

1,00

1,20

1,40

1,60Gas

oline

Diesel

LH2

NG-400

0CN

G NG-4

000

Metha

nol r

emot

e-NG

CGH2

EU-

NG-Mix/

onsit

e

CGH2

NG-M

ix-40

00/o

nsite

CGH2

WW

CH2

CGH2

WFC

H1Et

hano

l Sug

ar B

eet

FT d

iesel

WF

CGH2

EU-

El-Mix

onsit

eCG

H2 W

ind

Fuel

cos

ts [

€/l

GE]

Oil Natural Gas Biomass Electricity

Crude oil based gasoline and diesel: price ex filling station without taxes in June 2006

FCV fuels ICEV fuels

Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de33


reference vehicle VW Golfhybrid

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05CGH2 (farmed wood)

CGH2 (wind) LH2 (wind)

Gasoline/Diesel@50 €/bbl w/o tax

Fuel costs [EUR/vehicle-km]

CO2

equi

vale

nt [

g/km

]

• CGH2, LH2: FC• Methanol: FPFC• Diesel, RME, BTL, GTL,

CTL, DME: Diesel ICE• Gasoline, ethanol, CMG:

Otto ICE

BTL (farmed wood)EtOH (residual straw)CMG (biogas)

EtOH (wheat)

RME

CGH2 (hard coal)

CTL

CGH2 (EU electricity mix)

CNG

GTL

CGH2 (NG)

Gasoline/Diesel@50 €/bbl w tax

Battery electric vehicle(EU electricity mix)

DME (NG)

Methanol (farmed wood)

Methanol (NG)

LPG

Fuel costs versus GHG emissions “Well-to-Wheel” - hybrid powertrain

Sour

ce:

LBST

www.lbst.de34


Selected Literature Sources – Energy Resources Situation:

Energy Watch Group:

Oil Report:http://www.energywatchgroup.org/Oil-report.32+M5d637b1e38d.0.htmlhttp://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Oilreport_10-2007.pdf [full report]http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Oilreport_Summary_10-2007.pdf [executive summary]http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Press_Oilreport_22-10-2007.pdf [press release]

Uranium Report:http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG_Uraniumreport_12-2006.pdf

Coal Report:http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/EWG-Coalreport_10_07_2007.pdf´DWV:"Woher kommt die Energie für die Wasserstofferzeugung — Status und Alternativen“http://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__d/2006/DWV_Woher-H2_NOV2006.pdfhttp://www.dwv-info.de/publikationen/2006/woher.pdf

EHA:EHA H2 Production Brochure April, 2007 http://www.h2euro.org/Publications/studies/EHA_H2Production_brochure_eng_0407.pdf

EC-JRC IPTS:"Potential of hydrogen as a fuel for transport in the long term (2020 to 2030)“http://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2004ipts__e.html

www.lbst.de35


Selected Literature Sources – Well-to-Wheel and LCA:

EUCAR, CONCAWE, JRC – Well to Wheel ReportsWell to Wheel Reports 2007, 2006, 2005 and 2003 http://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2005eucar__e.htmlhttp://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/wtw.html

Well-to-Wheel Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/VehicleSystems – A European Study http://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2002gmwtw__e.html

Einordnung und Vergleich biogener Kraftstoffe – „Well-to-Wheel“-Betrachtungenhttp://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/articles2006/Schindler-Weindorf_LBST_Bio-Kraftstoffe-WtW_TA-TuP_April2006_scwe06a.pdf

Vergleich verschiedener Antriebskonzepte im Individualverkehr im Hinblick auf Energie- und Kraftstoffeinsparunghttp://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__d/2002_antriebe__d.htmlComparison of different propulsion systems in private transport in terms of energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gases http://192.168.1.217/www/lbst.de/publications/studies__e/2004propuls__e.html

www.lbst.de36


Basic information on H2 and fuel cells + newsletter (operative since 1996)

Overview of all H2 and fuel cell vehicles worldwide (operative since 2000)

Overview of all H2 refuelling stations (operative since 2000)

Thank you for your attention !

For further information on hydrogen and fuel cells:

www.HyWeb.de

www.h2mobility.org

www.h2stations.org

www.energiekrise.de Overview of the availability of fossil energy sources (operative since 2000)

hydrogen from renewable energy sources - hzg€¦ · hydrogen from renewable energy sources...

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