A. Identification of Hydrocarbons

I. Physical properties of hydrocarbons: Solubility Test:

Hydrocarbons With H2O With CH2Cl2 or CCl4

Alkane

(Hexane)

Alkene

(Cyclohexene)

Aromatic hydrocarbon

(Toluene)

II. Chemical properties of hydrocarbons: Bromine Test : 1 mL hydrocarbons + 2-3 drops (Br2/CCl4)

(Hood)

Baeyer Test : 1 mL hydrocarbons + 1 drop Baeyer reagent*

Conc. H2SO4 Test : 1 mL hydrocarbons + 10 drops conc. H2SO4

(Hood)

Combustion (Ignition Test) : 3-5 drops of hydrocarbons

(Hood)

(in evaporating dish)

Hydrocarbon Bromine Test Baeyer Test Conc. H2SO4 Combustion

Hexane

Cyclohexene

Toluene

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* Baeyer reagent: alkaline KMNO4

B. Identification of Alcohols and Phenols

I. Physical properties of Alcohols and Phenols: Solubility Test:

Alcohol With H2O

1-Butanol (1 alcohol)

2-Butanol (2 alcohol)

t-Butyl alcohol (3 alcohol)

Phenols With H2O With ethanol

Phenol

-Naphthol

-Naphthol

II. Chemical properties of Alcohols and Phenols:

Alcohol Ceric amm. nitrate

(1 mL alc. + 1 mL Ceric amm.

nitrate)

Chromic acid test

(1 mL alc. + 3 mL K2Cr2O7 + 1 mL

dil. H2SO4) (warm)

1-Butanol

2-Butanol

t-Butyl alcohol

PhenolsFeCl3 [ spatula phenol dissolved in H2O or ethanol* + 10 drops FeCl3]

Phenol

-Naphthol

-Naphthol

* Phenol dissolves in H2O while both - and -Naphthol dissolve in ethanol

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C. Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones

Test Acetaldehyde

(Aldehyde)

Aceton

(Ketone)

Solubility in H2O

2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test

Fehling Test

1 mL Fehling A + 1 mL Fehling B + 1 mL

unknown*

Chromic Acid Test

(1 mL unknown* + 3 mL K2Cr2O7 + 1 mL dil.

H2SO4) (warm)

Tollen’s Test

1 mL Unknown* + mL Tollen’s reagent**

Iodoform Test

1 mL Unknown* + NaOH (make alkaline) + 3 mL

I2 + NaOH

* Unknown: Aldehyde or Ketone

** Tollen’s reagent: Ammonical silver nitrate

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D. Identification of Carboxylic acids and Esters

I. Physical properties of carboxylic acids:

Acid State Solubility in H2O

Acetic acid

Oxalic acid

Benzoic acid

II. Chemical properties of carboxylic acids:a. General test: NaHCO3 (Acidity Test)

Acid Experiment Observation

Acetic acid 1 mL (acid) + 1 mL (NaHCO3)

Oxalic acidspatula (acid) + H2O + 1 mL (NaHCO3)

Benzoic acidspatula (acid) + H2O (Heat) + 1 mL (NaHCO3)

b. Ferric chloride test

Acid Experiment Observation

Oxalic acidspatula (acid) + H2O + few drops FeCl3

Benzoic acidspatula (acid) + H2O (Heat) + few drops FeCl3

c. Calcium chloride test

Acid Experiment Observation

Oxalic acidspatula (acid) + H2O + 1 mL CaCl2

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Esters (Ammonium salt of acids)

I. Physical properties of esters:

Ester State Solubility in H2O

Ammonium salt of monocarboxylic

acid (e.g. Ammonium acetate)

Ammonium salt of dicarboxylic acid

(e.g. Ammonium oxalate)

II. Chemical properties of esters:a. General test: NaOH

Ester Experiment Observation

Ammonium acetatespatula (Amm. Salt) + 1 mL NaOH + wet

R.L.P.*

Ammonium oxalatespatula (Amm. Salt) + 1 mL NaOH + wet

R.L.P.*

* Red litmus paper

b. Ferric chloride test

Ester Experiment Observation

Ammonium acetatespatula (Amm. Salt) + H2O + few drops FeCl3

Ammonium oxalatespatula (Amm. Salt) + H2O + few drops FeCl3

c. Calcium chloride test

Ester Experiment Observation

Ammonium oxalatespatula (Salt) + H2O + 1 mL CaCl2

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E. Identification of Amines and Amides

Amines:

I. Physical properties of Amines:Amine State Solubility in H2O

1 Amine (e.g. ethyl amine)

2 Amine (e.g. diethyl amine)

3 Amine (e.g. triethyl amine)

II. Chemical properties of Amines:a. General test: (Acetyl chloride) (Dry test tube - Hood)

Amine Experiment Observation

Ethyl amine 1 mL (amine) + 2 drops acetyl chloride

Diethyl amine 1 mL (amine) + 2 drops acetyl chloride

Triethyl amine 1 mL (amine) + 2 drops acetyl chloride

b. Rimini’s test: 1 Amine

Amine Experiment Observation

Ethyl amine 5 Drops (1 amine) + 3 mL H2O + 1 mL

acetone + 1 mL sodium nitroprusside

c. Simon’s test: 2 Amine

Amine Experiment Observation

Diethyl amine 5 Drops (2 amine) + 3 mL H2O + 1 mL

acetaldehyde + 1 mL sodium nitroprusside

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Amides: I. Physical properties of Amides:

Amide State Solubility in H2O

Acetamide

Urea

a. General test: (NaOH)

Amide Experiment Observation

Acetamidespatula (amide) + 1 mL NaOH (Heat) + wet

R.L.P.*

Ureaspatula (amide) + 1 mL NaOH (Heat) + wet

R.L.P.*

* Red litmus paper

b. Biuret test (Dry test tube)

Amide Experiment Observation

Urea Small amount of solid urea (Heat using flame)

(melts then solidifies) (Cool) dissolve in

NaOH (10%) + 1 drop CuSO4

c. HNO3 test

Amide Experiment Observation

Urea Conc. solution of urea (dissolve urea in less

amount of water) + few drops HNO3

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