hybrid solar wind power plant -1st draft

MCB 4012 Mechanical System Design 1

PROGRESS REPORT

PROJECT TITLE:

Design of

Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Plant

GROUP MEMBERS:

Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim 13208 Muhamad Amirul Syamin bin Mad Jeli 15022

Salem Omar Bin Dhuban 14633 Yit Man Heng 15984 Mohd Amir Bin Mohd Asmadi 15021

Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background Study ........................................................................................................................ 5

1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.3 Objective ...................................................................................................................................... 6

1.4 Scope of Study ............................................................................................................................. 6

LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Renewable Energy potential in Malaysia ..................................................................................... 8

2.2 Wind Energy ................................................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1 Type of Wind Turbine .......................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1.1 Comparison between HAWTs and VAWTs ....................................................................... 12

2.2.2 Arrangement of wind turbine for optimum performance ................................................... 12

2.3 Solar Energy ............................................................................................................................... 17

2.3.1.1 Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cells .................................................................................. 18

2.3.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells ...................................................................................... 18

2.3.1.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC) .............................................................................................. 19

2.4 Hybrid Wind and Solar power system ........................................................................................ 21

DATUM ................................................................................................................................................ 23

3.1 Datum Selection ......................................................................................................................... 23

3.2 Proposed Location of Project ..................................................................................................... 25

DATA GATHERING ................................................................................................................................ 26

CONCEPT GENERATION ....................................................................................................................... 32

5.1 Morphology Chart ...................................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Schematic Diagram .................................................................................................................... 34

5.3 Process Flow of Power Plant Design .......................................................................................... 35

5.3.1 Components in Solar Generated Electricity Power Plant .................................................... 36

5.3.2 Components in Wind Power Generated Electricity Power Plant ......................................... 37

ENGINEERING DESING DETAIL ............................................................................................................. 38

6.1 Detail Specifications ................................................................................................................... 38

6.1.1 Detail Specifications for Wind turbine ................................................................................ 38

6.1.2 Detail Specifications for Solar Panel .................................................................................... 39

6.1 Load Estimate of Proposed Location .......................................................................................... 40

6.2 General Concept of Solar Collector System ................................................................................ 41

6.3 Efficiency Improvement for Solar Collector System ................................................................... 41

6.3.1 Solar Tracker ....................................................................................................................... 41

6.4 Solar Panel Plant Sizing .............................................................................................................. 43

There are total 240 pieces of solar panel on the solar farm The estimated total area of the solar

panel farm is 695.12m2. ................................................................................................................... 44

6.5 Solar PNID .................................................................................................................................. 44

6.4 Wind Turbine ............................................................................................................................. 46

6.4.1 Power Generation by Wind Turbine .................................................................................... 46

6.4.2 Plant Sizing Calculation ....................................................................................................... 47

6.5 Grid Inter Tied System for Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Plant ................................................. 49

List of Picture:

Figure 2 1: Size and Power of Wind Turbine over the year .................................................................... 9

Figure 2 2: HAWT and VAWT Basic concept ......................................................................................... 10

Figure 2 3: Arrangement of components inside HAWT ........................................................................ 11

Figure 2 4: The arrangement of components inside VAWT ................................................................. 11

Figure 2 5: Design of wind farm arrangement ..................................................................................... 13

Figure 2 6: Power losses vary with misalignment ................................................................................ 20

Figure 2 7: Basic Hybrid wind and solar power system ........................................................................ 21

Figure 2 8: Schematic diagram of hybrid (renewable) solar - wind power sourceError! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2 9: Block diagram of the solar hybrid system (Wind/solar/diesel) .......................................... 24

Figure 2 10: Location of Kampung Peta, Mersing ................................................................................ 25

Figure 2 11: Mean Power Densities of 10 stations in Malaysia ............................................................ 27

Figure 2 12: Solar Radiation in Malaysia .............................................................................................. 30

Figure 2 13: The schematic diagram of project .................................................................................... 34

Figure 2 14: Process flow chart ............................................................................................................ 35

Figure 2 15: Wind speed vs. estimated power output ......................................................................... 39

Figure 2 16: Single axis solar tracker .................................................................................................... 42

Figure 2 17: Below shows the solar panel distance.............................................................................. 43

Figure 2 18: Solar Farm Layout ............................................................................................................ 44

Figure 2 19: Wiring of solar farm ......................................................................................................... 44

Figure 2 20: Grid interties system with battery backup ....................................................................... 49

List of Table:

Table 1 1: Comparison between HAWTs and VAWTs......................................................................... 12

Table 1 2: Definition of various variables used in calculation ............................................................. 14

Table 1 3: Shows the power losses vary with the angle of incidence .................................................. 20

Table 1 4: Morphology Chart .............................................................................................................. 32

Table 1 5: Components in Solar Generated Electricity Power Plant.................................................... 36

Table 1 6: Components in wind power generated electricity power plant ......................................... 37

Table 1 7: Detailed specification of the wind turbine ......................................................................... 38

Table 1 8: Electrical specifications and estimated price ...................................................................... 39

Table 1 9: Mechanical specifications................................................................................................... 40

Table 1 10: Power consumption classifications .................................................................................. 40

Table 1 11: Assumption for wind turbine calculation ......................................................................... 46

List of Chart

Chart 1 1: Maximum and average wind speed for whole year............................................................ 46

Chart 1 2: Minimum Power produced each month............................................................................. 47

Chart 1 3: Minimum number of wind turbine need each month ........................................................ 48

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Study

Solar and wind power is a clean and renewable energy sources. It can be used in the

generation of electricity without polluting the environment. Apart from their advantage, there

are disadvantages. Solar power is not always completely predictable because it depends on

the amount of solar radiation that available. If the weather is not suitable, amount of electric

power generated will be reduced. Other than that, electric power is unable to be generated

during night time. The cost to build a photovoltaic power station is expensive and the energy

payback time is large of the order of around five years. Wind power is irregular is many

location. Consistent wind is needed to ensure continuous of electric power generation. Wind

velocity is also a factor to determine the amount of electric power generated. Therefore, to

overcome the disadvantages from each renewable energy sources, combination of these two

techniques will help to increase the efficiency of electric power generation.

Hybrid electric system that combines wind electric and solar electric technologies

offer more advantages compare to either single system. In some countries, wind speeds are

low in the summer when the sun shines brightest and longest. The wind is strong in the winter

when less sunlight is available. This cause the peak operating times for wind and solar

systems occur at different times of the day and year, hybrid solar wind power systems are

more likely to produce power in different whether and situation.

Figure 1.1 shows a basic design of hybrid solar wind power system. It includes solar

panels, wind generator, charge controller, battery bank and inverter. Solar panel work to

collect sunlight and convert them into electricity. Wind generator works to convert wind

energy to electricity. Charge controller is used to limit the voltage if there is any excessive

voltage that could damage the battery bank. Battery bank is used for electric power storage.

Inverter is used to convert dc voltage to ac voltage.

Figure 1.1 Hybrid solar wind power systems

1.2 Problem Statement

The world today is developing at a very fast rate which causes a lot of usage of

nonrenewable energy resources. The two major disadvantages of using nonrenewable energy

resources are the environmental pollution and the quantity for these resources is limited.

Many types of clean renewable energy can be used in the production of electrical energy.

These help in reducing the pollution to the environment. Renewable energy includes solar

energy, wind energy, wave energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy etc.

1.3 Objective

The objective of this project is to propose and develop a hybrid solar wind power

plant at a suitable location. The proposed power plant will be taken into account on the

energy resources, technology available and energy demand.

1.4 Scope of Study

The study will be focus on the design of hybrid solar wind power plant. The major

component of solar power collector and wind power collector will be study. The efficiency of

the system will be simulated using plant design software to determine the output of the year.

The saving will also be calculated to determine the annual saving after the implementation of

the hybrid solar wind power plant in designated area.

The location around Malaysia will be analysis to find out the suitable location for

hybrid solar wind power plant. Malaysia is a country that has enough solar intensity for solar

power plant to function well. However, not every location provides a moderate wind speed

that is suitable for wind power plant. Due to time limitation, the weather data around the area

will be collected from Kementerian Tenaga, Tenologi Hijau dan Air (KeTTHA) Malaysia to

speed up the research on the suitable location to build hybrid solar wind power plant. The

average solar intensity and average wind velocity will be used to determine the suitability of

the area.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Renewable Energy potential in Malaysia

Renewable Energy is defined as the energy is generate from resource which are

naturally replenished on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides ,waves and

geothermal. Wind and Solar renewable energy have a good potential to be developed in

Malaysia. Malaysia is located at the equator and received about 6 hours of sunshine per day.

However, seasonal and spatial variation in the amount of sunshine received. [1] From official

website of Malaysian Meteorological Department, Alor Setar and Kota Bharu receive about 7

hours per day of sunshine while Kuching receives only 5 hours on the average. On the

extreme, Kuching receives only an average of 3.7 hours per day in the month of January. On

the other end of the scale, Alor Setar receives a maximum of 8.7 hours per day on the average

in the same month. The wind speed over Malaysia is light and variable. Malaysia experience

four wind flow patterns because there are southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two

shorter periods of inter-monsoon seasons. During southwest monsoon, the average wind

speed is light which is below 15knots. During northeast monsoon, steady winds of 10 to 20

knots prevail. The winds over the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia may reach 30 knots

or more during periods of strong surges of cold air from the north.

2.2 Wind Energy

Wind turbine function to convert mechanical rotation into electrical power. The design of a

high efficiency wind turbine consists of different aspect and parameter. Shape and dimension

of the blade determined the aerodynamic performance. [2]Bet’s law calculates the maximum

power than can be extracted from wind. According to Betz’ law, wind turbine can capture not

more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy in wind that based on an open disk actuator. Wind

speed will affect the efficient of power generation. Therefore, wind turbine is designed to

produce power over a range of wind speeds. If the wind speed exceed the power that has to

be limited, control system has to be implement to prevent overpower generation so that the

wind turbine will not be damaged. Turbine size is getting larger nowadays. [3]The largest

wind turbine can produce 7500kW with height of 135m. Figure 2.1 shows the development of

size of wind turbine and power generation over the year.

Figure 2 1: Size and Power of Wind Turbine over the year

2.2.1 Type of Wind Turbine

Modern wind turbines can be classified into two main configuration, which are

Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) and Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs).

HAWTs are type of wind turbine which the axis of rotation of the rotor is in line with

the wind direction, sometimes this type of wind turbine also referred as axial-flow

devices.

Meanwhile VAWTs are different type of wind turbine which the axis of

rotation of rotor is perpendicular to the wind direction, this wind turbine also referred

as cross-flow devices. This is shown in Figure 2.2.1.1:

Figure 2 2: HAWT and VAWT Basic concept

Inside of wind turbine, there is few more component crucial in order to extract energy

from wind to generate electricity. The component including Rotor hub, Brake, low-

speed shaft gearbox, brake high-speed shaft and lastly is generator.

VAWTs also can be classified into two type which is Savonium rotor and Darrieus

turbine, Savonium rotor consist of two curved blades, forming an S-shaped passage

for air flow while Darrieus consist of two or three airfoils attached to a vertical shaft

The Darrieus wind turbine having much better performance compare to Savonium

rotor, however it is not self starting. In order to overcome this problem, A savonius

rotor is mounted on the axis of a Darrieus turbine thus this will provide higher starting

torque to the wind turbine.

Figure 2.2.1.2 shows the arrangement of the component inside HAWT while Figure

2.2.1.3 shows the arrangement of the component inside VAWT.

Figure 2 3: Arrangement of components inside HAWT

Figure 2 4: The arrangement of components inside VAWT

2.2.1.1 Comparison between HAWTs and VAWTs

Table 1 1: Comparison between HAWTs and VAWTs

No HAWTs VAWTs

1 Allow access to stronger wind at

site with tall towers

Do not need to be pointed into the wind,

operation is independent of wind direction,

no yaw mechanism is needed, can operate on

sites where wind direction is highly variable

or has turbulent wind

2 Tall towers allows placements on

uneven lands or at offshore

location

Gearbox, generator and other primary

components can be placed near the ground,

which simplifies routine maintenance

3 Require yaw mechanisms to turn

the blades towards the wind

Smaller VAWTs can be much easier to

transport and install

4 Massive tower structure is

required to support the heavy

blades, gearbox generator and

many more.

Air flow near ground and other objects create

turbulent flow, introduce issues of vibration,

bearing wear and thus increase the

maintenance

5 Tall towers and long blades are

difficult to transport on the sea

and on land.

Rotor are located close to the ground where

wind speed are lower, do not take advantage

of higher wind speed above.

2.2.2 Arrangement of wind turbine for optimum performance

The output of a wind farm at a given wind speed is less than the output of the same number of

isolated wind turbines. This due to the Interference between clustered turbines, as a wind

turbine extracts power from the wind stream; wind power density for some distance behind

the turbine is decreased. This disturbed region behind the turbine is known as wake. By both

increasing turbulence and reduce power density in the wake can degrade the performance of

downstream turbines.

Proposed wind farm optimal placement, based on the wind data also combined with

topographical information, we design the wind farm arrangement as shown at Figure 2.2.2.1:

Figure 2 5: Design of wind farm arrangement

Based on the calculation below, there is at least 80% of the energy demand to be supplied by

wind power generator as backup energy plan. Refer to Power generated by wind equation

before (include below). The estimated size of the wind farm is calculated.

Mostly, the wind speed in Malaysia is not constant, there usually few wind in the morning

depends on the weather condition. If there raining or monsoon coming (start from October

until January), the wind speed will be higher. But there also times where there too less wind

available usually during the middle of year (February until September). However during this

time, the sun light intensity is higher compare during monsoon, thus power generated will be

backup by solar power generator. Same goes during monsoon times, the wind power

generator act as backup plan to solar power generator.

2.2.3 Calculation Method for Wind Turbine design

The following table shows the definition of various variables used in this system calculation:

Table 1 2: Definition of various variables used in calculation

E = Kinetic Energy (J) = Density ( )

m = Mass (kg) A = swept area ( )

v = Wind Speed ( ) = Power Coefficient

P = Power (W) r = Radius (m)

= Mass flow rate ( ) x = distance (m)

= Energy Flow Rate ( ) t = time (s)

Under constant acceleration, the kinetic energy of an object (wind for this case)

having mass m and velocity v is equal to the work done W in displacing that object

from rest to a distance s under force F, the equation shown below:

E = W = Fs

According to Newton’s Law, below:

F= ma

Then,

E = mas

Using third equation of motion:

= + 2as

a =

Since the initial velocity of the object is zero, u = 0, then we substitute into equation:

a =

Substituting equation 2 into equation 1, we get that the kinetic energy of a mass in

motions is:

E =

The power in the wind is given by the rate of change of energy:

P =

=

As mass flow rate is given by:

=

Velocity is equal to rate of change of distance:

= v

Substitute 4 into equation 3, we get:

=

Hence, we substitute equation 6 into equation 3, the power can be defined as below:

P =

16

According to Betz’ Law, no wind turbine can convert more than 59.3% of the

kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical energy turning a rotor. This due to friction,

also structure of wind itself which limited to be extracted. The theoretical maximum

power efficiency of any design of wind turbine is 0.59 (59%). This power efficiency

also can be called as “power coefficient” as shown below:

= 0.59

The value is unique to each type of turbine and is a function of wind

speed that the turbine operating in besides cannot perform at maximum limit 0.59.

Today the best designed wind turbines operate best around 0.35-0.45 power

coefficient, this after application of various engineering knowledge and requirements

as well as Betz limit.

If we take into account another factor in a complete wind turbine system such

as gearbox, bearings and generator, the wind turbine capable to extract only 10% - 30%

power of the wind energy which later will be convert to electricity. Thus, the power

coefficients need to be included into power equation below:

P =

The area of the turbine can be calculated from the length of the turbine blades

using the equation for the area of a circle below:

A = the radius is equal to the blade length as shown below

The power coefficient of each blade

is different depends on the type of blade and

shape of the blade.

Blade with bigger area will produce

more force but having higher weight which

reduce its performance, mean while blade

with lower area will have lower force but

more light weight.

17

2.3 Solar Energy

Solar photovoltaic system functions to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity

generated can be either stored or used directly. Same to wind turbine, different size of

photovoltaic modules will produce different amount of power. Other than size, the efficiency

of the system may affect the power generation. Overheating reduces the efficiency of solar

panel. Cooling system can be implemented to reduce the heat of the PV. [4]S. Wu and CG.

Xiong have carried out a passive cooling experiment toward PV cells. The passive cooling

method that utilizes rainwater as cooling media and a gas expansion device to distribute

rainwater has successfully increased the electrical efficiency of the PV panel by 8.3%.

Different solar system is also available to increase the performance of the electric

generation.[5] B. Khadidja, K. Dris, A. Boubeker and S. Noureddine has carried out a

experiment on optimisation of a solar tracker system for photovoltaic power plants in

Saharian region. After the experiment, it is found there is a significant gain on the amount of

energy when mounting the PV systems on the trackers. 20-35% of efficiency increase has

been achieved with the two axis tracking system.

2.3.1 Solar Collector System

Major Component for solar system is P.V modules. There are three main types of

photovoltaic solar panels in the market [9]. They are:

Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Thin-Film Solar Cells

Almost 90% of the World’s photovoltaic are based on some variation of silicon. The silicon

used in PV consists of many forms and the main difference is the purity of the silicon. The

solar cell will have higher efficiency when converting solar energy to electricity when the

silicon molecules are aligned perfectly. However, the process to enhance the purity of silicon

is expensive. Therefore, efficiency in the aspect of purity of silicon should not be the primary

concern.

18

2.3.1.1 Mono-crystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Mono-crystalline silicon (mono-Si) solar cells that made from, also called single crystalline

silicon are made out of silicon ingots which are cylindrical shape. It has efficiency typically of

135-170 Watts/ m2 [10]. The advantages of mono-crystalline solar panels are:-

Higher efficiency with the energy conversion rates of 15-20%.

Space efficient because it has higher performance which allows them to occupy

least amount of space compare to other types of solar panel.

The working life is longer than others.

Perform better in low light conditions.

Disadvantages of monocrystalline solar panels are:

Highest cost among all types of solar panel.

Undergo Czochralski Process to produce monocrystalline silicon will produce

significant amount of silicon waste.

Tend to be more efficient in warm weather. (disadvantage for cold weather country)

2.3.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells

Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells were the first solar panels introduce to the market in 1981.

Polycrystalline do not undergo Czochralski process which produce significant amount of

silicon waste. It has efficiency of typically 120-150 Watts/m2. The advantages for

polycrystalline silicon solar cells are:

Process to make polycrystalline silicon is simpler and cost less.

Amount of waste is less compare to mono-crystalline.

Lower heat tolerance compares to mono-crystalline which mean it will perform

slightly worse when compare to mono-crystalline solar panel in high temperature.

However, this effect is minor.

Disadvantages for Polycrystalline solar panel are:

Lower efficiency with energy conversion rates of 13-16%, this is because of lower

silicon purity.

Lower space efficiency

19

2.3.1.3 Thin-Film Solar Cells (TFSC)

Thin-Film Solar Panel is manufacture by depositing one or several thin layers of photovoltaic

material onto a substrate. It has efficiency of typically 60-80 Watts/m2.The different types of

thin film solar cells are:

Amorphous silicon

Cadmium telluride

Copper indium gallium selenide

Organic photovoltaic cells

Advantage of Thin-Film Solar Cells:

Mass production is simpler and cheaper compare to crystalline based solar cells.

Can be made flexible which give potential for create new application

Less impact on performance in high temperature

Disadvantages of Thin-Film Solar Cells:

Require a lot of space. Size ratio of 4 to 1 when compare to mono-crystalline solar

panel to produce same amount of energy.

Low efficiency with 9% of energy conversion rate

Degrade faster compare to mono and polycrystalline.

20

2.3.2 Solar Tracker System

The effective collection area of a flat-panel solar collector varies with the cosine of the

angle of misalignment of the panel with the Sun. The levels of misalignment can be

categorized by the chart below. Solar collector has a high tolerance towards the angle

misalignment. The significant power loss is less than 1% at 8º and less than 10% at 25º.

However, power collected drop significantly after 30º. Which are 30% at 45º, 50% at 60º and

75% at 75º [11].

Angle of Incidence Power Loss (Percentage)

8º

<1%

25º <10%

30º 15%

45º 30%

60º 50%

75º 75%

Table 1 3: Shows the power losses vary with the angle of incidence

Figure 2 6: Power losses vary with misalignment

21

2.4 Hybrid Wind and Solar power system

A hybrid wind and solar power system is system that can convert sunlight and wind

into electricity. [6] Figure 2.2 Show the hybrid system which combine wind and solar power

system.

The basic system includes PV Array, Wind Turbine, Hybrid Controller, Battery Bank,

Inverter and Loads. PV Array functions to collect solar energy. Wind Turbine function to

collect wind energy. Hybrid Controller is used to control battery bank charge and discharge

for reasonable and safety. Battery bank is used to store battery. Inverter function to convert

DC powers into AC power.

Figure 2 7: Basic Hybrid wind and solar power system

There are two major types of power supply system: [13]the off-grid system and grid

inter-tied system. An off grid system is completely disconnect from the traditional electric

power grid. To protect against insufficient of power when solar or wind system is under

producing and batteries is discharged, another power source will back up the energy

production of the system. Usually each system will cover up each other in vice versa. The off-

grid system usually used when there is no utility grid service. It is very economical in

providing electricity in rural area.

For grid inter-tied system, it is directly connected to the home and to the traditional

electric utility grid. Grid inter-tied systems allow the homeowners to get power from either

the home electric system or the utility grid, switching between the residential system and the

grid seamless. The advantage of this system is the ability to balance the system production

22

and home power requirements. When a grid inter-tied system is producing more power than

the home is consuming, the excess can be sold back to utility in a practice known as net

metering. When the system is not producing sufficient power, the home can draw power from

the utility grid. An additional of battery backup can be installed on the grid inter-tied to enable

the system to balance production and demand as to prevent shortage of power. When energy

production exceeds the demand, excess power can be charge and store at the batteries. When

the system produces less electricity than demand, battery can back up the shortfall.

23

CHAPTER 3

DATUM

The objective of this project is to design hybrid solar wind power system. Wind and solar

energy are two forms of energy that are relatively new in Malaysia. A few studies have been

done to explore the possibilities of solar and wind power generation in Malaysia. Furthermore,

there are some projects the have been established to utilize wind and solar power. To perform

this project our group has chosen an integrated solar wind system that has designed and

implemented at the University of Northern Iowa as an instructional resource for teaching

electrical power system and renewable energy concepts. This system is small scale model for

teaching purposes, so in our project the system will be implemented in a larger scale to cover

the demand of the area.

3.1 Datum Selection

The project was to propose Hybrid Solar-Wind power generator system. Thus, in order

to design the system, many references have been looking for in order to design the Hybrid

Solar –wind power generator system. Among the references that have been looking for, our

group has decided to combine 2 established datum in designing the system.

Figure 3.1.1 represent the first datum that we have been using on this project which is

“Hybrid solar and wind power: an essential for information communication technology

infrastructure and people in rural communities” from Nigeria patent. From this datum we

make use on designing the mini power plant.

Figure 3.1 1: Schematic diagram of hybrid (Renewable) solar -wind power source

24

On the other hand, the second datum that we have been using is very important as this

system have been tested in Perhentian Island, Malaysia. Thus this system is more practical

compare to previous system due to different environment condition between Malaysia and

Nigeria. However, this second datum is little bit different with the first datum due to the

hybrid with diesel system together with solar and wind (Figure 3.1.2).

Figure 2 8: Block diagram of the solar hybrid system (Wind/solar/diesel)

25

3.2 Proposed Location of Project

Kampung Peta (Figure 3.2.1) is a village located in Mersing, Johor. This location was chosen

considering the current electricity power supply to that area, which was not supplied by

electricity grid system. Located near to Endau-Rompin National Park and riverside to Kahang

River, it will take two hours travelling from nearby town, Kahang to Kampung Peta. Based on

information given by Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JKOA) Mersing, it was estimated that

the population of Kampung Peta was 200 people.

Figure 2 9: Location of Kampung Peta, Mersing

26

CHAPTER 4

DATA GATHERING

Malaysia lies in the equatorial zone and the climate is governed by the regime of the

Northeast and Southwest monsoons which blow alternately during the course of the year. The

Northeast monsoon blows from approximately October until March, and the Southwest

monsoon blows between May and September. Due to the country's location, winds over the

area are generally light. The strongest wind only occurs on the East coast of Peninsular

Malaysia during the Northeast monsoon. Maximum speeds occur in the afternoon and

minimum speeds occur just before sunrise, a pattern controlled by convection in the surface

boundary layer as the ground is heated by the Sun during the day and cooled by radiation at

night. Table 4.1 below shows the mean power values of ten stations in different locations in

Malaysia. The data were collected over a ten-year period.

27

Figure 2 10: Mean Power Densities of 10 stations in Malaysia

29

Most radiation data are measured for horizontal surfaces. In Peninsular Malaysia, the monthly

means of daily solar radiation vary from about 4.80 kWh/m2 in the states of Perlis, Kedah,

Pulau Pinang and Northern Perak to about 3.00 kWh/m2 in the east coast with areas in

Langkawi receiving the highest, and Kuantan, the lowest. Data for Sabah and Sarawak are

only recently available, with the coastal region receiving higher solar radiation, but the

highlands much lower levels. This variation is similar to that obtained between the east coast

and the west coast of the peninsula.

Most radiation data are measured for horizontal surfaces. Based on Table 4.2, in Peninsular

Malaysia, the monthly means of daily solar radiation vary from about 4.80 in the

states of Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Northern Perak to about 3.00 in the east

coast with areas in Langkawi receiving the highest, and Kuantan, the lowest. Data for Sabah

and Sarawak are only recently available, with the coastal region receiving higher solar

radiation, but the highlands much lower levels. This variation is similar to that obtained

between the east coast and the west coast of the peninsula.

30

Figure 2 11: Solar Radiation in Malaysia

From wind power data in Table 4.1, it can be seen that there is considerable amount of

variation in the wind power among the ten stations which the data were collected from. In

general, stations at the east coast of Malaysia recorded higher mean wind power compared to

the west coast. The highest wind power of 85.62 was recorded at Mersing station.

Whereas, data of solar power (Table 4.2) shows that the variation in the solar power is not as

significant as the variation in the wind power. After evaluating all the locations listed above,

we concluded that Mersing is the best location for the construction of the solar wind hybrid

power system.

32

CHAPTER 5

CONCEPT GENERATION

5.1 Morphology Chart

Table 1 4: Morphology Chart

Feature Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4

Axis of wind

turbine

Horizontal Axis Wind

Turbine

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Type of Wind

Farm

On-shore wind farm

Off-shore wind farm

33

Type of

Photovoltaic cell

Polycrystalline

Monocrystalline

Thin film

Type of Wind

Turbine

Upwind Turbine

Downwind Turbine

Energy Storage

System

Compressed Air Energy

Storage

Rechargeable Battery

Energy Storage

Hydrogen Energy Storage

Thermal Energy Storage

including molten salt

34

5.2 Schematic Diagram

Figure 5.2 shows the schematic diagram of the project.

Figure 2 12: The schematic diagram of project

35

5.3 Process Flow of Power Plant Design

Figure 5.3 summarize the process flow of the proposed hybrid solar and wind power plant.

Photovoltaic

Convert sunlight to D.C electricity

DC Combiner Box

Combines the output of multiple

strings of PV modules

DC Charge Controller

Regulates the voltage and current

coming from solar panels

DC.AC Inverter/Charge

Converting DC from array or

battery to single or three phase A.C

signals

AC Distribution Panel

Distribute the AC signal

AC Loads

Receiving and uses AC signal

Wind

Convert wind to D.C electricity

DC Disconnect

Protect inverter to battery wiring

from electrical fires and

disconnected inverter from

batteries for services

Energy Mix (Controller)

Distribute voltage and current to

battery bank and DC/AC

inverter/charger

Diversion Load Controller

Takes surplus energy from the

battery bank and sends it to a dump

load

DC Diversion Load

Activated by the charge controller

whenever the batteries or the grid

cannot accept the energy being

produced

Battery Bank

Store and supply power

Figure 2 13: Process flow chart

36

5.3.1 Components in Solar Generated Electricity Power Plant

Table 1 5: Components in Solar Generated Electricity Power Plant

Components Function

Photovoltaic (or PV) Solar cells that convert sunlight to D.C electricity

DC Combiner Box The combiner box is a device that combines the output

of multiple strings of PV modules for connection to the

inverter. It is typically used in the larger commercial and

utility scale PV power plants (greater than 500kW).

DC Charge Controller A charge controller, or solar controller, regulates the

voltage and current coming from solar panels to the

batteries. Prevent and Control Overcharging of the

batteries

Energy Mix

(Controller)

Act as a main receiver and distribute voltage and current

to battery bank and DC/AC inverter/charger

DC Control Box Control the voltage and current flow to the DC/AC

inverter/charger

DC/AC

Inverter/Charger

Converting DC from array or battery to single or three

phase A.C signals.

AC Distribution Panel Distribute the AC signal to the AC loads (consumers)

and primary system grounding

AC loads Receiving and uses AC signal

To Primary System

Ground

Grounding

Battery Bank Store power during wind and solar generator running.

Supply power when generator is not running and low

demand of energy

37

5.3.2 Components in Wind Power Generated Electricity Power Plant

Table 1 6: Components in wind power generated electricity power plant

CHAPTER 6

Components Function

DC Diversion Load (for

wind generator)

A dump load is an electrical resistance heater, and it must

be sized to handle the full generating capacity of the wind

generator used. These dump loads can be air or water

heaters, and are activated by the charge controller whenever

the batteries or the grid cannot accept the energy being

produced

Diversion load Controller A diversion controller takes surplus energy from the battery

bank and sends it to a dump load. In contrast, a series

controller (commonly used in PV systems), actually opens

the circuit

DC Disconnect Allows the inverter to be quickly disconnected from the

batteries for service, and protects the inverter-to-battery

wiring against electrical fires

Energy Mix (Controller) Act as a main receiver and distribute voltage and current to

battery bank and DC/AC inverter/charger

Battery Bank Store power during wind and solar generator running.

Supply power when generator is not running and low

demand of energy

38

ENGINEERING DESING DETAIL

6.1 Detail Specifications

6.1.1 Detail Specifications for Wind turbine

Table 6.1.1.1 and Graph 6.1.1.2 below shows the detailed specifications of the chosen

200 KW wind turbine. This wind turbine has 3 m/s start-up wind speed which made it

suitable for the proposed location. Figure 2 shows the wind speed vs. power output graph.

This wind turbine is capable of producing around 18 KW at the start-up wind speed of 3 m/s.

Rated power 200KW

Rated voltage 690v DC

Rotor diameter 30m

Start-up wind speed 3m/s

Rated wind speed 13m/s

Security wind speed 60m/s

Yawing type electronic

Rated rotating rate 85 r/m

Generator work way magnetic saturation

Generator material steel

Blade material fiber glass

Blade quantity 3pcs

Free stand tower height 32m

Matched inverter type Off grid

Table 1 7: Detailed specification of the wind turbine

39

Figure 2 14: Wind speed vs. estimated power output

6.1.2 Detail Specifications for Solar Panel

Table 6.1.2.1 shows the electrical specifications and estimated price of the chosen

solar panels. The mechanical specifications are indicated in table 6.1.2.2.

Max System Voltage 1000V / 600V

Maximum Power 295 W (-2%, +2%)

CEC PTC Rating 264.8 W Voltage at Maximum Power Point 36.2 V

Current at Maximum Power Point 8.15 A

Open Circuit Voltage 45.0 V

Short Circuit Current 8.92 A Module Efficiency (%) 15.2%

Temperature Coefficient of 0.157 V/ºC (-0.35% /ºC)

Temperature Coefficient of 5.35x10-3 A/ºC (0.06% /ºC)

Temperature Coefficient of -1.33 W/ºC (-0.45% /ºC) Operating Temperature -40 ºC to +85 ºC

Cost per panel (USD) 150

No. of panels 1017 Total cost (USD) 152542

Table 1 8: Electrical specifications and estimated price

Characteristic 156mm x 156mm

40

Module Dimension (L x W x T) 1956mm x 992mm x 50mm

No. of Cells 6 x 12 = 72

Weight 23.2 kg Table 1 9: Mechanical specifications

6.1 Load Estimate of Proposed Location

Kampung Peta is a vilage in Mersing District with a population of around 200. Base on report

from Population and Housing Census of Malaysia at 2010, in Johor, it is estimate that 4.17

people in one family[7]. Therefore, number of household can be estimated by below

calculation.

There are around 5036 household located at Mersing town.

Based on the research done by Asmarashid P., Mamat N.A. and Joret A., amount of

electricity consumption for three types of residential classes in 30days for domestic sector are

show in the table below[8].

Types of Residential Consumption (kWh)

High Class 443.06

Medium Class 404.63

Low Class 260.40

Table 1 10: Power consumption classifications

The household in Mersing is estimated to be low class residential. Therefore the estimated

total consumption for Mersing town is calculated as below.

41

6.2 General Concept of Solar Collector System

Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells will be chosen to implement to the solar collector system.

The reason choosing Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells is it has lower price when compare to

Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells. Although it has slightly low efficiency compare to

monocrystalline, it is still acceptable with the price available in market. Other than that,

polycrystalline has better performance in hot condition that can adapt in Malaysia’s Hot

Climate. It has also good life span which usually comes with 25 years warranty by

manufacturer.

6.3 Efficiency Improvement for Solar Collector System

6.3.1 Solar Tracker

To reduce power loss due to angle misalignment, solar tracker can be implemented to

the system. Solar Tracker is a device that orients the angle of the Photovoltaic panel

perpendicularly towards the sun. There are two common types of tracker, which are single

axis and dual axis.

Single axis trackers have only one degree of freedom that acts as an axis of rotation.

The axis of rotation of single axis tracker is typically aligned along a true North meridian.

Dual axis trackers have two degree of freedom that at as axes of rotation. The axes are

usually normal to one another. According to the experiment carried out, a single axis tracker

increases annual output by approximately 30% and a dual axis tracker an additional 6%.

Single axis tracker will be chosen to implement to the solar collector system due to

the efficiency improvement. Single axis tracker is cost cheaper and less power compare to

dual axis tracker. Malaysia which located at the equator axis of earth has the advantage to use

the single axis tracker system.

42

6.3.1.1 Design of Solar Tracking System

Solar tracking system should use minimum energy consumption to maximize the

global efficiency. The parts that required for design of solar tracker are [12]:

1. DC electric motor

2. Motor control system – allow the implementation of the digital control of the motor as

well as motion control of the PV panel orientation application

3. Light intensity sensor – allow to sense the intensity of light

Figure 2 15: Single axis solar tracker

43

6.4 Solar Panel Plant Sizing

Power demand for Kampung Peta = 416.3kwh

Average sunlight available in Malaysia = 6 hours per day

Power needed for solar panel

= 416.3/6

= 69.383kW

Solar Panel Model maximum power produced = 295W

Surface area for Solar Panel = 1.956m x 0.992m = 1.94m2

Number of Solar Panel needed = 69383W/295W = 235.2 = 240 pieces

Total power generated =236 x 295W = 69.62kW

The modules will be mounted on a single base system with solar tracker system support. Each

module is equipped with two solar panel. Diagram X shows the spacing between each

module:

Figure 2 16: Below shows the solar panel distance

44

Figure 6.4.1 below shows the solar farm layout of the solar farm:

Figure 2 17: Solar Farm Layout

There are total 240 pieces of solar panel on the solar farm the estimated total area of the solar

panel farm is 695.12m2.

6.5 Solar PNID

Figure 2 18: Wiring of solar farm

Refering to Figrue 6.5.1 Each module equipped with two solar panels which are connected in

parallel. Ten modules are connected in series in one row. There are total twelve rows in the

system.

45

Voltage at Maximum Power Point = 36.2V

Ampere at Maximum Power Point = 8.15A

Condition in One Module (Two Solar Panel connected in Parallel)

Voltage = 36.2V

Ampere = 8.15x2 = 16.3A

Condition in One Row (Ten Module connected in Series)

Voltage = 36.2V x 10 = 362V

Ampere = 16.3A

Condition for Twelve Row (Each row connected in Series)

Voltage = 362V

Ampere = 16.3x12 = 195.6A

Therefore, controller receive condition of voltage = 362 V and ampere = 195.6 A.

46

6.4 Wind Turbine

6.4.1 Power Generation by Wind Turbine

The chart below plot the average daily wind speed roughly aspect during whole year. It also

shows the maximum record sustained wind speed for each month:

Chart 1 1: Maximum and average wind speed for whole year

From this data we can calculate the power supplied by 1 wind turbine, having data supplied

by wind turbine we can estimated the overall size of the wind turbine.

Power produced by single wind turbine =

Power generated by one wind turbine:

Assumptions:

Air Density, 1.2754

Area of blade (radius) 706.95 d = 30m

Power Coefficient, 0.40

Table 1 11: Assumption for wind turbine calculation

8 8 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 7

56 35

81

31 28 37 35 26 37

56 56 56

Months Jan Fab Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

Wind Speed (Km/h)

Months

Wind Speed (Km/H)

Average Wind Speed Km/H Max Km/H

47

Chart 1 2: Minimum Power produced each month

6.4.2 Plant Sizing Calculation

Number of wind turbine needed:

Using the lowest power produced as our reference point we calculate the number of wind

turbine needed to fulfil the power demand.

Wind turbine

Jan Fab Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Power Produced (W) 1443 1443 901.6 721.3 721.3 721.3 901.6 901.6 901.6 901.6 901.6 1262

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Power (W)

Months

Power Produced (W)

Power Produced (W)

48

Chart 1 3: Minimum number of wind turbine need each month

Based on the power produced each month, we calculate the minimum number of wind turbine

need in every month. And calculate the average number of wind turbine need for whole year.

We take the average number of wind turbine need for 1 year, for worst case scenario analysis.

Assume the optimum distance between wind turbines is 50m each, we calculate the total

surface area wind farm we need to form:

Jan Fab Ma

r Apr

May

Jun Jul Aug

Sep Oct Nov

Dec

No of Wind Turbine Need 576.8 576.8 922.9 1154 1154 1154 922.9 922.9 922.9 922.9 922.9 659.2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

No of Wind Turbine

Months

Number of Wind Turbine Need

49

6.5 Grid Inter Tied System for Hybrid Solar and Wind Power Plant

Grid inter tied system with battery storage will be choose as a system design for the hybrid

power plant. Grid inter tied system advantage is that when there are insufficient power

production and battery storage discharges, it allows getting back up power from the utility

grid. This is a necessary backup system to prevent foul weather. However there are

disadvantages of adding battery storage to the system. Charging and discharging the battery

reduces the overall efficiency of the system. Figure 6.5 shows the overall design of grid

intertied system with battery backup.

Figure 2 19: Grid interties system with battery backup

50

Reference List

[1] General Climate of Malaysia.

http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=1089&l

imit=1&limitstart=0

[2] Magdi R. and Adam M.R (2011). Wind Turbines Theory - The Betz Equation and

Optimal Rotor Tip Speed Ratio, Fundamental and Advanced Topics in Wind Power.

Retrieved from: http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/16242.pdf

[3] History of Wind Power. Retrieved from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wind_power

[4] Wu S. and Xiong C (2013). Passive cooling technology for photovoltaic panels for

domestic houses. Published on 26th

March, 2014. Retrieved from:

http://ijlct.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/03/25/ijlct.ctu013.full

[5] Khadidja B., Dris K., Boubeker A. and Noureddine S (2014). Optimisation of a Solar

Tracker System for Photovoltaic Power Plants in Saharian region, Example of Ouargla.

Energy Procedia.

[6] Solar and Wind Hybrid System .Retrieved from: http://www.small-

windturbine.com/Solar-and-Wind-Hybrid-Power-Systems.htm

[7] Population and Housing Census of Malaysia (2010). Preliminary Count Report. Retrieved

from:

http://www.statistics.gov.my/mycensus2010/images/stories/files/Laporan_Kiraan_Permulaan

2010.pdf

[8] Ponniran A., Mamat N. A., and Joret A. (2012). Electricity Profile Study for Domestic

and Commercial Sectors. Retrieved from:

http://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ijie/article/viewFile/616/402

[9] Mathias A.M (2013). Which Solar Panel Type is Best? Mono- vs. Polycrystalline vs. Thin

Film. Retrieved from: http://energyinformative.org/best-solar-panel-monocrystalline-

polycrystalline-thin-film/

[10] Solar Choice Staff (2009). Which solar panel type best suits your needs –

monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous thin film? Retrieved from:

51

http://www.solarchoice.net.au/blog/which-solar-panel-type-best-suits-your-needs-

monocrystalline-polycrystalline-or-amorphous-thin-film/

[11] N. Clarke. The effective collection area of a flat-panel solar collector varies with the

cosine of the misalignment of the panel with the Sun. Retrieved from:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker#mediaviewer/File:SolarPanel_alignment.png

[12] Tudorache T. and Kreindler L (2010). Design of a Solar Tracker System for PV Power

Plants. Retrieved from: http://www.uni-obuda.hu/journal/Tudorache_Kreindler_22.pdf

[13] 3 Types of Residential Solar Electric Power Systems (2012). Retrieved from:

http://www.cleanenergyauthority.com/solar-energy-resources/3-types-of-residential-solar-

electric-power-systems

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/300kw-permanent-magnet-wind-

generator_560210266.html?s=p

http://img.weiku.com/waterpicture/2011/10/22/21/YGDL_500_Outer_Rotor_Wind_Pow

er_PM_Generator_634592034367381993_2.jpg

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/300kw-permanent-magnet-wind-generator_560210266.html?s=p

http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/300kw-permanent-magnet-wind-generator_560210266.html?s=p

http://img.weiku.com/waterpicture/2011/10/22/21/YGDL_500_Outer_Rotor_Wind_Power_PM_Generator_634592034367381993_2.jpg

http://img.weiku.com/waterpicture/2011/10/22/21/YGDL_500_Outer_Rotor_Wind_Power_PM_Generator_634592034367381993_2.jpg

1.57 2.03

41.80

28.

06

10.32

DC Charger & Controller Assembly Drawing No: SP2-1-001

Solar Panel AssemblyDrawing No: SP1-1-001 & SP1-2-001

Connection Wire

Connection JunctionSolar Farm

HSW-1-003

Solar Farm Layout & PnIDAzwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

A3

SHEET 1 OF 1SCALE:1: 200

DWG NO.

TITLE:

Revision: 1.0Tolerence: 0.001

MATERIAL:

DATESIGNATURENAME Description

Group No:

16

Mechanical System Design: MCB 4012 Semester Jan 2015

Member Name: Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim 13208Yit Man Heng 15984Mohd Amir Asmadi 15021Muhamad Amirul Syamin Mad Jeli 15022Salem Omar Dhuban 14633

APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN

Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

meter

1.2

73

2.20

Front

2.03

1.9

56

Top

Isometric

0.0

55

0.0

5

0.0

5

Side

Solar Panel AssemblyDr Hamdan

Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

A3

SHEET 1 OF 19SCALE:1 : 20

DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meterSP1-1-001

Extrude View

23

4

1

Item No Part Name Dwg No Description QTY.

1 Solar Tracker Housing SP1-2-001 1

2 Solar Panel Frame SP1-1-003 1

3 Photovoltaic Cell SP1-1-004 2

4 Solar Panel Base SP1-1-005 1

Assembly DesignDr Hamdan

Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

A3

SHEET 2 OF 19SCALE:1 : 20

DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:




Group No:

16

APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meterSP1-1-002

1.9

56

0.992

0.05

0.992

1.9

56

0.62 0.08

0.8

0

0.004

0.02

0.4

9 0

.24

0.4

9

0.4

9

Top

0.02

0.2

4

0.0

5

2.20

2.034

0.62 0.78

0.0

5 0.0

5

Front

0.05

1.9

56

0.05

0.0

8

0.05

0.8

0

0.01

0.2

4

0.03

R0.15

Side

Tolerence : 0.001

meterSP1-1-003

12/3/2015

11/3/2015

12/3/2015


Group No:

16

Dr HamdanAPPV'D

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild Steels A3

SCALE:1:20

DWG NO.

TITLE:

MATERIAL:

DATESIGNATURENAME

CHK'D

DRAWN

Solar Panel Frame

SHEET 3 OF 19

Universiti Teknologi PETRONASMechanical System Design: MCB 4012 Semester Jan 2015

Revision: 1.0

Description

Top

Front

0.005

1.9

56

Side

SP1-1-004

Photovoltaic Cell


WEIGHT:

N-Type & P-Type Semiconductor

A3

SHEET 4 OF 19SCALE: 1: 10

DWG NO.

TITLE:

REVISION : 1.0Tolerence: 0 005

MATERIAL:




Group No:

16

APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

0.50

0.5

0

0.1

0

0.10

0.02

0.25

0.2

5

0.01

Down

0.1

0

0.10

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.0

2

0.02

A

ATop

0.87

0.01

0.0

1

SECTION A-A

SP1-1-005

Solar Panel BaseDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3

SHEET 5 OF 19SCALE:1:10

DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


0.154 0.65

0.1

865

Top

0.28

0.1

827

0.015 Side

0.25 0.25

0.

10

0.2

8

0.15

Front

SP1-2-001

Solar Tracker AssemblyDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meter

2

3

5

1

4

SP1-2-002

Item No. Part Name Dwg No. Description QTY.

1 Solar Tracker Housing SP1-2-005 1

2 Solar Tracker Cover SP1-2-006 1

3 Controller SP1-2-007 1

4 Shaft Rod SP1-2-004 2

5 Power Window Motor SP1-2-003 1

Assembly DesignMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meter

R0.03 0.02

0.005

0.14

0.0

5

R0.01

0.0

45 R0.0075

0.0

2

0.0

3 Top

0.12

0.0

17

R0.

01

0.0

07

0.11

0.0

23

Front

0.008

0.023 0.007

0.0

2

0.017

Side

Isometric

Down

SP1-2-003

Power Window motorDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:




Group No:

16

APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.034 0.002

0.030

0.65 0.005

0.15 0.24 0.24

0.

025

SP1-2-004

Shaft RodDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.0

4

0.01

0.05 0.0

6

0.1

8

0.15

0.1

5

0.0

3

0.02

Top

0.0

2

0.28 0.26

0.0

2 0

.15

0.06

0.1

8 0.0

6

0.12

Side

0.2

8

0.15 0.13

0.0

2

Front

Isometri

SP1-2-005

Solar Tracker HousingDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:

Revision: 1.0Tolerence : 0.001

MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.0

150

0.1865 0.154

0.0

15

0.0

02

0.005

0.0

07

0.0095

SP1-2-006

Solar Tracker CoverDr Hamdan

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.135

0.0

97

0.0048

0.0

083

0.0

083

0.0048

0.0

083 0.0048

0.0

083

0.0048

0.0215

0.0

97

SCALE 1 : 2

SP1-2-007

ControllerMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16


Member Name: Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim 13208Yit Man Heng 15984Mohd Amir Asmadi 15021Muhamad Amirul Syamin Mad Jeli 15022Salem Omar Dhuban 14633 meter

APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


0.46

0.1

8 R0.01

Top

0.76

0.1

8

Side

0.47

0.7

6

Front DC Charger andController Assembly

Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meterSP2-1-001

5

2

1

3

4

SP2-1-002

Item No. Part Name Dwg No Description QTY.

1 Housing SP2-1-005 1

2 Connector SP2-1-003 30

3 DC Charger Controller SP2-1-004 1

4 GPS Solar Tracker SP2-1-006 1

5 Door SP2-1-007 1

Assembly DesignMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN


meter

0.10

0.0

2

0.0

1

0.

01

0.01 0

.01

0.08

0.02

Top

0.0

3

0.01

0.0

2

0.10 0.08

Front

0.02

0.0

3 0.0

1

0.008

0.0

02

Side

SP2-1-003

ConnectorMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.08

0.1

5

Top

0.0

2

0.08

Front

0.02

Side

SP2-1-004

DC Charger ControllerMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:

Revision: 1.0

MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

Tolerence: 0.001

0.454

0.7

55

0.0

11

0.005

0.001 0.0

1

0.035 0.005 B

BTop

0.46

0.1

8

Front

0.18

0.7

55

Side

0.0

6

0.0

2

0.0

25

0.0

4 0.0

5

0.01

0.0

6

0.0

2 SECTION B-B

SCALE 1 : 5

SP2-1-005

HousingAzwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.08

0.1

5

Top

0.0

2

0.08

Front

0.02

0.1

5

Side

SP2-1-006

GPS Solar TrackerAzwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter

0.7

55

0.46

Top 0

.005

R0.007

5

0.008

Front

Side

SP2-1-007

DC Charger/Controller DoorAzwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16Member Name: Muhammad Azwan Ibrahim 13208Yit Man Heng 15984Mohd Amir Asmadi 15021Muhamad Amirul Syamin Mad Jeli 15022Salem Omar Dhuban 14633

APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meter


1.7

0

5.10 8

8 5

10

TRUE R2.50

35.

06

TRUE R2.50

32

1

10

TRUE R2.55

4.1

2

Top View

Front View

Side View

Wind Turbine Assembly


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN

meterWT1-1-001

Extrude View

7

5

6

4

2

1

3

Item No. Part Name Drw Number Description Qty.

1 Bottom Cover 1

2 Tower 1

3 Generator 2

4 Blade Holder 1

5 Blade 3

6 Front cover 1

7 Top Cover 1

Wind Turbine Assembly


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN

WT1-1-002meter

3

2

1


1 Blade Holder 1

2 Blade 3

3 Front cover 1

Wind Blade Assembly


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN

WT2-1-001meter

5

4

1

2

3


1 Generator 2

2 Gearbox 1

3 Break 1

4 Heat Exchanger 2

5 Air Blower 2

Generator Assembly


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DSGN

WT3-1-001

1.6

0

1.24

0.40

13.

96

Top View

Side View

Front View

Isometric View

Blade


Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

Glass fibre + Honeycomb Kevlar Composite

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meterWT2-1-002

R2.55

2.0

6

2.05

Front View

0.20

2

5.10

Bottom View

2.0

6

10

Side View

Isometric View

Bottom Cover


Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:


A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

WT1-1-003 meter

R0.50

2.05

3

Front View

5.10

10

Top View

2.0

6

10

Side View

Isometric View

Top Cover


Group No:

16

Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:


A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:




APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

WT1-1-005meter

33

Front View

8

8

5.23

3

1.7

0

B

B

Top View

Isometric View

33

1

0.6

5

SECTION B-B

SCALE 1 : 300

Wind Tower


Group No:

16

Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

Steel + Cement ConcreteA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:




APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meterWT1-1-004

5

C

C

5

SECTION C-C

Front Cover

WT2-1-004


Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:


A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

5

1

D

D

Top View

1.7

0

5

0.40 Front View

1.70

Side View

Isometric View

0.20

SECTION D-D

SCALE 1 : 100

2.30

R2.30

5

0.84

1

Down view

Blade Clamp

WT2-1-003

Azwan

Man Heng

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter


1.76

1.7

4

Top View

R0.52

1.50

0.8

0

0.04 R0

.02

Front View

Isometric View

1.3

6

1.94

0.

14

0.25

0.1

0

1.80

Side View

GeneratorMan Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Aluminum + Mild steel + Copper

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



MFG

APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN


meterWT3-1-002

R1.05

0.6

0

0.80

R0.28

0.90

0.

40

0.25 3

Front View

0.60 1.80

0.61

0.25 1.55

0.6

0 1.2

0

0.55

Side View

0.40

0.40

0.3

0 0

.82

2.10

2

0.6

1

Top View

Isometric View

Gear Box

WT3-1-004


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

1.50

0.8

0

Front View

2

Side View

2

0.1

0 0.10

Top ViewIsometric View

Heat Exchanger

WT3-1-005


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Mild SteelsA3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

3

1.50

0.5

0

0.30 0.30

0.5

0

Front View

2

1

Side View

2

3

Top View

Fan/Cooler

WT3-1-006


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

1

0.5

5

E

E

2.3

5

1.50 0.50

0.25

0.

55

0.05

1

SECTION E-E

SCALE 1 : 20

Break

WT3-1-003


Man Heng

Azwan

WEIGHT:

Composite Metal A3


DWG NO.

TITLE:


MATERIAL:


Group No:

16



APPV'D

CHK'D

DRAWN

meter

hybrid solar wind power plant -1st draft

Documents

solar energy

wind energy

hybrid wind

design of hybrid solar

solar power system

film solar cells tfsc

arrangement of wind

type of wind turbine