hume street & reserve tree technical notes sept · street & reserve tree policy 2004 -...

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Street & Reserve Tree Policy 2004

Technical Notes

September 2004

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Hume City CouncilStreet & Reserve Tree Policy 2004 - Technical notes

September 2004

Contents Page

Section 1 – General 3

1.0 Introduction 31.1 Aims of the Technical notes Tree Policy 31.2 Integration of the technical notes with other Council policies 41.3 Public consultation and participation 6

Section 2 – Tree maintenance guidelines 7

2.0 Tree planting and establishment 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Design principle guidelines for streetscape and reserves planting 72.3 Site selection for tree planting 82.4 Street tree locations 82.5 Existing street features restrictions 92.6 Park or reserve tree planting 102.7 Existing park or reserve features restrictions 102.8 Tree planting by residents 102.9 Tree species selection 112.10 Criteria for tree selection 112.11 Tree planting 132.12 Supply of plant material 132.13 Planting practices 132.14 Tree establishment 132.15 Tree planting in new developments and subdivisions 132.16 Recommended trees for Hume City Council streetscapes and reserves 14

2.18 Tree pruning 212.19 Tree clearance requirements 222.20 Powerline clearance requirements 222.21 Other clearance requirements 242.22 Pruning of Council’s trees 25

2.23 Tree removals 262.24 General guidelines for removals 262.25 Removal requests 262.26 Approvals 272.27 Appeals 272.28 Costs of tree removal 282.29 Request response times 282.30 Inspection of hazardous trees 282.31 Records 282.32 Advise to residents/community 282.33 Notification of removals in road reserve 282.34 Notification of removals in reserves or other Council managed land 292.35 Street trees and new vehicle crossovers 292.36 Tree removal associated with infrastructure improvements by

Council or other public authority 302.37 Resident removal of Council’s trees 30

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Section 3 – Root-zone Management 31

3.1 Root zone management 313.2 Introduction 31

Section 4 – Pest & Disease Principles 33

4.1 Pest and disease principles 334.2 Fertilising trees 33

Section 5 – Preservation of Significant Trees 35

5.0 Preservation and management of significant trees 355.1 Potential significant vegetation to Hume City Council 355.2 Tree significance criteria 355.3 Removal of trees from the register 365.4 Informing the community about the significant tree register 385.5 Broad community 385.6 Educational process 39

Section 6 – Tree Planning and other Management issues 40

6.0 Tree planning and other management issues 40

7.0 References 41

Appendices

1. Hume City Council – Plant Material Supply Specification2. Hume City Council – Tree Planting Specification3. Hume City Council – Tree Establishment Maintenance Specification4. Tree locations road reserve – VicRoads Design Guidelines5. Tree root management information6. Tree protection zones and utility installation guidelines7. Significant tree nomination form

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HUME CITY COUNCIL

STREET AND RESERVE TREE POLICY - TECHNICAL NOTES

Section 1 - General

1.0 Introduction

Hume City Council is committed to the preservation and enhancement of the City’sstreets and reserves trees. There are an estimated 100,000+ trees growing in streetsand reserves across the municipality and the primary aim of these tree technicalnotes is to define the guiding principles for the overall management of those trees. Byassuring the preservation and protection of the urban forest through policyregulations and standards of care, trees will continue to enhance the landscape,streets and parks while assisting to define the unique character of Hume City.

The value of trees in the urban environment is widely recognised, not only for theiraesthetic value but also for the contribution to a community’s well being. Trees helpameliorate harsh urban environments by absorbing heat, providing shade, reducingsolar radiation, habitat, utilising storm water run off and assisting in air purification.Trees also increase property values, act as landmark features and give identity andcharacter to the landscape.

The aim of tree management is based on an understanding of the dynamic nature ofthe resource, its aesthetic and safety requirements, public attitude and perceptionand Council’s commitment to engaging and working with the community. All treesand avenues have a finite lifespan and at some point in time trees need to beremoved and replaced. As trees age they require increasing management tomaintain them in a safe and attractive condition.

In order to sustain the landscape, maintain safety and meet public needs, trees needto be planted and established, maintained and removed. Planning is required inorder to facilitate each of the processes to the benefit of the landscape and publicrequirements.

This tree policy document is in line with Hume City Council’s Plan 2004-2008.

1.1 Aims of the tree Technical notes

These Technical Notes are designed to help residents, property owners, authorities,Council officers, contractors, developers and those working with Council tounderstand the City’s requirements for public tree management of Hume’s urbanforest.

The aim of the Technical Notes is to improve the quality of streetscapes and reservesthroughout the municipality by adopting the following objectives:

• Establishing and maintaining maximum tree canopy cover within the Cityincluding an optimal level of age and species diversity.

• Promoting efficient and cost-effective management of the urban forest.

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• Integrating tree management with corporate goals and other internaldepartmental objectives

• Maintaining trees in a healthy condition through appropriate and recognisedhorticultural practices

• Providing criteria for the selection of trees for planting in streets and reserves thatprovides a more cohesive approach throughout the City.

• Selecting, locating, and maintaining trees appropriately to maximise benefits andminimise hazards, nuisance, infrastructure and hard surface damage, andmaintenance costs.

• Defining criteria for the listing and management of significant trees includingguidelines to protect and enhance remnant vegetation.

• Informing and educating the community in regard to public tree management withthe community consulted and informed about projects involving large numbers oftrees to be removed and replaced.

• Maintaining an up to date computerised tree management system for street andreserve trees linked to the Geographical Information System. This system willinclude an inventory of the tree resource, with maintenance histories andcondition status of trees at time of audit.

1.2 Integration of the tree technical notes with other Council policies

To ensure the effectiveness of the Street and Reserve Tree technical notes, it is vitalthat it integrates with other existing and future Council policies.

Trees and the Council Plan. The following actions will be undertaken to fulfil the objectives and strategies outlinedin the Hume City Council Plan. a) Strategic Planning and Environmental Management (5.2.3 Strategies ii & iii). • Council will select dominant and subdominant species to be used in each

identified precinct, to create cohesive streetscapes that reflect the individualcharacter of each area.

• Parks and Open Spaces will assist with local structure planning and strategic

planning processes, to identify existing streetscapes worthy of preservation. b) Design (5.4.1 Strategy ii). • Parks and Open Space Department (in conjunction with the Design Department)

will create identifiable streetscape themes for each of the City’s local communitiesby using single species planting (together with consistent pavement treatments)throughout each shopping centre and business district.

c) Parks and Open Spaces (5.4.3 Strategies iii, iv, vii, viii).

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• Parks and Open Space Department will develop a computerised inventory on theGIS system of all trees in streets and reserves to accurately identify the conditionof the asset and log maintenance activities. The general appearance of the Citywill be improved through prioritised planting’s and developments, creating linkswith existing quality open space, and introducing a more cost effective approachto tree management.

Trees and the Open Space Strategy 1998 (O.S.S.). • Parks and Open Spaces will use the Hume City Council O.S.S. 1998 as a guide

to prioritise tree planting in reserves and integrate reserve planting with parklanddevelopments as a part of the Council capital works program. When the review ofthe O.S.S. for the City of Hume is completed, Parks and Open Space Departmentwill ongoing tree planting in reserves according the recommendations generatedfrom this document. Also the Guidelines for Planning, Design and Construction ofOpen Space will be updated with planting lists and specifications from thisdocument.

Trees and the Hume Planning Scheme. • Parks and Open Space Department in conjunction with the Strategic Planning and

City Development Department Services will use the Hume Planning Scheme andexisting quality planting’s in areas to be subdivided as a basis for the developmentof distinct neighbourhood themes and to guide future planting’s of trees in streetsand parkland.

1.3 Public consultation and participation

In order to foster community pride and ownership of trees throughout themunicipality, Council will inform and involve residents in tree planting and removaldecisions. This will be achieved through the following activities:

• Before large-scale tree removals are carried out, areas are to be letterbox

dropped to inform residents of the reason for the proposed removal. Residentshave ten days to respond to make a submission. Submissions will be consideredbefore any work occur and residents will be informed of the outcome

• Brochures advising residents how they can assist the establishment and growth of

their street tree are to be developed and distributed at the time of street treeplanting.

• Residents are to be informed of proposed street and parkland developments

through letter drops, newspaper articles and other forms of communityconsultation.

• When major conflict on tree management decisions occurs, public meetings ifrequired are to be held to provide a forum for public comment and understandingof the issues involved.

• Where appropriate, new reserves and park redevelopments are to have a publicconsultation phase, prior to works commencing. Community planting will supportthis process where possible.

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Section 2 - Tree Maintenance Guidelines

This section sets outs Council’s approaches to the care and maintenance of HumeCity Council’s Urban Forest. These recommendations apply to all persons who areengaged in the business of maintaining or preserving the Urban forest.

The following guidelines are for:

• Tree planting including establishment maintenance

• Tree pruning

• Tree removal

• Tree root management

• Pest and disease principles

• Preservation and management of significant trees

• Tree planning and other management issues

2.1 Tree planting and establishment maintenance

Hume City Council will plant trees within streets and reserves, where opportunitiesexist, in order to achieve maximum tree canopy cover within the City including anoptimal level of age and species diversity.

2.2 IntroductionTrees are the dominant component in landscapes and one of the most effective waysof improving the image and landscape character of a city is to upgrade the street treeand public open space planting.

The community’s appreciation of trees and the environment is increasing and theoverriding positive role of trees in our suburban streets is accepted. They provide awide range of important benefits to the community. These benefits include protectionfrom UV, shade, heat and wind, improving air quality and softening the harsh urbanenvironement. Hume City Council’s reserve and street tree planting is a directresponse to the community’s requests for a leafier City. This is reinforced by Councilproviding its ongoing commitment to sustaining and enhancing the urban forest.

The introduction of new trees to a City’s streets can be considered one of the simplerhorticultural tasks for open space managers. However trees create a long-termimpression in the landscape and can alter the identity of the landscape and impact onmanagement practices and subsequent resource allocation.

2.3 Design principle guidelines for streetscape and parkland planting The principles of unity, scale, variety and integration are to be incorporated into thedesign of streetscape and reserve planting’s in the following ways:

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• Suitable species should be used according to the scale of streets and parksthroughout the City.

• Create a species diverse urban forest within the biological constraints of the site toproduce long-term sustainability.

• Both Australian native and exotic species can be utilised in planting’s. The twoapproaches are not mutually exclusive and there is scope to explore and utiliseboth, and combinations of the two within the City.

• Use single species planting’s in streets to provide unity in the landscape where

appropriate. Reinforce and extend existing planting’s, and identify opportunities forthe creation of significant planting’s which bring streetscapes into scale with theirsurroundings.

• Integrate new planting’s in parks and streets with significant cultural and

indigenous local vegetation associations. Plant single and groups of identifiedspecies, placed to emphasise the existing landscape, by creating alternateopenness and enclosure, and by taking into account any views and possiblevistas.

2.4 Site selection for tree planting

Removal and replacement works will be undertaken in a staged process. Thisprogram will identify unsuitable existing street trees, in the City and prioritiseremovals and replacement with appropriate species. Eg. Unsuitable trees underpowerlines. The following criteria will also be used for the selection of tree planting sitesthroughout the municipality: • Suitable unrestricted opportunities in high profile sites, e.g. entrances to the City,

commercial precincts, major roads. • Identify and utilise suitable tree planting opportunities in relatively treeless areas

such as in under-developed parks, naturestrips, median strips, carparks and traffictreatments where space allows.

• Integrate park upgrades and developments with tree planting in adjacent streets. • Identify opportunities for tree planting in new subdivisions. Street and reserve

trees are to be planted by the developer in accordance with the council policy andthese technical notes, unless approved by Council in writing.

• Integrate road and footpath reconstruction with tree replacement and plantingprograms where possible and appropriate. Explore and incorporate opportunitiesto change existing road alignment design to provide quality opportunities for treeplanting and streetscape improvement.

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2.5 Street tree locations

Locations of tree planting to be determined by existing street features restrictions. Acommon sense approach should be adopted at all times.

Generally trees are to be planted at regular intervals and at a density that will providea sense of continuity and scale to the streetscape.Where reasonable, one tree will be planted in front of each property within the City.Properties located on corners or intersections may have side space for 2 or moretrees where space allows. The growth characteristics of the tree and the capacity ofthe street will also determine spacing.

Other considerations:• Trees or other vegetation located on private properties overhanging the road

reserve may preclude the growth and therfore subsequent planting of a streettree.

• Established planting theme or available space allows for greater than one treeper property.eg. Large or wide lots.

2.6 Existing street features restrictionsTrees should be located as per the following criteria:

• Minimum of 2.5 metres from driveways, laneways, bus stops/shelters,

• Minimum of 3.0 metres from electricity poles,

• Minimum of 10.0 metres from intersection in residential streets except in quieterresidential streets where visibility may not be a problem (5m minimum),

• Minimum of 18.0 metres from streets intersecting with a main road,

• Minimum of 3.0 metres from hydrants or drainage pits,

• Minimum of 2.0 metres from beneath service wires,

• Minimum of 10.0 metres from a Stop or Give Way sign,

• Trees are not to be planted over incoming gas and water services,

• Trees are not to be located where private overhanging trees will significantlyreduce their health, vigour or shape.

• Trees are to be located so as not to obscure street signage or commercialadvertising.

Species of tree will be commensurate with the width of the naturestrip. Large trees,e.g. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum), Platanus spp. (Plane Trees) requirea minimum 3.0m wide naturestrip to offset infrastructure impacts.

Species of trees planted in streets should be able to be pruned to a single trunk orhave a clear trunk to minimum height of 1.5m for visibility.

Vic Roads is to be consulted where street tree planting programs are proposed formain roads. Vic Roads – Road Design Guidelines can be seen in appendix 4.

No new street tree planting shall be undertaken within hard surface areas, e.g. cutouts in commercial areas, without consultation with relevant Council departments.

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2.7 Park or reserve tree plantingLocations of tree planting to be determined by existing features restrictions. Acommon sense approach should be adopted at all times.

Using good design principles, the aim is to plant trees that will establish or reinforcethe presence of a tree canopy within a Council managed park or reserve.

Tree selection will be based upon the requirements of the Council managed park orreserve and the required characteristics of the tree specie as determined by Parksand Open Space.

2.8 Existing park or reserve features restrictionsTree location should consider the mature dimensions of the canopy height and width,trunk diameter and root development requirements to ensure that they do not have aneventual impact upon Council or privately owned infrastructure.Trees should be located as per the following criteria:

• Minimum of 2.5 metres from park furniture, paths, driveways and laneways,

• Specimen trees in reserves shall be planted a minimum 4.0 metres fromadjoining properties and Council buildings

• Minimum of 3.0 metres from electricity poles,

• Minimum of 3.0 metres from hydrants or drainage pits,

• Minimum of 2.0 metres from beneath service wires,

• Trees are not to be located over incoming gas and water services,

• Trees are not to be located where private overhanging trees will significantlyreduce their health, vigour or shape.

2.9 Tree planting by residentsUnless Council approval is obtained, residents are not permitted to plant trees andshrubs within the naturestrip or other sites within the road reserve. Council mayremove such planting’s and no compensation will be available to residents for theremoval of these trees and shrubs.

Residents are not permitted to plant trees and shrubs within a Council Managed Parkor Reserve without Council approval. Council may remove such planting’s and nocompensation will be available to residents for the removal of these trees and shrubs.

Residents can request Council to undertake tree planting within their street orreserve. Council officers will inspect to assess tree planting requirements andprioritise the works.

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2.10 Tree species selection

The Hume City Council will select species of tree for planting that are suitable for andperform well within the site, and that have the ability to contribute to the landscape ofthe City.

2.11 Criteria for tree species selection. The selection of tree species for street and parkland planting’s is determined by thespecific requirements of the location and the individual planting site. The emphasis ison suitability of size, biological tolerances, character, uniformity and low maintenancerequirements. The following is a summary of the criteria to be considered whenundertaking selection of tree species. Good tree management starts with appropriate species selection that takes intoaccount the aesthetic, biological, and functional requirements of a particular site.

Recommended tree species for use within Hume City Council’s streetscapes andreserves are listed in Table 1. This list should not be considered definitive. Newspecies and developed varieties of tree are regularly introduced into the market soscope for trials with these trees should be considered. Aesthetic issuesAesthetic considerations and the ability for street trees to enhance the visual amenityof a streetscape or area, is possibly the main reason for planting street trees.

There are many aesthetic considerations that enhance user experience and establishsense of place within public open space. There are many considerations in thedesign process, however the issue of dominance is and has historically been themost important.

The existing dominant landscape character of any particular area of the City shouldbe maintained and enhanced.

Biological and ecological considerationsThe biological requirement for tree selection primarily comprises the speciestolerance of stress with regard to general climatic suitability, soil oxygen levels, soilcompaction, drought, pest and diseases, high wind and atmospheric pollution.Achieving high tolerance levels should produce trees capable of establishing andproducing aesthetic and other benefits.

Environmental weeds are invasive plants that compete successfully with indigenousplant communities. The use of tree species that are known to be, or have thepotential to become, environmental weeds will be avoided throughout themunicipality. These species of plants will not be planted within nominated biodiversity corridors.

Tree DiversityThe most beneficial approach for planting is to plant desirable tree types that areadapted and proven to perform in the City. Undesirable diversity can lead to treesthat contribute less than their costs.

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Species diversity of the overall tree population reduces the incidence of disease andinsect outbreak.Diversity of age is possibly more advantageous in creating a sustainable treeresource. A continual replanting program that staggers the ages of street trees couldlessen the denuding of the streetscape during periodic removals.

Relatively new release varieties and untried species should not be tested onparticularly difficult sites or sites with high public use.

Functional and spatial issuesSpecies will be selected that do not require excessive resource input to maintainthem in a safe and aesthetically pleasing manner. Tree species known to causeexcessive damage to infrastructure via root systems will be avoided.

Species will be selected that can maintain spatial constraints within a street, e.g.pedestrian and vehicle clearances, overhead powerline clearances, root volumerestraints, underground services, etc.

Maintenance solutions may also be considered in species selection, including cycliccrown modification works to maintain the planting in line with design intent ie: regularclipping of topiary planting’s in commercial areas.

Functional characteristics to be considered in the tree selection process are:

• Matching the trees anticipated size at maturity to the available soil volume, areaand zone of upheaval.

• Utilising trees known to have restricted crown widths that fit available aboveground space e.g. narrow streets, main roads.

• Matching the trees anticipated size and water usage at maturity to the availablesoil volume and climate.

• Using species of tree known for their structural integrity and stock that are knownto have received appropriate formative treatment whilst in the nursery.

• Selection of deciduous species where solar access is required during the wintermonths and shade is beneficial during the hotter months.

• Utilising long-lived species to gain the greatest return on the original expenditure.

Tree availabilityCouncil purchases all tree stock from the commercial nursery trade, or private treefarms. For street planting programs, with proposals for long street runs, it is essentialthat the proposed trees be readily available. The need for pre-planning is essential.

Health considerationsEffect on human health should be considered in selection of trees. Some trees aredifficult for maintenance workers e.g. Lagunaria patersonia (Norfolk Island Hibiscus)or early seasonal growth of Platanus spp. (Plane Tree); others may cause allergiesor exacerbate respiratory complaints. Thorns, spines, excessive fruit drop can alsocause injury.

Species selection will utilise trees that have no known toxic or allergeniccharacteristics.

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2.12 Tree plantingAll tree planting undertaken on public managed land throughout the municipality willcomply with the Hume City Council – Planting Specification and Plant MaterialSupply Specification.

Trees will be planted properly and appropriate after-care maintenance programsimplemented so as to achieve a successful tree establishment rate of greater than80%. 2.13 Supply of plant material A range of stock sizes and production methods can be utilised for tree planting.Generally, small trees in 20-25cm pots or spring-rings are to be planted. Largeadvanced and semi-advanced stock is to be reserved for increased impact on highprofile sites and developments. Planting stock is only to be planted if it meets the requirements set out in the HumeCity Council – Plant Material Supply Specification (See appendix 1). 2.14 Planting practices Planting practices are to comply with the Hume City Council – Tree PlantingSpecification (See Appendix 2).

2.15 Tree establishment

Tree establishment practices are to comply with the Hume City Council – TreeEstablishment Specification (See Appendix 3).

2.16 Tree planting in new developments and subdivisions

All tree planting proposed for developments and new sub divisions must comply withthe Hume City Council recommended species list and the Hume City Council treeplanting and establishment specifications.

Where street trees are to be provided in association with a sub-division developmentproposal a plan at a minimum scale of 1:500 that includes the following information isto be submitted with the development application under the planning scheme:

• Species, number, size and location of proposed street trees• Details of proposed planting site widths and service locations• Details on planting method and tree establishment program

In respect of sub divisions the developer may elect to either:

• Provide the street trees• Pay a contribution to Council, at the rate specified by Council’s Parks and

Gardens Department, for Council to provide the street trees.

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2.17 Table 1: Recommended trees for the Hume City Council streets and reserves. This list is not definitive and should be consideredas a guide for tree selection.

Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsAcacia implexa (Lightwood) 6-9 5-8 Narrow

DomedSmallevergreen

Sickle shaped phyllodes. Paleyellow flowers. December-March

Avenue tree. Natural grouping.Under powerlines

Indigenous species

Acacia melanoxylon(Blackwood)

8-12 6-8 NarrowDomed

Mediumevergreen

Dark green phyllodes. Pale creamflowers in Late Winter to Spring

Avenue tree. Natural grouping. Indigenous species

Acacia pendula (WeepingMyall)

8-10 4-5 Pendulous Mediumevergreen

Silvery foliage semi pendulous.Bark rough & dark

Avenue tree, natural grouping. High drought tolerance

Acer buergerianum (TridentMaple)

8-10 8-10 Rounded Mediumdeciduous

3-lobed foliage, red-orange inautumn. Flaky, plate bark

Avenue tree

Acer campestre ‘QueenElizabeth’ (Q.E. Hedgemaple)

8-10 7-10 Oval withuprightbranches

Mediumdeciduous

Lobed foliage, yellow in autumn.Corky bark while young

Avenue tree. Under powerlines(Trial species)

Tolerant of dry conditions,compaction. Extremelyadaptable. Also use the variety‘Elsrijk’

Acer x freemanii ‘AutumnBlaze’ (Freeman’s Maple)


Largedeciduous

Red-yellow leaves in autumn.Silver-grey bark

Avenue tree. General park use.Specimen

Avenue, specimen. Moredrought tolerant than A. rubrum,which is one of the parents.May need to trial in area.

Allocasuarina verticillata(Drooping She-Oak)

8-10 5-7 Rounded Mediumevergreen

Pendulous branches. Fine foliage Avenue tree, Indigenous. Good droughttolerance. Prefers heavy soils

Allocasuarina luehmannii(Buloke)

5-15 5-10 Upright Mediumevergreen

Upright branches with dull greenbranchlets.

Natural grouping. General parkuse.

Was indigenous in Bulla area

Allocasuarina littoralis (BlackShe-Oak)

8-10 4-5 AscendingBranches

Mediumevergreen

Fine foliage, branchletspendulous.

Avenue tree, natural grouping.

Allocasuarina torulosa (RoseShe-Oak)

10-15 6-8 Narrow domed Mediumevergreen

Fine foliage, branchletspendulous.

Avenue tree, natural grouping.

Angophora costata (Smooth-Barked Apple)

18-20 13-15 Broad Domed Large sized,evergreen

Smooth rusty-red bark. Whiteflowers. December-January

Avenue, highlight sites (egtraffic treatments). General parkuse. Specimen

Banksia integrifolia (CoastBanksia)

10-15 4-6 Ascendingbranches,twisted form

Mediumevergreen

Grey platy bark with dark greenfoliage that is white beneath.Creamy yellow flowers

Avenue tree. General park use. Good drought and high windtolerance.

Banksia marginata (SilverBanksia)

5-8 3-5 Rounded Smallevergreen

Dense foliage. Yellow flowerspikes spring-summer.

Natural groupings. General parkuse. Screen planting

Indigenous Tree forms foundaround Bulla area.

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsBrachychiton populneus(Kurrajong)

10 8 Pyramidal Mediumevergreen

Leaves variable, glossy. Flowersin summer, green with purpleblotches

Avenue. Specimen. Generalpark use

Tolerant of drought. Slowgrowing, long-lived.

Bursaria spinosa (SweetBuraria)


Shiny green narrow foliage.Massed cream-white flowersspring-summer.

Natural groupings. General parkuse. Screen planting

Indigenous.

Callitris glaucophylla (WhiteCypress Pine, Murray Pine)

15-25 8-12 Upright toerect slendertree

Mediumevergreenconifer

Dense foliage, columnar habit. Avenue. Highlight. Screenplanting’s.

Tolerant of drought conditions.Indigenous to region

Callistemon salignus(Willow-leaf Callistemon)

6-8 4-5 Pyramidal Smallevergreen

New growth pinkish. Creamflowers. In Spring. Bark cream-grey & flaky

Avenue. General park use.Under powerlines

Can be variable in itsperformance and form.

Casuarina cunninghamiana(River She-Oak)


Largeevergreen

Fine foliage, branchlets semi-pendulous.

General park use. Specimen. Not to be used in streets

Catalpa bignonioides ‘Nana’(Dwarf Indian Bean)

3-4 2 Globe shapedcrown on astandard

Smalldeciduous

Useful for narrow streets or pavedareas. Large heart shaped foliage.

Commercial areas. Underpowerlines

Will withstand dry periods onceestablished, will adapt to arange of soil conditions.

Cedrus atlantica (AtlasCedar)

15-25 10-20 Pyramidal Largeevergreenconifer

Erect branches with blue-greenfoliage

Specimen Good drought tolerance. Morecommonly available the C.libani.

Celtis australis (SouthernNettle Tree)

8-15 8-15 Broad domed,ascendingbranches.

Mediumdeciduous

Smooth grey bark, yellow autumnfoliage.

Avenue. Specimen tree.(Trial tree)

Can be slow to establish.

Ceratonia siliqua (CarobTree)

6-8 6-10 Broad domed Smallevergreen

Smooth grey bark. Glossy dark-green leaves are bipinnate withalmost round, leathery leaflets, 2-5 cm long. The green flowersoccur in short spikes on woodybranches.

Avenue, under powerlines.General park use

Good drought tolerance. Fruitmay cause litter concern.

Cinnamomum camphora(Camphor Laurel)

15-20 10-20 Broad domed Mediumevergreen

Attractive round headed tree.Glossy foliage with attractive red-bronze new growth

General park use Specimen. Surface orientated, aggressiveroot system that can suckerwhen tree removed. Use inlarge sites.

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsCorymbia citriodora (Lemon-Scented Gum)

15-20 10-15 Broad Domed E/green Aromatic foliage. Smoothwhite/pink bark. White flowers.

Avenue, highlight sites (egtraffic Islands). General parkuse. Specimen

Highlight sites, specimen tree.

Corymbia eximia (YellowBloodwood)


Mediumevergreen

Flaky brown rough bark. Thickcurved leaves. Profuse whiteflowers in late spring earlysummer

Avenue. General park use.Specimen tree.

Will grow on heavy soils.

Corymbia maculata (SpottedGum)

18-20 12-15 Broad Domed E/green Dense crown of glossy leaves.Smooth mottled grey trunk.

Avenue, highlight sites (egtraffic Islands). General parkuse. Specimen

Good urban tree. Consistentperformance and form.

Cupressus sempervirens(Mediterranean Cypress)

15-20 3-10 Columnar.Can vary

Largeevergreenconifer

Ridged brown bark ridged. Darkgreen foliage


Good drought tolerance

Eucalyptus camaldulensis(River Red Gum)

12-40 15-35 Broad domed Largeevergreen

Greyish white bark with flakingbrown to reddish patches.Dramatic form with age

Large reserves. Naturalgroupings. Adjacent towaterways

Indigenous

Eucalyptus goniocalyx(Long-leaved Box)


Rough, coarse bark. Long darkgreen leaves

Natural grouping. General parkuse

Indigenous. Can developirregular form. Susceptible toroot disturbance

Eucalyptus leucoxylon(Yellow Gum)

10-18 7-15 Rounded E/green Whitish cream bark. Densecanopy. Cream to red flowers

Avenue, natural grouping,specimen tree.

High value urban tree. Couldalso consider E. l. subsp.connata.

Eucalyptus leucoxylonsubsp. megalocarpa (YellowGum)


Whitish cream bark. Densecanopy. Cream to red flowers.Smaller variety.

Avenue. General park use

Eucalyptus leucoxylon‘Eukie Dwarf’ (Dwarf YellowGum)


Similar to species Avenue, under powerlines. Good selection for urban use

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha(Red Stringybark)

10-15 8-10 Narrow domed Mediumevergreen

Fibrous bark deeply fissured. Natural grouping. General parkuse

Indigenous. Can be straggly

Eucalyptus mannifera subspmaculosa (Red SpottedGum)


Mediumevergreen

Smooth white bark with redpatches. White flowers. Blue-green fol.

Avenue. General park use

Eucalyptus melliodora(Yellow Box)

15-20 8-15 Rounded Largeevergreen

Single trunk tree. Strong wood.White flowers in spring tosummer.


Tolerant of drought. Adaptableto a range of soils.

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsEucalyptus microcarpa(Grey Box)

15-25 8-15 Rounded withascendingbranches

Largeevergreen

Single trunk tree. Whitish – greybox type bark. Strong wood. Whiteflowers in spring to summer.


Indigenous. Tolerant of drought.Adaptable to a range of soils.

Eucalyptus pauciflora ‘LittleSnowman’


Grey, white, reddish-brown bark inpatches. Long, narrow dark greento bluish green foliage

Avenue in small sites, underpowerlines. Natural grouping.

Requires summer irrigation toestablish

Eucalyptus polyanthemos(Red Box)


Blue-grey foliage. Rough bark.Cream flowers in spring

Avenue. Specimen, naturalgrouping.

Adaptable to a range ofconditions and soil. Droughttolerant.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon(Ironbark)

15-20 7-10 Rounded Largeevergreen

Dark rough bark. Flowers. Whiteor pink in winter/spring.

Avenue. Specimen, generalpark use

Tolerant of drought. Adaptableto a range of soils. Requiresgood formative pruning toalleviate structural problems.

Eucalyptus viminalis (MannaGum)

20-30 10-20 Narrow domed Largeevergreen

Dark, rough persistent bark atbase to smooth white branches

Avenue (large sites). Naturalgrouping. General park use

Indigenous

Ficus macrocarpa var. hillii(Hill’s Fig)

12-15 12-15 Broad Domed Mediumevergreen

Glossy green foliage creatingdense canopy. Semi pendulousbranches

Commercial areas as clippedspecimens. General park use

Large buttress, surfaceorientated root system

Ficus rubiginosa (PortJackson Fig)

10-15 10-20 Broad domed Mediumevergreen

Glossy dark green foliage withrusty-brown pubescent beneath.Dense canopy

Specimen. General park use Surface rooting can causeconcerns. Utilise in large sites

Gleditsia triacanthosvar.inermis ‘Continental’


Largedeciduous

Narrow crown, large dark blue-green leaves, fine leaflets

Avenue. Specimen. More upright than‘Shademaster’.Tolerant of drought. Gleditsiavarieties can be difficult totransplant particularly if there issevere root loss duringtransplanting.

Gleditsia triacanthosvar.inermis ‘Elegantissima’

4-5 2-3 NarrowDomed

Smalldeciduous

Dense, shrubby habit. Brightgreen elegant foliage

Avenue. Commercial areas.Specimen. Under powerlines.General park use

Useful smaller tree. Goodfoliage texture.

Gleditsia triacanthosvar.inermis ‘Sunburst’


Semi-pendulous branches. Newgrowth yellow darkening with age.

Specimen. General park use Good golden foliaged tree.Semi-pendulous habit makes itdifficult to manage in narrowsites.

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsHakea coriacea (Pink SpikeHakea)


Smallevergreen

Grey-green linear leaves. Pink,spike-like flowers, one of the bestflowering Hakea spp.

Avenue. Under powerlines.General park use

Use grafted plants. Droughttolerant. But short lived

Koelreuteria paniculata(Golden Rain Tree)

5-8 5-10 Broad domed Smalldeciduous

Compound green foliage turnsgold-red in autumn. Yellows flowerspikes in early summer

Avenue, specimen. Underpowerlines. General park use

Tolerant of temporarywaterlogging and drought

Lagerstroemia indica (CrepeMyrtle)

4-6 4-6 Vase Shaped(varies)

Smalldeciduous

Oval leaves good autumn colour.Ornamental bark. Panicles offlowers.


Varieties more resistant topowdery mildew.

Lagerstroemia indica x L.fauriei ‘Natchez’ (IndianSummer Crepe Myrtle

5-6 4-5 Vase Shaped Smalldeciduous

Oval leaves, good autumn colour.Ornamental bark. Panicles ofwhite flowers in summer.


Highly rated. Superior CrepeMyrtle varieties. Tolerant of dryconditions and resistant topowdery mildew.

Lagerstroemia indica x L.fauriei ‘Biloxi’ (IndianSummer Crepe Myrtle)

5-6 4-5 Vase Shaped Smalldeciduous

Oval leaves good autumn colour.Ornamental bark. Panicles of softpink flowers in summer.


Highly rated. Superior CrepeMyrtle varieties. Tolerant of dryconditions and resistant topowdery mildew.

Lophostemon confertus(Qld. Brush Box)

10-20 8-15 Narrow domedto rounded

Mediumevergreen

Glossy dark green foliage. Brownsmooth bark, rough on trunk.


Adaptable tree. Common streettree throughout Melbourne.

Malus ioensis ‘Plena’(Bechtel Crabapple)

6-8 5-7 Rounded Smalldeciduous

Double pink flowers, late spring.Good autumn foliage.


Adaptable small tree.

Melia azedarach (WhiteCedar)


Glossy, bi-pinnate foliage.Purplish flowers, yellow berry.


Attractive tree can be messywith fruit drop, leaf and flowers.Can be a weed species furthernorth. Select low fruiting variety.

Olea europea ‘Swan Hill’ &‘Tolleys Upright’ seedlessvarieties of European Olive

8-10 6-8 Multi-trunknarrow domed

Mediumevergreen

Leaves dark green & glossyabove, silvery beneath. Dark greyfissured bark.

Avenue, specimen. Tolerant of drought and wind.Can be a weed species in thisarea near waterways.

Phoenix canariensis (CanaryIsland Date Palm)

10-15 5-8 Palm E/green Large deep green fronds. Thicktrunk with persistent frond bases

Avenue. Highlight tree.Specimen.

Tolerant of drought, compactedsoils and winds

Pistacia chinensis (ChinesePistachio)


Attractive pinnate foliage, red-orange in autumn. Dark grey bark

Avenue. General park use.Specimen.

Highly rated. Drought tolerant.Requires early formativepruning

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsPinus canariensis (CanaryIsland Pine)

20-30 15-20 Domed tonarrow domed


Dense canopy with dark green,pendulous foliage. Thickred/orange bark in plates

Specimen. General park use High drought and windtolerance.

Pinus halepensis (AleppoPine)

20-30 10-15 Rounded withascendingbranches


Dense canopy with dark olive-green foliage. Grey fissured bark

Specimen. General park use High drought and windtolerance.

Pinus pinea (Stone Pine) 12-20 10-20 Broad domed Largeevergreenconifer

Large orange-brown platy bark.Dense canopy

Specimen General park use Good drought tolerance.Adaptable to a range of soilconditions.

Pittosporum phylliraeoides(Weeping Pittosporum)

3-8 1-5 Narrow domedwithpendulousbranchlets

Smallevergreen

Attractive pendulous form. Grey-white bark.

Natural groupings. General parkuse

Good drought tolerance

Platanus x acerifolia(London Plane Tree)

20-25 15-20 Rounded Largedeciduous

3-5 lobed leaf. Spherical fruitclusters in 2. Showy bark

Avenue, specimen. Useful urban tree. Tolerant of awide range of environmentalconditions. Consider variety‘Bloodgood’

Platanus orientalis ‘Digitata’(Cyprian Plane)

15-25 12-20 Rounded Largedeciduous

Deeply incised lobes on leaves.Exfoliating showy bark


Useful urban tree. Tolerant of awide range of environmentalconditions.

Pyrus calleryana (Callery'sPear)

12-15 10-12 Broad Domed Mediumdeciduous

Glossy, oval dark green foliage,good autumn colour. Whiteflowers.


Recommend this species ratherthan P. ussuriensis which is ararer tree. Avenue, specimentree.

Pyrus calleryana 'Aristocrat'('Aristocrat' Callery Pear)


Mediumdeciduous

Dark green, glossy foliage, goodautumn colour. White flowers


Adaptable species, good urbantree.

Pyrus calleryana ‘Capital’ 10-12 4-5 Narrow upright Mediumdeciduous

Glossy green foliage turns gold-red to plum in autumn. Whiteflowers. In clusters in spring.


Pyrus calleryana‘Chanticleer’

12-15 4-5 Narrow upright Mediumdeciduous

Glossy green foliage turns gold-red to plum in autumn. Whiteflowers. In clusters in spring.


Quercus canariensis(Algerian Oak)

20-25 12-15 Broad Domed Largeevergreen(Part decid.)

Large, shallow lobed green leavesturning yellow-brown in autumn


Prefers well-drained soils.

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Tree Species Ht. (m) Wt. (m) Form Type Characteristics Uses CommentsQuercus cerris(Turkey Oak)

15-20 15-20 Broad Domed Largedeciduous

Oblong, lobed leaves. Attractive,ridged bark. Flowersinconspicuous


Tolerant of drought. Adapts tomost soil textures, prefers welldrained

Quercus ilex(Holly Oak)

15-20 15-20 Broad Domed Largeevergreen

Grey-green, holly-like leaves.Grey bark. Flowers inconspicuous


Adapts to most soil textures

Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) 20-25 10-15 Pyramidal Largedeciduous

Deeply lobed & pointed glossyleaves. Good autumn colour


Adapts to most soils. Prefersmoist soils.

Trachycarpus fortunei(Chusan Fan Palm)

5-7 2-3 Palm Smallevergreen

Circular, palmate, dark greenleaves. Thick, fibrous trunk

Avenue. Highlight. Useful as highlight tree.

Tristaniopsis laurinaKanooka, Water Gum


Dark green, glossy above, silkybeneath leaves. Yellow flowers.Bark

Avenue. Under powerlines.General park use (TrialSpecies)

Tolerant of drought onceestablished.

Ulmus parvifolia ‘Todd’(Chinese Elm)

8-15 8-15 Broad Domed Medium Semi-evergreen

Small, glossy, dark green leaves.Orange-brown flaking bark


Select upright forms. Can bevariable grown from seed.

Washingtonia robusta(Washington Palm)

15 2-4 Tall fan-leavedpalm

Medium palm Large arching palmate leaves withdrooping tips.


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2.18 Tree pruning

Hume City Council will maintain high tree management standards at all times. Anyoperation that is known to be detrimental to long-term tree health would not beappropriate.

All pruning undertaken on trees within the Hume City Council will comply with AS4373-1996: Pruning of amenity trees.

This Standard describes methods for pruning of trees and encourages correct anduniform practices. It is intended for use on amenity trees and includes formativepruning, hazard reduction, selective pruning and thinning. It does not includepractices related to timber, foliage, fruit and flower production, root pruning, andchemical pruning nor to sculptural forms of pruning such as topiary hedging andpleaching.

The following practices are to be carried out whenever tree pruning is undertaken: • All pruning activities are to be carried out with reference to the branch bark ridge

and protection of the branch collar. Pruning must comply with the principles ofcompartmentalisation of decay in trees (CODIT).

• Branch pruning is to be undertaken using the undercut, top cut and target/final cut

method. • Heavy branches are to be removed in sections to avoid damage to the tree and its

surrounds. • No flush cutting, leaving of branch stubs, lopping/topping or painting of wounds

will be permitted.

• Formative pruning will occur on young and developing trees to enhance form,improve structure and directionally shape the tree. Formative pruning principlesare outlined in AS 4373-1996.

• No more than 25% of the canopy is to be removed at any one time duringmaintenance pruning.

• All dead, diseased and damaged branches over 20cm diameter are to be

removed. • All structurally weak, poorly formed forks (Co-dominant trunks) and crossed limbs

are to be removed. • Trees growing in close proximity to overhead powerlines are to be pruned so

future growth is directed away from these services. • All stump regrowth, epicormic and unsuitable watershoot growth is to be removed. • All mistletoes, and other parasitic plants are to be removed (except in areas

dominated by indigenous vegetation).

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2.19 Tree clearance requirements The following clearances are to be maintained on all relevant trees throughout themunicipality. All clearances are to be in accordance with the current and relevantState Government legislation e.g. Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector; Code ofPractice for Electric Line Clearance [Vegetation] 1999 for the purposes of Part 8 ofthe Electricity Safety Act 1998. Vic Roads Road Design Guidelines, 1994 Sections2&3, VIC ROADS Roadworks Signing Code of Practice and AS 1758.1 Clearance forStreet Lighting. 2.20 Powerline clearance requirements Dimensions from ‘Code of practice for Electric Line Clearance (Vegetation) 1999’.Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector.

All areas. Dimensions of Clearance Space for Aerial Bundled Cable and InsulatedService Cable.

Near Pole Away from poleType ofpowerline

All spans Span of up to40 meters

Span of 40-70meters

Span of over70 meters

In all directionsAerialBundledCable

0.3 m 0.3 m 0.6 m 0.9 m

Insulatedservicecable

0.6 m 0.6 m 1.0 m 1.0 m

The above clearances are to be maintained free of vegetation at all times. There isthe additional requirement to maintain a regrowth space. This is measured as theaverage annual growth x Number of Years in a Vegetation Management Cycle.

Low Bush Fire Risk Areas. Dimensions of Clearance Space surrounding aPowerline other than Aerial Bundled Cable and Insulated Service Cable.

Near Pole Away from poleType ofpowerline

All spans Span of up toand including40 meters

Spansexceeding 40

In all directions except vertically above 66 kVInsulated lowvoltage

0.3 m 0.3 m 0.6 m

Bare lowvoltage

1.0 m 1.0 m 1.5 m

Bare 6.6 kV,11 kV, 22kV

1.5 m 1.5 m 2.0 m

66 kV 2.25 m 2.25 m 3.0 m

The space vertically above 66 kV to be kept clear of vegetation at all times

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The above clearances are to be maintained free of vegetation at all times. There isthe additional requirement to maintain a regrowth space. This is measured as theaverage annual growth x number of years in a vegetation management or treeclearance cycle.

Low Bush Fire Risk Areas. Dimensions of Clearance Space surrounding aPowerline other than Aerial Bundled Cable and Insulated Service Cable where anexemption to requirements identified in the previous tables has been granted.Exemptions can be sought through the Office of the Chief Electrical Inspector.

Clearance SpacesType ofpowerline

Span of up toand including30 meters

Spansexceeding 30meters up toand including

45 meters

Spansexceeding 45meters up toand including

70 meters

Spansexceeding 70meters

In all directionsInsulated lowvoltage

0.3 m 0.3 m 0.6 m 0.6 m

Bare lowvoltage

1.0 m 1.0 m 1.5 m 1.5 m

Bare lowvoltage withadditionalsafetymeasures

0.5m 0.6m 0.8m 1.5m

Bare 6.6 kV,11 kV, 22kV

1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m 2.0 m

Covered 6.6kV, 11 kV,22kV

1.0 m 1.25 m 1.5 m 2.0 m

The above clearances are to be maintained free of vegetation at all times. There isthe additional requirement to maintain a regrowth space. This is measured as theaverage annual growth x Number of Years in a Vegetation Management Cycle.

Hazardous Bush Fire Risk Areas. Dimensions of Clearance Space surrounding aPowerline other than Aerial Bundled Cable and Insulated Service.

Clearance spacesNear pole Away from pole

Spans up to& including

350m

Spans up to& including

40m

Spansexceeding40 up to &including

70m

Spansexceeding70 up to &including

350m

Spansexceeding

350m

Type ofpowerlineNominalVoltage

In all directions (except vertically above the line)Insulated lowvoltage 0.6m 0.6m 1.0m 1.0m 2.25m

Bare lowvoltage 1.5m 1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 2.25m

Bare 6.6 kV,11 kV, 22kV 1.5m 1.5m 2.0m 2.0m 2.25m

66kV 2.25m 2.25m 3.0m 3.0m 3.0m

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For all voltages - The space vertically above the powerline must be kept clear ofvegetation at all times

Telecommunication cables located on power poles although sometimes bonded tothe neutral of street mains are not considered by the Office of the Chief ElectricalInspector to be electrical conductors and subsequently are not included in the requireclearance distances. These cables would presumably be cleared during vegetationmanagement cycles for powerline clearance. Other management options Hume City Council will investigate to minimiserequirement to clear vegetation adjacent to powerlines. • Pruning and clearing of vegetation on a 24 to 36 month cycle

• Optimum location of powerlines

• Underground powerline construction in new subdivisions

• Relocation of overhead lines to underground powerline in agreement withrelevant service authorities

• Use of aerial bundle cables to reduce clearance space requirements in someareas of important vegetation

• Investigation and development of innovative tree management and pruningmethods to improve line clearance methods

• Removal and replacement of inappropriate vegetation where possible

• Investigation and use of appropriate species in new and replacement planting,e.g. the use of smaller species underneath powerlines while maintaining a largerspecies on the non-powerline side.

2.21 Other clearance requirements Access Type &Clearance Location.

Clearance.

Pedestrian Over footpaths, driveways, walkways, naturestrips and inparkland.

Height of 3 metres.

Vehicular Over roadways.

Height of 4.5 metres.

Motorist/pedestrian visibility Along road user sightlines.

Height of 2 metres.

Streetlighting Around lighting tube. Streetlight cables/from cable.

Distance of 1 metre. Distance of 600mm.

Road signage From signs.

Maintain visibility.

Traffic control devices From control devices.

Maintain visibility.

Telephone service lines & cables From line.

Distance of 600mm.

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2.22 Pruning of Council’s trees

Council will maintain street tree clearances as indicated in 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3 Treeclearance requirements.

In order to maintain the safety and amenity of the City’s street trees the Hume CityCouncil will employ staff and contractors who have appropriate arboriculturalqualifications and expertise in relation to pruning of trees and carry out the task to thehighest level of safety.

Residents have the legal right to prune off overhanging foliage into their propertyfrom a tree located on a neighbouring property. However Council requires residentsto utilise the service provided by requesting pruning works on Council’s trees in astreet or reserve is undertaken by the Parks & Open Space Department.

If a resident or property owner damages a tree, makes the tree structurally unsoundor reduces the aesthetics through inappropriate pruning Council will seekreimbursement of the damage and the lost amenity value of the tree.

Cost of repair to the damaged tree will be based on commercial rates. If the value ofthe tree or damage is to be reimbursed such a value will be derived from anapproved tree valuation method.

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2.23 Tree removals

Hume City Council will maintain healthy, safe and aesthetically pleasing landscapesby removing dead, poor performing, hazardous and inappropriate trees.

2.24 General guidelines for removalTree removal, will be approved if the tree meets one or more of the criteria set outbelow. A set of tree removal criteria is used to prevent indiscriminate removal. Safetyis the priority however aesthetic and ecological factors, including wildlife habitat willbe considered when making all tree management and removal decisions.The tree or tree group needs to be inspected and assessed for the above criteria bya qualified arborist. Tree health (vigour), structure, Useful Life Expectancy (ULE),and hazard potential must be assessed.

Council acknowledges that some residents are bothered with the leaf litter, fruit, barkor other debris a tree may shed over the seasons. However tree removals will not beauthorised based on this reason alone.

Trees and groups of trees may be removed only when one or more of the followingcriteria are met.

• That is dead or close to death. Exceptions considered where tree or tree group is

located in indigenous vegetation conservation sites.

• Is infected with an epidemic disease where the recommended control is notapplicable and removal is the recommended practice to prevent transmission.

• Poses a severe safety hazard that cannot be corrected by pruning, transplanting orother treatments.

• Severely interferes with a neighbouring tree or tree group to the extent that neithertree can develop to its full potential. The more desirable tree will be preserved.

• The aesthetic values of the tree or tree group are so low or negative that the site isvisually enhanced by the trees removal.

• Work improvements or infrastructure repair or maintenance required to be madearound the tree or tree group will kill or render the tree a hazard or significantlyimpact on the tree’s condition and useful life expectancy.

• The tree may be found to be substantially contributing to damage to public orprivate property and no other viable means are available to rectify the situation.

• The tree or group of trees is included in the street tree rejuvenation program asidentified by Council Staff.

2.25 Removal requestsTree removals may be generated through either Council Officers and approved Parksand Gardens contractors as part of on-going maintenance works and inspections orvia resident requests.

Residents may request a tree removal by contacting the Parks Department. Allrequests for tree removal shall be inspected and assessed by a qualified arborist.

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2.26 ApprovalsAll approvals for removal of a tree on Council Managed Land shall be authorised byOpen Space Co-ordinator, Senior Arborist or nominated officer from TreeManagement Team.

Where removal is not justifiable because a tree does not meet one of the criteriaunder General guidelines for removal in this policy, and a member of thecommunity insists on such action, a letter of refusal is to be sent by the SeniorArborist.

2.27 AppealResidents may appeal a Council Officer decision to have a tree removed or retainedon Council Managed Land.

If a resident insists on the removal or retention of a tree despite advice andassurances from the Senior Arborist or delegated officer(s) that an alternative is moreappropriate, this request must be in writing and addressed to the Parks Manager.Following receipt of the written request, the Parks Manager shall initiate the followingappeal process:

• The Senior Arborist will provide a brief over-view report to the Open Space Co-ordinator that describes the arboricultural issues concerning the tree removal orretention.

• The Open Space Co-ordinator will either base his/her decision upon theinformation contained within the report from the Senior Arborist or,

determine to obtain an independent report from a qualified arborist toconfirm the arboricultural issues or,

refer the matter to the Parks Manager for review and direction inaccordance with this policy.

When significant community concern is expressed following notification of theremoval of a tree or group of trees, the Open Space Co-ordinator will refer the matterto the Parks Manager.

• The Open Space Co-ordinator will provide a report to the Parks Manager thatdescribes the arboricultural issues concerning the removal of the tree or groupof trees

• The Parks Manager will either base his/her decision upon the informationcontained within the report from the Open Space Co-ordinator or,

• determine to obtain an independent report from a qualified arborist to confirmthe arboricultural issues

Removal of a tree or group of trees for any reason in a road reserve, park or reserve(subject to statutory constraints) may be authorised by the Parks Manager where onthe INDIVIDUAL MERITS OF THE SITUATION it is considered appropriate. Thesesituations will involve judgement based on the related arboricultural issues combinedwith such factors as social, technical, economic or environmental considerations.

In situations where the Parks Manager does not support the removal or retention of atree the Open Space Co-ordinator will write to the resident to advise on the outcome.

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2.28 Costs of tree removalCosts for the removal of a tree that complies with the General guidelines forremoval shall be borne by Council.

If through an appeal process (See 8.5) removal of a healthy tree is approved and thistree does not comply with any of the General guidelines for removal, the partyrequesting the tree removal will incur the full cost imposed upon Council for the tree'sremoval, replacement tree and two-year maintenance period of the replacement tree.

2.29 Request response timesRequests shall be actioned within the following time frames;

• Imminent danger - immediate action• Identified as hazardous - 2 working days• Require removal, but not hazardous - as soon as possible• Stump removal - within 2 weeks of tree removal.• Tree replacements - the following planting season if suitable stock is

available.

2.30 Inspection of a Hazardous TreeAll Council trees reported as being unsafe or hazardous by the public or identified asbeing of concern by staff are to be inspected by an appropriately qualified andexperienced Arborist (Minimum Certificate IV Arboriculture).

Trees identified as potentially hazardous or of concern to resident(s) or Council are tobe placed on inspection register. These trees will be inspected at a frequencydetermined by the Tree Management Team.

Residents affected by such trees will be notified of the results of the inspections.

2.31 RecordsIf a significant tree (See section 11) is removed, it is to be photographed and thedetails of the removal entered into Council’s Tree Management System. Thephotograph is to be maintained for a period of no less than (12) twelve months.

2.32 Advice to residents and committeesThe Notification to relevant committees or residents of any proposed action mustinclude all relevant details of the proposed works.

In emergency situations notification prior to removal may not be possible, but follow-up advice, including notification details, must occur within one (1) workday.

2.33 Notification of removals in road reservesPrior to the works being undertaken in a road reserve, residents immediatelyadjoining or adjacent to the site (''Likely to be '' affected by the trees removal) are tobe given no less than ten (10) days written notice of the proposed action, includingarrangements for stump removal, reinstatement & tree replacement (if appropriate).

When more than 50% of street trees are to be removed from a given street orlocation and their removal may impact upon the wider community resident and WardCouncillor(s) notification will be undertaken.

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Parks Team Members and approved Parks Contractors, may, without furtherauthorisation, remove trees that are assessed as DEAD, NEARLY DEAD orHAZARDOUS.

Where a tree is assessed as being INAPPROPRIATELY LOCATED removal may beauthorised by the Senior Arborist, or Open Space Co-ordinator. (Inappropriatelocations shall be determined by distance and existing features restrictions defined inExisting Street Features Restrictions and Existing Council Managed Park or ReserveFeatures Restrictions)

2.34 Notification of removals in reserves and other council managed landPrior to the works being undertaken in parks, reserves or other Council managedland, any Park Committee, Friends of Group or residents immediately adjoining oradjacent to the site (''Likely to be '' affected by the trees removal) are to be given noless than ten (10) days written notice of the proposed works.

When significant community concern is expressed following notification of theremoval of a tree or group of trees, the Senior Arborist will refer the matter to theOpen Space Co-ordinator.

• The Senior Arborist will provide a brief over-view report to the OpenSpace Co-ordinator that describes the arboricultural issues concerningthe removal of the tree or group of trees

• The Open Space Co-ordinator will either base his/her decision upon theinformation contained within the report from the Senior Arborist or,

Determine to obtain an independent report from a qualifiedarborist to confirm the arboricultural issues or,

Refer the matter to the Parks Manager for review in accordancewith this policy.

• The Parks Manager will inform the Director of Infrastructure of the issuesregarding the tree removal or retention.

A public meeting may result dependent on the community response where the issuesassociated with the proposed works will be presented. Proposed tree removals maybe part of a broader landscape concept plan in which case other representatives ofthe project can be present to present the particular views of the works.

The decision to hold a public meeting will be at the discretion of the Director ofInfrastructure in accordance with Council’s commitment to community consultationand engagement.

Parks Team Members and approved Parks Contractors, may, without furtherauthorisation, remove trees that are assessed as DEAD, NEARLY DEAD orHAZARDOUS in parks, reserves and other Council managed land.

2.35 Street Trees and new Vehicular CrossoversApplication for the construction of a vehicular crossover must be addressed to thePlanning Department.

Street trees shall not be removed to accommodate a new or altered vehicularcrossover unless they meet one of the criteria under General guidelines for

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removal in this policy. Plans submitted to Council must show the location of theexisting trees.

2.36 Tree Removal Associated with Infrastructure Improvements by Councilor Other Public Authority

There will be instances where utilities, Council and other public authorities require theremoval of trees to facilitate the construction of new infrastructure or the maintenanceof existing infrastructure.

As part of a consultation process with the relevant authorities or Council department,design and construction alternatives should be sought.

If alternatives cannot be established and the project cannot be reasonably re-routedaway from the tree(s) and the infrastructure works require the removal of the trees, orthe works will have detrimental impact on the health and structure of the trees, theeffected residents will be notified of the proposed tree removal as outlined inNotification of Removals / Works.

2.37 Resident Removal of Council’s trees

Council will remove trees from Council managed land as listed in the criteria underGeneral guidelines for removal.

In order to maintain the safety and amenity of the City’s street trees, the Hume CityCouncil will employ staff and contractors who have appropriate arboriculturalqualifications, and expertise in relation to tree removal and carry out the task to thehighest level of safety.

If a resident or property owner removes a tree on Council managed land, Council willseek reimbursement of the damage and the lost amenity value of the tree.

Cost of repair to the damaged tree will be based on commercial rates. If the value ofthe tree is to be reimbursed such a value will be derived from an approved treevaluation method.

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Section 3 – Rootzone Management

3.0 Root zone management

Hume City Council will set priorities and strategies for solving conflicts between trees,structures and street infrastructure.

3.1 Introduction

Tree related damage to street infrastructure, particularly concrete footpaths, iscommon in many communities.

Although tree roots are often blamed for the cracking and lifting of concrete it isequally valid to point out that these structures can also fail because they have notbeen properly engineered to function in a landscape that contains growing trees andtheir root systems.

As trees are often seen as the primary perpetrators in the conflict the approach ofmunicipalities has often been to remove the tree(s) or undertake some form of rootpruning often combined with the installation of a root barrier material to try andmitigate recurrence.

The reactive clay soils dominant in the Hume City Council will make them prone tocompaction and/or surface rooting. This will exacerbate the conflicts between rootsand structures, particularly where space is insufficient for sustained tree growth.

There are four options when dealing with tree roots in these situations:

• Provide adequate growing space for root systems keeping trees and structures atsufficient distances to avoid conflict.

• Select the right tree for the site. Tree selection should be used to strive to placethe most appropriate tree considering the site constraints while meetingaesthetic/design requirements.

• Construct ‘root-resistant’ pavements, foundations and pipes.

• Contain the roots within a defined area whilst providing for its growthrequirements.

Details on tree root management including causes and prevention strategies can beseen in appendix 5.

The following practices concerning tree roots are to be followed: • Species will be selected that are best suited to the particular site and in

particularly the space available for growth. Species with a history of problematicroot systems (e.g. some Platanus spp., Melaleuca spp., Populus spp., Salix spp.,etc) are not to be planted where there is potential for such problems to arise.

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• Investigate construction techniques and alternative pavement surfaces that willproduce more robust and/or flexible footpaths on soils with a high shrink/swellpotential and where large trees are present.

• Investigate the use of structural soils or like material for incorporation as a sub-base material for use in commercial areas and car park pavement systems.

• The use of root barriers is to be restricted to highly valued trees. Where tree roots

from a Council managed tree are allegedly causing damage to a structure athorough investigation will take place to ascertain the best management strategyfor each case. The Open Space Co-ordinator may determine to obtain anindependent report from a qualified arborist to confirm the arboricultural issues orother professionals from appropriate disciplines to ascertain the cause of thealleged damage.

• Tree root barriers or root deflecting material, either linear or circular, are not to beinstalled for new tree planting’s.

• Tree root systems of existing trees are to be protected during construction anddevelopment. Where trees are located in open space the British Standard (5837-1991) Guide for Trees in relation to construction will be utilised. Where trees aregrowing in road reserve situations a general approach of 12 times trunk diameterwill be used. Details on tree protection zones and underground utility installationcan be seen in appendix 6.

• When development and/or construction works need to be carried out near Council

trees, before works begin a qualified arborist opinion should be sort regarding thelikely long term health and stability status of the tree.

• Root suckers are undesirable growth. Small amount of sucker growth can be

rubbed or broken off or pruned close to the attachment to avoid regrowth.Persistent or extensive suckers are to be treated with a ‘cut-stump’ application of anon-translocated herbicide or a hormone. Where suckering problems persistentlyre-occur, other management options like tree removal or root barrier installation isto be investigated.

• Where possible tree roots that are dangerously protruding from naturestrips or the

surface of the ground in road reserves or parklands, will be lightly covered with nomore than 150mm of topsoil and surface undulations smoothed.

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Section 4 – Pest & Disease Management4.0 Pest and disease principles

Tree and landscape management that starts with quality plants, cultivated in anenvironmentally sound manner that accepts the eventual demise of the plant andreplaces it with a species factored to the site will provide the greatest benefit to thecommunity. Good management also recognises that pests are part of a healthyecosystem and it will be the identification of damage thresholds that will initiate theimplementation of a pest and disease program.

Applying this management philosophy will allow trees that perform better in a givensite, are not predisposed to environmental stresses and infestations and better ableto cope with non infectious disorders. This will equate to less resources and controlsbeing required to manage trees.

Specifically Council will approach pest and disease management in the followingways:• Council officers will be employed that have a thorough understanding of the

biology of the plants and key pests in relation the ecosystems they are managing.On-going training and education will occur for the officers to maintain current bestpractice approach to pest management.

• Council will support research into biological controls for pests and diseases thatpose a threat.

• If a pest outbreak is identified and damage thresholds exceed accepted levelsand other trees are at risk then all possible action will be taken, to effectivelydecrease the risk to other trees from the pest outbreak.

• An integrated approach to pest management will be adopted that employsmethods and materials that preserve and augment the ecosystem whilefacilitating permanent control of the pest.

• Advice and management programs will be sought from other agencies or pestcontrol regulator, e.g. Department of Primary Industries, to ensure the bestapproach is being adopted for any pest outbreak.

• Trees will be removed when they are infected with an epidemic insect or diseasewhere the recommended control is not applicable and removal is the recommendedpractice to prevent transmission.

• Develop monitoring systems to check pests and tree health regularly.4.1 Fertilising trees

Fertilising mature trees is generally not required. In some instances unnecessaryfertilising may exacerbate pest and disease problems.The value of fertilising trees preserved on construction sites is debatable. Aconsistent benefit to such treatment has not been demonstrated by scientificresearch (Matheny & Clark, 1998).However trees that have undergone root damage will respond to nitrogen in smallamounts. It is recommended that no more than 5gm of nitrogen per m2 be used. Thisshould be applied under canopy area of trees. The fertiliser can be broadcast onsurface. This should be applied in late autumn.

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Section 5 – Sgnificant Trees in Public Open Space

5.0 Preservation and management of significant trees in Public Open SpaceSignificant trees within the Hume City Council Public Opens Space should beidentified and appropriately managed. Once identified protection for individual treesor groups of trees within the municipality should be provided. Significance shouldinclude those trees that may be of environmental, historical or horticultural value tothe City.

A process for nomination, assessment and registration should be adopted to developthe list. The process should be in line with that used by the National Trust of Australia(Victoria). This can be initiated with the provision of appropriate supportinginformation such as a nomination form. A form for the use within the Hume CityCouncil has been adapted from the National Trust. This could then be forwarded to acommittee for assessment.

Once a tree is registered as significant within the Hume City Council they could beprotected by Planning Scheme.

5.1 Potential significant vegetation to Hume City Council

The following could be considered significant vegetation to the Hume City Council:

• Remnant Eucalyptus camldulensis (River Red Gums), E. leucoxylon subsp.connata (Yellow Gum), E. melliodora (Yellow Box) or other indigenous vegetationcommunity.

• Tree species performing well in site conditions that contributes substantially tothe general landscape and the community would feel their loss.

• Avenues of trees could also be considered for the register.

Significant Street Criteria:

Avenue.• Generally considered a homogenous avenue of same age trees in good to

very good condition adding substantially to the landscape of the street, butcan also be considered a community resource.

• Species are well suited to the site.• There is approximately 85-100% stocking in the street.• The trees can create an ‘Avenue Effect’.• There is a distinct link to the building period or surrounding landscape.• There may be an attached significance to the trees (historical).

5.2 Tree Significance Criteria List of categories (Adapted from National trust Australia (Victoria): The followingcriterion is to be used to determine suitability of single and groups of trees for listingas significant trees. Trees are to be considered significant when they fulfil one ormore criterion.

35

Category Title Description Types1 Horticultural Value Any tree that is of outstanding

horticultural or genetic value andcould be an important source ofpropagating stock, includingspecimens that are particularlyresistant to disease or exposure.

- Tolerance selection (Pest& disease)

- Propagating potential- Scientific value

2 Location orContext

Any tree that occurs in a uniquelocation or context and so providesa major contribution to thelandscape, including remnant nativevegetation, important landmarksand trees that form part of anhistoric garden, park or precinct.

- Historic garden or park- Historic cemetery- Important landmark- Remnant native

vegetation- End of natural range- Contribution to landscape- Historic planting style

3 Rare or Localised Any tree of a species or variety thatis rare or of very localiseddistribution.

- Only known species- Rare species (2 to 50

known specimens)- End of natural range- Disjunct community

4 Particularly Old Any tree that is particularly old orvenerable

- Old specimen

5 Outstanding Size Any tree outstanding for its largeheight, trunk circumference orcanopy spread.

- Height- Circumference- Canopy spread- Combinations of above

6 Aesthetic Value Any tree of outstanding aestheticsignificance.

Significance criteria continued

Category Title Description Types8 Historical Value Any tree commemorating a

particular occasion, includingplanting’s by notable people, orhaving associations with animportant event in local history.

- Cultural group- Public welfare- WW1- WW2- British Royalty- Other Royalty- Visiting dignitary- Australian public figure- Victorian public figure- Local public figure

9 Aboriginal Content Any tree that has a recogniseassociation with historic aboriginalactivities, including scar trees.

- Scarred tree- Corroboree tree

10 OutstandingExample ofSpecies

Any tree that is an outstandingexample of its species.

11 OutstandingHabitat Value

Any tree that has outstanding valueas habitat for indigenous wildlife,including providing breeding,foraging or roosting habitat, orforming a key part of a wildlifecorridor.

- Breeding habitat- Foraging habitat- Wildlife corridor

36

Council will ask for recommendations for listing of significant trees from historicsocieties, cultural groups, the Aboriginal community, other Council departments andthe general public. A draft significant tree form can be seen in appendix 7. Each significant tree recommendation is to be investigated andapproved/disapproved according to the above criteria. A management plan for eachtree or group of trees is to be developed, outlining strategies to maximise health,longevity and public safety, as well as the criteria for removal and replacementdecisions where appropriate. Each tree is to be evaluated and a monetary value assigned for use in litigation andpublic compensation processes, following incidents of illegal removal or damage.

5.3 Removal of trees from the register

Given the dynamic nature of trees - they are planted, grow, mature, becomesenescent (and unsafe) and die, it is critical that a process of removing trees from theregister is available. Given that more than a single specimen of any tree taxa may belisted, it is likely that removal will be on the basis of over-maturity and decline ratherthan any other issue. Though it is possible that particular taxa may be declared aweed in areas of bushland and this may require a re-assessment of significance.

Safety is a primary concern in the public domain and it is vital that wherecircumstances suggest there is a public risk from a tree it should be removed fromthe register and the tree removed or at least, those portions that pose a threat shouldbe removed or the tree isoalted from the public by fencing. Whether the tree stillneeds the criteria of listing should be re-assessed following these works.

It is critical that inclusion on the Significant Tree Register does not imply the retentionof a tree to the end of its biological life. Professional assessment by recognisedarborists should identify the end of the trees useful amenity life and allow removal.

For many criteria, the replacement of a specific tree with another of the same taxahas little validity. Any replacement of a particularly old tree or one with curiousgrowth form by the same taxa will achieve little and certainly not extend significance.

By contrast where taxa are rare, where it has historical value because of itsrelationship to an historic house or a notable person etc. it would be worthwhile topropagate from the original tree and to ensure replacement occurs. This implies thata component of any management plan should include recognition of the need to haveavailable replacement material propagated from the original tree.

Removal from the register can occur

• when the tree is certified as being unsafe by one of the Council's arborists orapproved and recognised arboricultural companies;

• when the tree is at an advanced state of decline and its amenity life is over;

• In circumstances where their taxon has been identified as a noxious orenvironmental weed and it may provide vegetative material to allow itspropagation.

37

5.4 Informing the community about the significant tree register

The introduction of a Significant Tree Register places an onus on the community. Itis most important that the community understand the implications of the SignificantTree Register. Information needs to be available at different levels and ranges ofstrategies are recommended.

5.5 Broad Community

Gaining broad community support for the Significant Tree Register is an essentialstep since the community can provide on-going monitoring of these trees and caninform of trees worthy of inclusion.

Community support can occur at different stages. Initial awareness is important andshould include press coverage to include a description of the register, its aims andobjectives and some of the trees involved. It may be worthwhile to run a competitionfor residents at this time, perhaps in the form of a photographic competition.

Press releases can be provided, enhanced by the provision of photographs of two orthree significant trees selected to illustrate the process.

It is likely that the launching of the register will achieve an immediate communityresponse and awareness. On-going promotion will be vital if the register is to remainin the community consciousness. This may include:

• Coverage of significant trees within the Council's community newsletter, allowinga brief description of each tree (one per issue) including its history andsignificance etc.

• Reports about the demise of trees and the addition of new trees to the register.

5.6 Educational process

The continuing use of significant trees as an educational resource is vitally importantand should include their value as an example as a basis for future tree selection andas a basis for community recreation.

Bike Trails and Walking Trails should be developed that link a number (say 12 - 15)of significant trees to provide a self-guided trail from tree to tree.

Information sheets should be prepared for public displays and promotion atcommunity events, in local libraries etc.

Trees on public land should be identified by a name label with information pertainingto the specific tree to permit their recognition.

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Section 6 – Tree planning & other management issues

6.0 Tree planning and other management issues

Hume City Council will:

• Consider as a priority public safety in respect to the planning, provisionand maintenance of its trees.

• Maintain an up to date computerised tree management system for streetand open space trees linked to the Geographical Information System.This system will include an inventory of the tree resource withmaintenance histories and condition status of trees at time of audit.

• Protect trees from development and other activities that threaten theirhealth and amenity.

39

7.0 References

Australian Standard AS 4373 (1996), Pruning of Amenity Trees. Standards Australia

Arnold, H. F. (1980). Trees in Urban Design Van Nostrand Reinhold Company

Barker, P. A. 2003, Root barriers for controlling damage to sidewalks, paperpresented to an International workshop on tree root development in urban soils,Morton Arboretum, September 30 and October 1.

Biggs, B. (1998) Trees top a street’s value. Real Estate Section, Sunday Herald Sun,February 15, 1998.

British Standard 5837. 1991, Guide for Trees in relation to construction. BritishStandards Institute.

Bureau of Meteorology Website. 2001 www.bom.gov.au

Coder, K. D. 1998(3), Tree root growth control series: Soil constraints on root growth,University of Georgia.

Dwyer, J.F., McPherson, E.G., Schroeder, H.W., & Rowntree, R.A. (1992) Assessingthe benefits and costs of the urban forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18(5) InternationalSociety of Arboriculture.

Gamstetter D. (2000) Trees are not the root of sidewalk problems, Strategies toreduce infrastructure damage by trees roots: A symposium for researchers andpractitioners. Davis, California March 31-April 1, 2000.

Gilman, E. F. & Lilly, S. J. (2002) Pruning trees: A professional approach Part 2.How, where and how much. Arborist News Volume 11 Number 5. InternationalSociety of Arboriculture.

Harris, R. W., Clark, J. R., Matheny, N. P. (1999) Arboriculture – Integratedmanagement of landscape trees, shrubs and vines. Third Edition. Prentice Hall.

Hitchmough, J. D. (1994), Urban landscape management, Inkata Press

Huberts, M., (1985), Investigation of street tree maintenance and management byVictorian Councils, VCAH - Burnley

Kopinga, J. 1993, Aspects of the damage to asphalt road pavings caused by treeroots, paper presented to an International workshop on tree root development inurban soils, Morton Arboretum, September 30 and October 1.

Matheny, N. P. & Clark, J. R. (1994) Evaluation of hazard trees in urban areas. 2nd

Edition. International Society of Arboriculture Books.

McPherson, E.G., Simpson, J.R., Peper, P. & Xiao, Q. 1999. Benefit-Cost Analysis ofModesto's Municipal Urban Forest. Journal of Arboriculture, 25(5): 235-248.International Society of Arboriculture.

Miller, R.W. (1988) Urban Forestry - Planning and managing urban greenspaces.Prentice Hall.

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Natural Resources and Environment - Landcare Note, Melbourne Soils Notes SeriesNo SC0024 ISSN 1329-833X Robert van de Graaff and Chris Wootton, Melbourne.Current @ Revised June 1996.http://www.land.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/daa119c2072ee0984a2568e3000bb3f4/9938b65ae3e688764a256562000ed347?OpenDocument

Patrick, J. (2002) Today’s Trees Tomorrow’s Heritage Trees & Development SeminarKaralyka Centre, Ringwood East. 2002

Phillips, L. E. (1993) Urban trees: A guide for selection maintenance and masterplanning McGraw Hill.

Richards, N. A. (1992) Optimum stocking of urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture18(2). March 1992.

Shigo, A. L. (1989) Tree pruning – A worldwide guide Shigo & Trees, Associates

of 8Tree Logic Pty Ltd 2004

Appendix 1

Hume City Council - Plant Material Supply Specification1 General

1.1 Cross ReferencesRefer to the Scope of Works section

1.2 StandardsRefer to the guidance provided in NATSPEC Guide: Specifying TreesRefer to Australian Standard AS 4373/1996, Pruning of amenity trees

1.3 InterpretationCalliper: The stem or trunk diameter at a nominated point. Generally measured at 300mmabove grade or at other heights as specified.Destructive Examination: The removal of all soil from the root ball to permit inspection of rootdevelopment.Detailed Inspection: Tree inspection including the crown and the root ball which assesses thetree’s health, vigour, balance, root development, form and ability to be self-supporting andincludes any method of root inspection that involves the removal of soil away from all or part ofthe root ball to expose sections of roots.Ex-ground: Trees or shrubs grown in the ground and lifted for delivery. Can include balled inburlap and in-ground container bags (RCB).External Inspection: Tree inspection including the crown and the root ball which assesses thetree’s health, vigour, balance, root development, form and ability to be self-supporting withoutremoving soil from the root ball.Large Trees: Trees grown in containers equal to or greater than 20 litres and ex-ground treesof a Size Index equal to or greater than 35.Partial Examination: The removal of a wedge shaped section of soil from the root ballextending from the stem to the extremity of the container for the purpose of examining rootdevelopment. Soil can generally be replaced so the process does not damage the tree.Size Index: Product of plant height (m) x plant calliper (mm).Small Trees or Shrubs: Trees or shrubs grown in containers that are generally less than 20litres (other than Tube Stock or Plant Cells), and ex-ground trees or shrubs of a Size Indexless than 35.Tube Stock of Plant Cells: Plants grown in small containers or cells in trays with a height todiameter ratio 3:2. Typically container sizes are less than .75 litres.

2 Crown to Root Ball Ratios

2.1 Small TreesCrown to root ball ratio assessment requirements:• Tubes of Plant Cells: Height above soil level must be between 1.5 and 2.5 times the height

of the tube or the plant cell.

• Trees in containers less than 20 litres (other than tubes or plant cells) or ex-ground treesof a Size Index less than 35: Height must fall within the range specified for container sizedetailed in Table 1 – Small Trees.

• Trees in containers less than 20 litres (other than tubes or plant cells) or ex-ground treesof a Size Index less than 35 must remain flat on the ground when the stem, held at 80% ofcrown height above ground, is deflected 30˚ from the vertical, side to side. Species thatnaturally produce hard inflexible wood in the early stages of their development are exempt.


Table 1 – Small TreesTubes of Plant Cells Plant Height between 1.5 and 2.5 x the

height of the containerContainer Size or Minimum Root BallDiameter

Height Ranges (m)

150mm (1.8 litres) 0.3 – 0.6170mm (2.6 litres) 0.4 – 0.7200mm (4 litres) 0.6 – 0.9250mm (8 litres) 0.8 – 1.2300mm (15 litres) 1.0 – 1.5

2.2 Large TreesCrown to root ball ratio assessment requirements:• For trees in containers equal to or greater than 20 litres, the Size Index must fall within the

range for the nominal container size shown in Table 2 – Large Container Trees.

• For ex-ground trees with a Size Index equal to or greater than 35 must have root balldiameters equal to or greater than the minimum root ball diameters shown in Table 3 –Large Ex-Ground Trees.

• For trees in containers or ex-ground larger that those identified in Tables 2 and 3, refer tothe Scope of Works section >4.b

• Trees in containers equal to or greater than 20 litres or ex-ground trees of a Size Indexequal to or greater than 35 must remain flat on the ground when the stem, held at 80% ofcrown height above ground, is deflected 30˚ from the vertical, side to side. Species thatnaturally produce hard inflexible wood in the early stages of their development are exempt.

Table 2 – Large Container TreesSize Index Nominal Container Volume (Litres)26 – 33 2034 - 41 2545 - 58 3557 - 74 4577 – 99 6083 – 107 75111 – 143 100154 – 200 150194 – 251 200

Table 3 – Large Ex-Ground TreesSize Index Minimum Root Ball Diameter (mm)35 – 55 35056 – 72 40073 – 106 450107 – 131 500132 – 156 550157 – 173 600174 – 228 650229 – 249 700250 – 299 750

2.3 Pest and DiseasesTrees shall be free of pests and diseases. Evidence of pest predation to foliage not exceeding15% of the crown shall be deemed acceptable if the tree must be free of actively feedinginsects. The presence of cankers and other lesions on the trunk or branches will no beaccepted. Trees grown in quarantined areas must be delivered with supporting documentationcertifying the trees are free of pest and/or disease. Root balls must be free of weeds.


2.4 Crown SymmetryPlants shall have normal, well-developed branches, be uniformly and fully branched as seenfrom all sides. Differences of crown symmetry on opposite sides of the stem axis shall notexceed 20%.

2.5 Stem and Branch StructureTrees shall be supplied with a defined central leader. Multi-trunk trees (excluding smallgrowing decurrent species) will be rejected. Trees that have unusual bends or pronouncedkinks within the stem structure will be rejected. Trees shall have a regular stem taper wherethe calliper at any given point along the stem is greater than the calliper at any higher point onthe stem. Primary branch unions (unions between the stem and branches) must not displaysigns of bark inclusion and should have a U-shaped attachment. Species that are prone to V-shaped unions but are known to maintain strong attachment are exempt. Branch diametermust not exceed two-thirds of the diameter of the stem immediately above the union.

2.6 Self SupportingTrees shall be self-supporting. All stakes and ties are to be removed from tree stock prior todelivery.

2.7 PruningClean Stem Height shall not exceed 30% of the total height of the tree. At least half of thecrown’s foliage must originate from the lower two-thirds of the tree. Pruning technique will be inaccordance with the relevant standard and will ensure no damage to the branch collar. Wounddiameter shall not exceed 50% of the diameter of the point immediately above the wound.Specific formative pruning requirements are specified in the Scope of Works Section 4.d

2.8 Trunk PositionThe trunk of the tree should be centrally located within the root ball or the container.

2.9 Graft UnionsThe union between the scion and the rootstock is to be sound for the entire perimeter of thegraft. The diameter of the scion immediately above the graft must be equal to the diameter ofthe rootstock immediately below the graft with tolerances of ± 15%.

3 Below Ground

3.1 Roots GeneralRoot systems shall be healthy, vigorous and well developed. Material with girdling, spiralling,kinked or severe matting will be deemed unacceptable. Trunks that pivot within the root ballwill be rejected. The root crown shall be at or close to the surface of the root ball. The first rootattached to the trunk shall be no deeper than 20 millimetres below the surface of the root ball.

3.2 Root DirectionRoots will generally grow radially and/or downward from the base of the trunk. Rootsexceeding 10 millimetres in diameter at the extremity of the root ball will be deemednonconforming.

3.3 Root Ball OccupancyNo more than 10% of the soil contained within the root ball shall be dislodged on lifting orshaking of the unsupported root ball.

3.4 Non-suckering Root StockGrafted trees will be supplied on non-suckering rootstock.

4 Transport and Handling

4.1 GeneralThe Supplier will provide protection from rough handling and extremes in exposure totemperature, wind, and drying conditions to all plants during transport from the nursery to thenominated point of delivery. Refer to the Scope of Works Section 4.e for point of delivery.


5 Quality Control

5.1 GeneralNon-compliance of tree stock with specification and relevant standards may lead to therejection of the entire batch. The Supplier must comply with corrective action requirementsidentified by the Client as instructed. The Supplier must submit a proposal in writing to theClient for approval if the supply of non-compliant trees is proposed.

5.2 Supplier Inspection of StockAn inspection of the tree stock will be undertaken and forwarded to the Client by the Supplierseven (7) working days prior to delivery to ensure compliance with the requirements of thisspecification and relevant standards. Generally, Suppliers will be required to undertake anExternal Inspection only. Refer to Supplier Inspection requirements as specified in the Scopeof Works Section 4.f.

5.3 Client Inspection of StockThe Client may require that all plant materials be assembled in one location by the Supplier topermit inspection and approval by the Client or their nominated representative. If required, theSupplier shall notify the Client five (5) working days prior to delivery so that a mutuallyagreeable time may be arranged for inspection. The Client may undertake an ExternalInspection or Detailed Inspection. Refer to Client Inspection requirements as specified in theScope of Works Section 4.f.

5.4 External InspectionsExternal Inspection shall be undertaken with reference to this specification and relevantstandards. Sampling will be in accordance with the requirements identified in Table 4. Treeswill be selected for inspection at regular intervals throughout the batch. Inspectiondocumentation prepared by the Supplier will be submitted to the Client in either digital or hardcopy format and contain the data identified in Schedule 2 of this specification.

Table 4 – External Inspection Sampling TableNumber of Trees per Batch Number of Trees to Sample0 – 20 421 – 50 851 – 100 15101 – 500 15 for the first one hundred plus 5% of the

balance.501 – 2000 35 for the first five hundred plus 2% of the

balance2001 + 65 for the first two thousand plus 1% of the

balance.

5.5 Detailed InspectionsDetailed Inspection shall be undertaken with reference to this specification and relevantstandards. Sampling will be in accordance with the requirements identified in Table 5. Treeswill be selected for inspection at regular intervals throughout the batch. Inspectiondocumentation prepared by the Supplier will be submitted to the Client in either digital or hardcopy format and contain the data identified in Schedule 2 of this specification.


Table 5 – Detailed Inspection Sampling TableNumber of Trees per Batch Number of Trees to Sample0 – 20 121 – 50 251 – 100 4101 – 500 4 for the first one hundred plus 2% of the

balance.501 – 2000 12 for the first five hundred plus 1% of the

balance2001 + 27 for the first two thousand plus 0.5% of the

balance.

Note: the Client will make Additions to the quantity ordered if Destructive Examination of plantmaterial is to be undertaken.


Appendix 1. Scope of Works

Plant Material Supply - Scope of Works

1. Program Name

2. Client Detail

3. Anticipated Date of Delivery

4. General Requirementsa. Species

b. Size

c. Labelling

d. Formative Pruning

e. Point of Delivery

f. Inspection


Appendix 2. Plant Material Schedule

Schedule 1 – Plant Material Schedule

Plant Species Number Required Root Ball or ContainerVolume (Litres)

Height (meters) Calliper (millimetres)

of 8Tree Logic Pty Ltd © 2004

Appendix 3. Plant Material Inspection

Schedule 2 – Plant Material Inspection Proforma

DateClient & SiteSupplierSpeciesNumber of TreesSampleInspection Type Destructive Partial ExternalCrownLabellingHealth & VigourPest & DiseaseInjury and PruningSelf SupportingTaperApical DominanceCrown SymmetryStem StructureBranch UnionsTrunk PositionGraft UnionOrientationRoot BallRoot Direction∅ NonconformingRootsRoot Ball OccupancyRoot Ball DepthRoot Crown HeightRoot Stock SuckeringRoot to Shoot RatioBalance

Conformance YES NOComments

Assessor


Appendix 2

Hume City Council – Tree Planting Specification1 General

1.1 General Requirements

1.1.1 ResourcingAll labour, supervision, mobile and other equipment, materials and supplies necessary for theexecution of the work must be provided for by the Contractor at no additional cost to thePrinciple.

1.1.2 Work Site Management• Any rejected plants, soil, pruning, binding and/or other material which has been brought

to the project site shall be removed promptly, keeping the area clean at all times. Uponcompletion of the planting, all excess soil, stones, and debris which has not previouslybeen cleaned up shall be removed from the site and disposed of in an appropriatemanner.

• All ground area disturbed as a result of planting operations shall be restored to itsoriginal condition or to the desired new appearance.

• In addition by the end of each day the entire work site, including adjacent pavements,streets and other areas affected by debris, shall have been cleaned and made safe.

• Planting works undertaken beside public roads must be carried out in accordance withRoad Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999 of Victoria. Signage must comply with theAustralian Standard AS 1742.3 – 2002 ‘Manual of uniform traffic control devices’. Staffengaged in works must be suitably trained in Works Site Traffic Management and hold acurrent recognised competency in this area. Contractors are responsible for ensuring thiscomponent is suitably resourced.

1.1.3 Service Location• Contractors will be responsible for identifying the location of all underground services

and must carry service plans for the duration of the works. Damage to undergroundservices by the Contractor is to be remedied at the Contractors expense. The Contractormay relocate a tree located over a service close to the original site so that the originaldesign intent is not compromised or may choose not to plant the tree. In all cases, theContractor must report to the Principle any trees that are relocated or not planted within48 hours.

• Trees will generally be laid out by the Principle so that larger growing tree species do notinterfere with overhead services. In the event a large growing tree species isinappropriately sited, the Contractor may relocate the tree close to the original site sothat the original design intent is not compromised or may choose not to plant the tree. Inall cases, the Contractor must report to the Principle any trees that are relocated or notplanted within 48 hours.

1.1.4 Assigned WorksAll work under this contract shall be assigned in accordance with the Schedule of Rates withtree species, numbers and locations identified in the Scope of Works for the area. Allreplacements shall be made and all plants alive and in acceptable condition by the end of theguarantee period.

1.2 Related Sections

• Refer to the Scope of Works Section >Appendix 5


• Refer to Schedule of Rates >Appendix 6

1.3 Standards

• Refer to Watson, G.W. & Himelick, E.B. (1997), Principles and Practice of Planting Treesand Shrubs, International Society of Arboriculture

• Road Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999 of Victoria

• Australian Standard AS 1742.3 – 2002 ‘Manual of uniform traffic control devices’

2 Timing

2.1 GeneralThere are a number of biological, environmental and technical factors that determine theoptimum timing for tree planting. But optimum timing is often overlooked in favour of non-horticultural issues such as budget considerations, client requirements, and constructionschedules and resource availability. Suffice to say successful planting can be achieved atalmost any time during the year provided that appropriate planting technique andestablishment maintenance tailored to meet the selected species and site is implemented.There are significant cost implications associated with planting outside the optimum times andContractors and Project Managers need to be cognisant of this fact.

2.2 Biological ConsiderationsBiological considerations include species characteristics and the growth stage of the plant.Species from warmer climes such as many of the palm varieties used in the landscapesaround Melbourne will establish better when the soils are warmer generally in from late springthrough to early autumn as higher soil temperatures promotes root initiation and improvesnutrient availability. Most tree species including the majority of Australian native species willestablish readily in Melbourne when planted during the autumn through winter into spring (April– October).

2.3 Climate ConsiderationsAir and soil temperature, anticipated rainfall, wind speed, landscape context and landform canbe significant factors in determining the optimum time to plant. Periods of warm air and soiltemperature relatively calm weather conditions and moist soils are ideal for the establishmentof newly planted trees. High temperatures and wind speeds can desiccate plants quickly.Reflected heat from structures such as roads, footpaths and buildings in built-up areas canresult in high temperatures that will also dry plants out. Planting during periods of hightemperature and/or wind speeds can be successful if appropriate and usually intensiveirrigation regimes are implemented. Land forms with northern and western aspects havegenerally higher soil temperatures than flat areas and areas facing to the east and the south.

2.4 Production MethodContainerised tree stock can be planted virtually all year. Field dug stock such as balled inburlap, bare root and in ground fabric containers (RCB) which here in Victoria are primarilydeciduous tree species are best transplanted when the stock is dormant, generally during thewinter. Plant dormancy is defined in many plant species at the time of the formation andmaturation of terminal buds

3 Storage and Handling

3.1 Protection from DamageIt is important to protect tree crowns and in particular root balls from unnecessary damageduring transport. Damage to the crown results in trees with a poor appearance and arequirement to undertake formative pruning to restore natural form. Damage to bark can resultin reduced plant vigour and provides access for pathogens. Particular care must be taken toprotect root balls against avoidable movement. Trees in rigid plastic containers are moreresilient to improper or rough handling while trees in plastic bags, fabric containers or balled in


burlap can be easily damaged. Root balls that have been disturbed through poor handling willbe rejected and replaced by the Contractor at their own cost. To prevent unwarranted damageensure that loads are always properly secured, that the trees are covered to reducedesiccation and the plants are lifted off the vehicle by the root ball and not the trunk.

3.2 StorageAlways plant the trees as soon as they arrive at the planting site. If this is not possible, treesare to be returned to the holding area where they can be protected against wind damage andcan be irrigated. Containerised trees should be grouped together to provide mutual supportand shade and so that water can be directed and held in the pot. Field dug trees should havetheir root balls covered with organic material such as mulch to prevent water loss from the rootball. All trees will require daily irrigation until planted.


4 Layout

4.1 GeneralNew plantings are generally located as designated in the field by approved site plans. Markerpaint spot on the kerb line or timber pegs within a planting bed may be used for approved setouts. Set backs from the kerb line will generally be specified. If set backs are not specified, thetree will be located centrally within the nature strip or road reserve.

5 Site Preparation

5.1 Stripping of VegetationAll vegetation including weeds and grass shall be stripped from the surface area of theproposed plantings pit at least 14 days prior to the excavation of the site. This will have theeffect of improving water percolation, exposing soils to the warming influence of the sun andreducing the level of weed infestation following planting.

5.2 Rubbish RemovalRemoval of building debris, rubbish and other deleterious materials are to be removed by theContractor from the surface within and around the proposed planting pit in advance of plantingto prevent from becoming mixed with backfill around the trees.

5.3 Tree and Stump Removal

6 Excavation of Planting Pit

6.1 ShapeHoles should be dug with a diameter no less than three (3) times the diameter of the root ball(or root spread). The hole should be dug with sloping sides and have a shape not dissimilar tothat of a wok. This provides a greater volume of loose cultivated soil in which rapid rootinitiation can occur and as vigorous root generally proliferate closer to the soil surface, theshape is ideal and eliminates the need to dig to the full depth of the root ball for the diameter ofthe hole. Grouped tube stock may be planted in rip lines.

6.2 DepthThe depth of the hole shall be equivalent to the depth of the root ball (or roots) or incircumstances where water logging may be an issue, the depth of the hole will be two thirds(2/3) the depth of the root ball. Planting too deep is a common mistake that leads to poorestablishment rates, collar rots and occasional plant death and is difficult to correct onceidentified.

6.3 Method of ExcavationDepending on the size of the plant material being installed, holes can be dug by either hand ormachinery. Digging holes with a backhoe in heavy soil will result in a lot of work to break upsoil clods. Excavating with an auger will result in vertical sides and can result in glazingalthough this can be rectified through the breaking out of the sides. Excavation with a chaintrencher in heavy soils has the advantage of digging a hole with angled sides while looseningup the soil for backfill.

7 Root Ball Preparation

7.1 Above Ground Container StockThe root balls of good quality container stock generally require little in the way of preparationbefore planting. Always inspect the root ball following removal from the container to ensurethere are no circling roots. If circling roots are encountered, make a series of 3 or 4 slicesaround the root ball from the top to the bottom to a depth approximately 2.5cm. The effect onshoot growth following root pruning of container stock is negligible. In addition to eliminatingpotential girdling roots, root pruning may help distribute regenerated roots through the backfillinstead of the concentrating them at the base of the planting pit.


7.2 In-ground Fabric Container Stock (RCB)Always remove the fabric completely from the ball prior to planting. This is generally achievedthrough cutting from the top of the bag down to the base in 3 or 4 locations around the root balland gently peeling back the material so as not to disturb the roots within the ball. Where largerroots have penetrated the fabric, prune the root flush with the bag and endeavour to cut thefabric around the root so that when the material is removed excessive root disturbance doesnot occur.

7.3 Balled in Burlap (B&B)Always remove as much as possible of the burlap and any binding be it synthetic or naturalwhen planting so that the side of the root ball is exposed to the surrounding backfill. Leavingthe burlap and binding in situ can result in problems including strangling roots, root girdling andwhere the burlap is left covering the top of the root ball, may result in repelling water awayfrom where it is required. Burlap can be easily removed by carefully rolling back the materialfollowing setting in the planting pit and cutting the material around the base of the root ballleaving only a small amount under the root ball. Trying to remove this small amount of materialfrom under the root ball can sometimes result in soil disturbance excessive damage to roots.

7.4 Bare RootPrune dead, dying or broken roots with clean sharp tools but do not prune to make the root ballfit the hole. Pruning of roots prior to planting does not stimulate root regeneration. Do not bendroots to fit into the planting pit. Always ensure that the graft union is above soil grade. Whenplanting bare root trees, care should be taken to work topsoil in around the roots and to spreadthem in a natural position before back filling. Preparing a mound of soil under the root ball priorto setting the tree can be helpful.

8 Setting of Plants

8.1 Base of Planting PitThe hole should be thoroughly tamped and watered prior to the setting of trees so as toprevent settlement following planting. Plants should be placed at such a level so that the topof the root ball is level with existing grade on well-drained sites. On poorly drained sites, theroot ball should be set proud (approximately1/3 the depth of the root ball) to prevent plantsfrom suffocating in saturated soils.

8.2 Plant MaterialIf roots are not visible growing from the trunk at the soil line within the root ball, remove all soilmedia and root material from the top of the root ball so that uppermost root emanating from thetrunk is just below the finished soil grade. Failing to do this fill has the same consequences asplanting too deep.

8.3 Plant OrientationWhere possible, a new planting should be orientated in the hole so that the crown faces theysame direction as it did when it was growing in the nursery. This may assist in protecting barkthat has not been directly exposed to sunlight against the effects of sunscald.

9 Backfilling

9.1 Soil TilthSpoil from sandy regions is generally loose enough that will not require additional working. Inheavier soils, clods will need to be broken up before backfilling so as not to create air pocketsthat could reduce root growth during establishment.

9.2 BackfillingThe planting hole should be filled to 75 percent of the total planting depth by working in with aspade the original soil from the planting hole, lightly tamped and watered. The remaining 25percent of the planting hole should then be filled in with the original soil, watered and settledso that the final planting level is as stated earlier.


9.3 AmeliorantsAmeliorate backfill with water only. The use of fertiliser, polymers, organic matter, mycorrhizaetc provide little or no benefit in the establishment process unless the site soil is incapable ofsupporting plant life and then soil replacement is generally the preferred strategy.

10 Staking

10.1 GeneralStaking has two functions; one is to support the trunk of the tree and the other is to anchor theroot ball against unnecessary and damaging movement within the planting pit. Quality treestock that is properly planted generally does not generally require staking.

10.2 Support StakingSupport staking is required to hold a weak trunk straight, in an upright position. Thedevelopment of supportive trunk tissue is inhibited on staked trees. Trunks that are subject tonatural wind movement develop better taper and subsequently improved trunk strength. Treesthat are not self-supporting should not be selected for use in the landscape. If support stakingis required, the trunk should be secured at the lowest point that will hold the tree erect. Thelowest point can be determined by supporting the trunk with your hand and gradually movingyour grasp down the trunk until the top of the tree starts to bend over. Secure the treeapproximately 10 centimetres above this point. Check the stake regularly and remove once thetrunk has developed sufficient strength generally within 6 to 12 months following planting.

10.3 Anchorage Staking (above ground)Anchorage staking is employed to secure the root ball against movement in the soil due towind loads affecting the plant crown. Movement in the root ball can damage small fibrousroots. Anchorage staking must be removed following the establishment of the tree usuallytwelve months following planting. The traditional form of anchorage staking includes the use oftwo or three stakes surrounding the tree with wide flexible tie securing it against movement.When employing this method, ensure that the stakes are driven vertically into the ground andnot on an angle. Angled stakes can become dislodged from the soil much more easily. Ensurethat the tie material is wide and smooth so that the root ball is held firm while the trunk cancontinue to move. This type of staking method is not designed to protect a tree againstvandalism and theft.

10.4 Anchorage Staking (below ground)Root balls can be secured through the use of two 25 x 25 mm hardwood stakes being driveninto the soil adjacent to the root ball to a depth of between 600mm and 750mm. A crossmember stake of similar dimensions is then placed firmly on top of the root ball and fixed to theprotruding upright stakes by way of screws or nails. Protruding stake ends are then trimmedusing a handsaw so that they do not present a trip hazard. Root ball staples are generallyinstalled on the side of the root ball facing the prevailing winds. The staple is generally slightlyoffset from the trunk centre to allow for calliper development. Two staples can be employed inareas of high wind speed and also protect the tree against theft.

11 Water Basins

11.1 GeneralA 50 to 100 millimetre high saucer shaped basin shall be formed around the root ball (or rootspread) to receive and hold water. Building berms larger can result in the water draining awayinto surround soils away from where it is required.

12 Mulching

12.1 GeneralMulching is highly beneficial in the establishment of newly planted trees and is second inimportance only to water application. Mulching helps in the suppression of weeds that canaggressively compete for available water and nutrient with newly planted trees. It helps in thereduction of evaporation by insulating against the effects of wind, direct and radiant heat.Mulch also reduces soil compaction and erosion.


12.2 ApplicationMulch should be applied to a depth of between 75 to 100 millimetres and extending from theedge of the root ball to the edge of the planting pit. A thin layer of mulch not exceeding 20mmin depth may be spread over the root ball to maintain an aesthetic continuity. Never pilemulches up over the root ball or around the trunk (mulch volcanoes) as they can reduce theefficacy of irrigation and cause collar rots. Mulch ring size should be from 1 meter in diameterfor tree stock with a calliper of 20 millimetres up to 2 meters for tree stock with a 50-millimetrecalliper.

12.3 MaterialsOrganic mulches are generally preferred as they assist in the promotion of root growth and arecheap to install and maintain. Inorganic mulches such as granitic sand can also be usedalthough care should be taken in their maintenance as they can compact and becomeimpervious to water over time.

13 Irrigation

13.1 GeneralTrees must be thoroughly watered in upon completion of planting works. Ensure sufficientwater is applied to wet surrounding native soil as well as root ball.

14 Removal of Labels and Bindings

14.1 GeneralAll wires, twine, labels and other binding materials shall be cut and removed from plantingmaterial prior to the completion of planting works.

15 Asset Registration

15.1 GeneralIn addition to the requirements set out in Clause 1.1.3 (notification of plant relocation or failureto plant), the Contractor is responsible for identifying the location of all new tree planting’s andreporting these locations to the Principle. Asset registration will include all informationidentified in Appendix 7. Data may be submitted as hard copy or in digital format. Datasupplied on hard copy must be legible and clearly set out. Digital records must be supplied in aformat approved by the Principle.


Appendix 1. Tube Planting Drawings


Appendix 2. Shrub Planting Drawings


Appendix 3. Semi-advanced Tree Planting in well drained soils Drawings


Appendix 4. Semi-advanced Tree Planting in poorly drained soils Drawings


Appendix 5. Scope of Works

Tree Planting - Scope of Works

5. Program Name

6. Client Detail

7. Anticipated Commencement and Completion DatesCommencement:Completion:

8. General Requirementsa. Species Selected

b. Size of Plant MaterialTree Dimensions:Container Type and Volume:

c. Location and Set Backs

d. Staking

e. Additional Requirements


Appendix 6. Schedule of Rates

Street Name Location of Plantings No of Trees Species Selected Plant Material Size,Container Type andVolume

Unit Rate to Plant($)

Total Cost of Planting Works $

Appendix 7. Asset Registration (Sample)

StreetNo.

StreetName

Suburb inAdjoiningStreet

OrdinalPosition

Species PlantMaterialSize,ContainerType andVolume

DatePlanted

Comments ContractorName


Appendix 3

Hume City Council - Tree Establishment MaintenanceSpecification1 General

1.1 General Requirements

1.1.1 ResourcingAll labour, supervision, mobile and other equipment, materials and supplies necessary for theexecution of the work must be provided for by the Contractor at no additional cost to thePrinciple.

1.1.2 Duration of Establishment Maintenance PeriodA new planting can be described as established once it no longer requires supplementalirrigation to maintain an appearance and growth consistent with specie expectation. InMelbourne, this can generally be achieved with trees supporting a calliper of up to 50millimetres within 12 months following planting. This period becomes extended on largercalliper trees or on sites where poor natural rain percolation occurs such as cut-out plantingsin road ways or where the species selected are not well adapted to dry climates.

1.1.3 Minimum Number of Visits for the Establishment Maintenance PeriodThe minimum number of visits by the Contractor to every tree within a 12 monthEstablishment Maintenance Program is as follows.• Irrigation 30 visits• Mulch Renewal and Berm Maintenance 2 visits• Weed Control 2 visits

1.1.4 Work Site ManagementEstablishment Maintenance works undertaken beside public roads must be carried out inaccordance with Road Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999 of Victoria. Signage mustcomply with the Australian Standard AS 1742.3 – 2002 ‘Manual of uniform traffic controldevices’. Staff engaged in works must be suitably trained in Works Site Traffic Managementand hold a current recognised competency in this area. Contractors are responsible forensuring this component is suitably resourced.

1.1.5 Assigned WorksAll work under this contract shall be assigned in accordance with the Schedule of Rates.

1.2 Related Sections

• Refer to the Maintenance Reporting >Appendix 1

• Refer to Schedule of Rates >Appendix 2

1.3 Standards

• Road Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999 of Victoria

• Australian Standard AS 1742.3 – 2002 ‘Manual of uniform traffic control devices’

• Australian Standard AS 4373 – 1996 ‘Pruning of amenity trees’

• Code of Practice for Farm Chemical Spray Application

• Hume City Council Tree Planting Specification


2 Irrigation

2.1 Application of WaterWater must be applied directly to the root ball in the months following planting as this is wherethe majority of the roots are located. The irrigation of surrounding soils where new roots areforming may only become necessary when the area around the tree becomes dry. Forcing asteel probe in to the adjacent soil profile to determine the level of moisture can easily test this.

2.2 FrequencyDetermining the appropriate watering frequency is site specific. Variables include soil type anddrainage characteristics, root ball soil texture, climate, weather conditions following planting,timing of planting and plant production method. The following Table 1 categorises the factorsaffecting irrigation requirements following planting. The objective of any irrigation programshould be to maintain the root ball and surrounding soil moist but not waterlogged. Appropriateand regular irrigation will result in faster establishing trees that will become tolerant of droughtsooner.

Table 1– Factors Affecting Irrigation FrequencyIncreases Irrigation FrequencyRequirement After Planting

Reduces Irrigation FrequencyRequirement After Planting

• well drained soils• sandy textured root balls• planting in warm season• dry weather• sunny days• windy days• container grown and freshly dug

field-grown nursery stock• sloping ground• warm climate• northern or western exposure

• poorly drained soils• clay textured root balls• planting in cool or dormant season• rainy weather• cloudy days• calm days• hardened-off field grown nursery

stock• flat ground• cool climate• southern or eastern exposure

2.3 AmountThe appropriate amount of water to apply on newly planted trees will be determined by howmuch water was being applied in the nursery if on well drained soils. This information will besupplied by the Grower. On heavy poorly drained soils this volume of water may need to bereduced to ensure the bottom of the hole does not become saturated. The rule of thumb is 2 to4 litres for every centimetre of trunk calliper on well-drained soils.

3 Mulching

3.1 GeneralMulch will be maintained to a depth of between 75 to 100 millimetres and extending from theedge of the root ball to the edge of the planting pit. A thin layer of mulch not exceeding 20mmin depth may be spread over the root ball to maintain an aesthetic continuity. Never pilemulches up over the root ball or around the trunk (mulch volcanoes) as they can reduce theefficacy of irrigation and cause collar rots. Mulch ring size should be from 1 meter in diameterfor tree stock with a calliper of 20 millimetres up to 2 meters for tree stock with a 50 millimetrecalliper. The mulch should be gradually increased in size over the maintenance period.

4 Water Basin Maintenance

4.1 GeneralA 50 to 100 millimetre high saucer shaped basin shall be maintained around the root ball (orroot spread) to receive and hold water for the duration of the Establishment MaintenancePeriod.


5 Fertilising

5.1 GeneralFertiliser generally provides little benefit in the establishment of trees except in nutrientdeficient soils. A broadcast application of 5 grams of nitrogen per square meter of planting pitover mulch layers once in early spring to reduce the loss of nitrogen as a consequence micro-organism activity breaking down organic mulches.

6 Pest and Disease Control

6.1 GeneralPest and disease infection is generally a manifestation of stress that is directly attributable tostatic site or short duration inciting factors. Factors include but are not limited to climate, soiltype or site conditions, the genetic potential of the tree, late spring frost, drought, flooding, airpollutants, or mechanical injury which predispose the plant. Maintaining plant vigour is the bestform of prevention control against the effects of pest and disease. The control of pests and/ordiseases must take into account static and/or inciting factors and address those issues as partof the control program.

6.2 ControlThe Contractor will report Pest and disease outbreaks immediately to the Principle. ThePrinciple will meet with the Contractor on site to identify the malady and determine a programof control. Control may include but is not limited to one of the following:

• Variation to the maintenance program• Review of species selection or site location• Control of insect defoliators

Once the control program has been determined and agreed to between the parties, action willbe instituted by the Contractor, which may or may not warrant variation to the Schedule ofRates.

6.3 Pesticide ApplicationPesticide application will be undertaken in accordance with the Code of Practice for FarmChemical Spray Application. Contractors will be required to hold and maintain a CommercialOperators Licence as issued by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment forcommercial agricultural chemical application. Contractors are required to maintain and submitto the Principle records of chemical use and application.

7 Weed Control

7.1 GeneralMaintain the root ball and the mulched area around the tree planting free of all weeds for theduration of the establishment period. Weeds will compete for precious water and nutrientresources. Weeds within the root ball should be removed by hand while those outside in themulch ring can be controlled with the suitable application of herbicide.

7.2 Herbicide ApplicationHerbicide application will be undertaken in accordance with the Code of Practice for FarmChemical Spray Application. Contractors will be required to hold and maintain a CommercialOperators Licence as issued by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment forcommercial agricultural chemical application. Contractors are required to maintain and submitto the Principle records of chemical use and application.


8 Pruning

8.1 GeneralPruning following planting should not be necessary except to remove damaged branches. Donot prune to compensate for root loss. Pruning during the establishment period should belimited to developing a central leader, thinning of competing branches and the removal ofbranches with included bark. Always use sharp, clean pruning tools and apply the properpruning technique as described in the Australian Standard AS4373/1996 ‘Pruning of amenitytrees’.

9 Tree Protection

9.1 GeneralThe installation of tree protection may be required from time to time to protect new plantingsagainst the effects of adjacent construction works or theft. Works shall be at the request of thePrinciple following negotiations with the Contractor and will be in accordance with theSchedule of Rates.

9.2 Tree Protection Fence ConstructionThe tree protection fence must extend 500mm beyond the drip line of the tree on all sides. Thetree protection fence will be square in shape with a minimum of four (4) star posts in eachcorner. Star posts will be a minimum of 1350mm in length and shall be driven to a minimumdepth of 400mm. The star posts must be rigid within the ground and cannot be removedwithout the aid of a post lifter. 900mm high visibility barrier mesh shall be fixed to the star postsby way of zip ties or like fixer so that the entire area is barricaded. The tops of the star postsshall be protected with a star post cap.

9.3 Root Ball StakingRoot balls shall be secured through the use of two 25 x 25 mm hardwood stakes being driveninto the soil adjacent to the root ball to a depth of between 600mm and 750mm. A crossmember stake of similar dimensions is then placed firmly on top of the root ball and fixed to theprotruding upright stakes by way of screws or nails. Protruding stake ends are then trimmedusing a handsaw so that they do not present a trip hazard. Root ball staples are generallyinstalled on the side of the root ball facing the prevailing winds. The staple is generally slightlyoffset from the trunk centre to allow for calliper development. Two staples are to be employedto protect tree against theft.

10 Tree Replacement

10.1 GeneralFrom time to time tree replacement will be required as part of the Establishment MaintenanceProgram. Works shall be undertaken in accordance with the Planting Specification and will becharged in accordance with the Schedule of Rates.

11 Performance Monitoring

11.1 GeneralPerformance monitoring is a beneficial practice that will help develop the knowledge base bothin the short and long term for the Contractor as well as assisting the Principle in appreciatingthe level and quality of the service being provided. Information derived from the Performancemonitoring will be used by the Principle to determine the efficacy of the maintenance program,the suitability of species for use within the area and expected outcomes in tree performance.Data may be submitted as hard copy or in digital format. Data supplied on hard copy must belegible and clearly set out. Digital records must be supplied in a format approved by thePrinciple.


11.2 Cyclic ReportingTo be submitted monthly with invoice for works and to include

• Name of Contractor• Date of attendance• Street Name• Formative maintenance works undertaken i.e. pruning, mulching, weed control• Litres of water applied• Additional maintenance requirements i.e. pest control, replacement planting• General commentary on the growth stage and performance

11.3 Project Performance ReportingA 17% random sample of the trees within the program is to be assessed and a report is to besubmitted upon completion of Establishment Maintenance Program with final invoice for works.Report must contain a methodology statement and observations to include

• Calliper development over the establishment maintenance period• Tip extension over the establishment maintenance period• Leaf size• Crown density• Root extension from root ball into surrounding native soils• General Commentary


Appendix 1. Cyclic Maintenance Report

Monthly Cyclic Maintenance Report (Sample)

Contractor Name:Date of Attendance Street Name Maintenance

UndertakenLitres of WaterApplied

AdditionalMaintenanceRequirements

Comments

Appendix 2. Schedule of Rates

Establishment Maintenance Schedule of Rates (Sample)

Item No. of Trees withinProgram

Unit Rate per Tree Total forMaintenance Period

EstablishmentMaintenanceProvisional ItemsTree Protection(Fencing)

1

Tree Protection(Root Ball Staking)

1

Weed Control(Additional Treatments)

1

Pest Control(Crown Spray)

1

Pest Control(Root Ball Drench)

1

Replacement Plant(30cm container stock)

1

Replacement Plant(40lt container stock)

1

Replacement Plant(50lt container stock)

1

Appendix 4

Tree locations road reserve – Vic Roads Design Guidelines

Clear Zones on straight sections of major roads:

Speed (km/h) No. of Cars Clear Zone Width No. of Cars Clear Zone Width70 >5000 5.0m 4000 4.75m80 >5000 6.75m 4000 6.0m

Safe Intersection Sight Distance (Major Roads):

SAFE INTERSECTION SIGHT DISTANCE(SISD)

Eye & Object Heights = 1.15m

DISTANCE CREST CURVESApproachSpeed(km/h) Desirable

(m)Minimum(m)

Absoluteminimum(m)

Desirable(m)

Minimum(m)

Absoluteminimum(m)

40 67 62 62 4.8 4.2 4.250 90 83 82 8.8 7.5 7.360 117 108 105 15 13 1270 147 137 131 24 21 1980 179 167 159 35 31 2890 216 203 190 51 45 40

100 254 241 - 70 64 -110 297 282 - 96 87 -120 345 329 - 130 118 -

From Vic Roads – Road Design Guidelines. Sept. 1997

Desired Distances for Planting in Naturestrips (Local Roads):

Infrastructure DistanceIntersections 5 meters from intersection (Minimum).

Water Hydrants 9 meters in total. 4.5 meters either sideto be clear.

Storm Water Pits. 6 meters in total. 3.0 meters either sideto be clear.

Appendix 5

Tree root management information

Causes of Hard Surface Damage

Prior to implementing strategies to rectify the conflict between hard surfaces withinstreetscapes and tree roots it is worthwhile investigating the possible causes of thephenomenon. Understanding of the various causes will also allow the most appropriateactions to be developed.

Planting spacesThe further a tree is away from hard surfaces the less likely damage will occur. Rootsrapidly taper away from the stem of the tree, and keeping hard surfaces away from thisarea close to the stem where heavy structural roots and butt flare occurs, can minimiseor eliminate damage. The area of upheaval is also known as the Zone of Upheaval,Clark, 2000 and is approximately 4-5 x trunk calliper of the mature tree.

Footpath constructionPoorly designed and constructed footpaths are rarely built to withstand natural processesover time Opportunistic tree roots exploit any flaws in the construction as they colonisenew resource space, leading to damage. The cause of the damage is frequentlyattributed to the trees, with little attention paid to engineering practices. Footpaths needto be constructed more robustly where there are soils with a high shrink/swell potential orwhere larger trees are present.

Soil ConditionsCompacted urban soils can play a role in conflicts between footpaths and trees. Treeroots only grow in areas where oxygen and water is available and in compacted soils thiscan only be found near the surface. This situation encourages shallow and surfacerooting leading to footpath damage.

Other restrictive soil conditions such as hardpans, poor structure, fine texture or perchedwater tables are also frequently cited as limiting root development to a shallow zone nearthe soil. The depth of rooting is influenced by the depth of the soil. Deeper soils usuallyhave greater nutrient and water supplies for plant use, regulating the soil’s ‘effective rootdepth’.

The reactive clay soils of large areas of Hume City Council will make them prone tocompaction and/or surface rooting.

Soil MovementWater powered soil swell and heave is often blamed on trees the presence of trees andtheir transpiration of large amounts of water can contribute to and indeed exacerbate thesubsidence of the soil surface by several centimetres within their root area.

Expansive clays shrink and swell with changing water contents, leading to infrastructuredamage. Many footpaths are constructed with little regard to soil types and thepropensity of some soils to shrinking and swelling resulting in damage to infrastructurethat is not associated with trees. The absence of trees can also lead to infrastructuredamage as the soil water levels are subject to greater fluctuation. This latter point wouldbe applicable to areas within Hume.

Gamstetter (2000) in a study of heavy clay soils in Ohio found that trees played a minorrole in the service life of footpaths. Soils can be prone to seasonal movementsregardless of whether trees are present or not. This natural soil movement in conjunctionwith the age of concrete footpaths lead to uneven and cracking footpaths in the Ohiostudy. Footpaths less than 20 years old were not affected by trees at any of the sites inthe research.

Moisture retention under pavementsBarker (1993) stated that moisture condensates on the underside of footpaths throughthe rapid process of heating and cooling of the concrete. This moisture promotes thedevelopment of shallow tree roots under the concrete, causing damage to the pavement.Condensation under footpaths occurs in climates with high temperatures and low rainfall,making the soils there particularly favourable to opportunistic root growth.

Roots entering the area under the pavement quickly absorb the small quantity of waterpresent. This causes a gradient of soil humidity stimulating a rapid apical growth of theroots. The rapid apical growth combined with low soil fertility levels is probably the causeof the roots under the pavement forming few branches and fine lateral roots. The rootsrevert to a natural rooting pattern once they have reached soil on the other side of thepavement. The normal rooting development induces an increase in the diameter of theroots under the pavement, causing disturbance to the paving (Kopinga 1993, Coder,1998(3).

Species selectionCertain species have been identified as more problematic than others in causingpavement damage.

The following tree genus and species should not be used in narrow planting spaces andtree wells in pavement:

Paperbark (Melaleuca spp.), Plane (Platanus spp.), Eucalypt (Eucalyptus spp.), PyramidTree (Lagunaria patersonia), Sweet Gum (Liquidamber styraciflua), Ash (Fraxinus spp.),Poplar (Populus spp.), ,Willow (Salix spp.), Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), Silvermaple (Acer saccharinum), Elm (Ulmus spp.),

Preventing Tree Root Damage to Hard Surfaces

A multi-disciplinary approach to solving the problem of root damage to hard surfaceswithin the City is required. This would involve a co-ordinated approach from the variousdepartments and professionals involved with the management of the City’s assets.

Engineering Solutions

Poorly-designed and constructed footpaths are rarely built to withstand natural processesover time (Coder, 1998) and can hasten the damage caused by tree roots. The cause ofthe damage to footpaths is frequently attributed to the trees, with little attention paid toengineering practices. Footpaths need to be constructed more robustly where there aresoils with a high shrink/swell potential or where larger trees are present. Trees rarelycause damage to hard structures if proper planting in properly designed and constructedlandscapes takes place.Footpath construction options:

Alternative street designs in some areas. Moving away from single speciesavenue planting in straight lines and new designs which allows larger areas in thestreet for clump/grove planting.

Removing the footpath altogether, particularly on one side of the street. Thiscould be considered in streets and areas where soil conditions are moreconducive to seasonal movements resulting in footpath and road damage.

Alternative pavement and base material. Investigate more flexible pavement, e.g.segmented pavement, rubberised asphalt. Investigate structural soils as a sub-base, or large sized (no fines) aggregate (See figure 1).

Replace footpaths with thicker concrete or reinforced concrete adjacent to largetrees. This would act as a concrete root barrier similar to the thicker concrete ofthe kerb.

Expansion material, sand or foam backers used between tree roots and concreteto absorb upward pressure.

Figure 1. Coarse Gravel Sub-base beneath a footpath (Gilman, 1997). Using coarse gravel instead of sandor crushed rock products will encourage deeper rooting under pavements.

Footpath repair options:

Use of mechanical grinder to wear down raised edges. No more than 50% of the slabthickness should be removed as it will affect the structural integrity of the concrete. Thebitumen wedge to ramp to raised edges is another alternative.

These would be considered a low cost, short-term approaches that could be used toprolong safe life of pavement to coordinate with street tree removal and replacementprogram in the future. Concrete pavement is then replaced at that time.

Appropriate Usage of Structural Soils

Structural soils in the context of this discussion have specific uses. The material supportspavement designed to withstand pedestrian and vehicular traffic. The materials can bedesigned for use under footpaths, parking lots, and possibly some low-use access roads.The material is intended as a tool to be used when there are no other design solutions toprovide adequate soil volumes for trees in close proximity to pavement.

Structural soils can be used as base material under pavement. The base material can bedesigned to act as a root exclusion layer to buffer the pavement from the pressuresgenerated from expanding roots in secondary radial growth. While there is no definitivedata related to radial root expansion to logically assign a base thickness, research hasshown that tree roots in structural soil profiles grow deep into the material below thepavement (Grobosky, Trowbridge & Bassuk, 2002). The same research showed a lack ofroot development in the surface 30cm (12 inches) below the pavement surface. It isanticipated that moving the roots down to the sub-grade will distribute those rootpressures over a wider section of pavement, reducing or eliminating footpath crackingand heaving.

By design, structural soils are fully compacted with conventional equipment to standardrelative compactness (90-95% relative compaction). Also by design, it can serve as thesub-base for the entire pavement section. Where there is a tree to be installed, thematerial can be allowed to rise to surface grade where the trunk pavement opening willoccur. This provides an opportunity for watering, drainage, and passive aeration systemsto the surface as well.

Below the pavement there can also be a base material of well-graded large aggregatethat should possess no fine sands, silts or clays. This standard base layer could be to adepth normal for regional installation protocol or 150mm. To discourage rooting in thislayer, a geo-textile may be used between this base and the structural soil sub-base. Thegeo-textile should not restrict water movement. The sub-base is the structural soilmaterial, in a layer thickness of 45 to 90 centimetres.

A structural soil specification should be investigated for use within the City’s commercialprecincts and car parks.

Root Barriers

Root barriers appear to be popular with many municipal authorities for the treatment oftree root related footpath damage. Root barriers are typically installed at the time ofplanting to guide the roots of a newly planted tree away from conflict with the pavementor adjacent to an established tree in conjunction with repair works on damaged areas offootpath in an attempt to prevent the damage re-occurring. Where root barriers areinstalled on existing trees, roots must be severed or pruned, with varying impacts on thetrees health and stability.

From a hazard management point of view there is little benefit in offsetting one hazard,i.e. trip hazard in the concrete footpath, by the creation of another, i.e. destabilising a treeby severing structural roots.

The effectiveness of root barriers is dependent on a number of factors, with researchindicating that soil type and root removal as critical elements. Success may also dependon the type of barrier, tree species, tree age, planting situation, and the distance of thetree to infrastructure.

Root barrier success in well drained soilsIn well-drained soils, fewer roots reach the surface of the soil where a barrier is installedwhich may prolong the life of the adjacent kerb or pavement (Gilman 1997). Where looseand well-aerated soil is encountered by roots at the base of a barrier, the roots will tendto continue to grow deep, away from pavements on the surface (Nicoll 2002).

Smiley, Key & Greco (2000) examined the stability of trees grown within continuous,circling root control barriers. In the sandy clay loam, they found in wet and dry conditionsthat the trees growing in the barriers withstood greater lateral stress. They suggestedthat the reason for the greater strength was that the root barrier trees appeared to have adeeper root system.

Gilman (1995) found that barriers were most effective in areas of well-drained soil wherethe roots grew back to the surface more slowly than in soils that were not as freedraining.

The majority of soil types within the City would have seasonal drainage problems whichwould see the roots growing back up the other side of root barriers at a steep angle andback under the footpath (see Figure 2.).

Root barrier failureHarris, Clark and Matheny (1999) reported that root control devices appeared to be leasteffective where they are most needed, in soils where poor aeration or compactionencourages shallow rooting.

Root barriers appear to be ineffective in compacted and poorly drained soils that aretypical in many urban areas. The roots quickly return to the soil surface after they growunder the barrier (Figure 2), often in the loosened soil filled in around the barrier duringinstallation.

Although the barrier stops some roots, the roots that reach the surface are large indiameter and can cause damage to the footpath (Gilman, 1997; Gilman, 1995). For aroot barrier to be effective, it must be deeper than all root activity at the time ofconstruction.

Figure 2: Root growth under barriers (Gilman, 1997)Studies in the UK have indicated that roots tend to branch when they reach the bottom of a rigid barrier andsome of the branch roots are directed back up to the surface. The upward growing roots generally find bettergrowing conditions and become the dominant part of the root (Nicoll 2002).

Unless the top edge of the root barrier was kept clearly above mulch and ground level,roots over-grew the barrier and the benefits were lost. Root barriers exposed at thesurface can also be unattractive or cause obstruction. Root barriers fail by roots growingover, through or under them. Mechanical damage, weathering root penetration and deeprooting species will cause the barriers to fail.Circular root barrier is undesirable, as it would restrict the escape of roots from thebarrier and in some soils there would be insufficient oxygen at the base of the barrier toallow root growth. This situation would result in a stressed, containerised tree withgirdling root system prone to windthrow. The majority of soils in the City are not suitablefor this type of barrier installation.

Root pruning

Root pruning is used widely for the control of surface roots around pavements, althoughthe practice is widely regarded as detrimental on the long-term health and stability oftrees by arborists. Root pruning is also undertaken for the installation of root barriers.

The USDA Forest Service (1998) stated that a triple fatality in 1990 was caused by afalling tree whose roots were cut during footpath reconstruction. Although there are anumber of factors that will determine a trees potential for failure, soil excavations thatsever large roots near trunks of mature trees often create hazards. Root-cutting devicesalso create large wounds at or near the base of trees. These wounds will be subject todecay over time and will ultimately affect the overall health and stability of the tree(Harris, Clark & Matheny 1999; Nicoll 2002). The spread of moderately deep, large rootsprovide greater stability than deep roots with little spread.

Pruning roots for the purpose of footpath repair can result in the rapid regrowth of rootsunder the pavement and necessitate further repairs in 2-3 years (Harris, Clark andMatheny 1999). Nicoll (2002) found that large roots that had been chiselled down underrepaired pavement callused around the damaged area and subsequently lifted thefootpath over a larger area. Biddle (1998) recognised that where roots are severed, rootsbelow the pruning depth can grow upwards to exploit the soil previously utilised by thesevered roots, necessitating deeper pruning over subsequent treatments. Roots that aresevered can regenerate from the cut end, with extension growth that can be in excess of1.5 meters per year.

The removal of large portions of a tree root system may severely impact on the health ofthe tree, with the potential for death. Helliwell (1985) recommended that mature trees areunable to sustain the loss of large portions of roots. He suggests that a root loss of even5-10% from a mature tree is likely to cause some die-back in the crown and make thetree more prone to attack by pest and disease. A healthy tree can sustain a loss ofbetween 30% and 50% of absorbing roots (Harris, Clark, Matheny, 1999). It should bereiterated that this figure refers to the fine roots responsible for the absorption of waterand nutrients and not the major roots closer to the trunk that are responsible for thestructural integrity of the tree. However the loss of absorbing root system will immediatelyaffect the water status of the tree and may, depending on season and water availability,create a water stress for the tree. The severity of this stress is dependent on favourableclimatic conditions, a soil environment conducive to root growth, and appropriate andtimely after-care maintenance, primarily supplemental irrigation. In most cases theresources are not available for this latter maintenance step for street trees.

Where root pruning is absolutely necessary, trees should only be pruned that are notweak or stressed. Pruning should not extend deeper than 300mm, as cutting rootsdeeper may make the tree susceptible to failure by windthrow. To reduce the threat offailure, only one side of the tree should be pruned at a time, with subsequent sidespruned after 3-4 years. The top of the tree should be thinned before the roots are cut, ayear before the root pruning is best. Crown reduction pruning may be advisable (Harris,Clark and Matheny 1999).

Biological & Design Solutions

In conjunction with engineering and design solutions a thorough site analysis followed bya tree selection process must be implemented. Recognising the mature size and rootarchitecture of selected species will lead to apportioning the required space to minimisepotential conflicts.

Tree Selection

Tree Selection is often one of the most effective tools in managing tree roots. The aim isto select those tree species that will cause the least damage to adjacent infrastructurewith their root systems.

The issue is the right tree for the right place with due consideration given toaesthetic/design requirements, biological criteria (i.e. tolerances) and functional criteria(Management issues). There is no one perfect tree. The most successful course is tomatch the planting site limitations with the right tree for that spot.

If there is no one perfect urban tree, it is also important to understand that there is no oneurban environment. The urban environment is a varied conglomeration of microclimates.Above ground or below ground site conditions can change dramatically within the spaceof a few feet. Consequently a site analysis of each major planting site will allow moreappropriate tree selections.

Tree selection is not just a case of recommending a particular plant but must alsoconsider its root physiology and a thorough assessment of the site conditions. Also thesoil conditions of the site frequently limit planting success. Trees may never be vigorousor long lived when planted in highly disturbed sites with unfavourable conditions (Watson& Himelick, 1997).

Providing Adequate Space for Trees

As previously indicated the further a tree is away from hard surfaces the less likelydamage will occur. Combined with this is the understanding that the smaller the size ofthe mature tree the narrower the planting site can be, within reason.

One way to estimate this is to consider the ‘Zone of Upheaval’ (Clark, 2000) that woulduse the mature size of the tree to estimate the root plate of the tree (Combination ofbuttress flare and heavy lateral roots). By keeping hard surfaces away from the stemwithin the zone of upheaval damage to hard surfaces could be substantially mitigated oreliminated.

To use this method one has to estimate the trunk diameter (DBH) of the mature tree.Clark (2000) estimates the DBH to be typically 4% of mature tree height and up to 5% ofheavy stemmed trees like Ficus macrophylla (Moreton Bay Fig) or Schinus areira(Peppercorn Tree).

This area to offset potential damage (zone of upheaval) is estimated as 4 to 5 x DBH (ofthe mature tree) in diameter (See Table 1).

According to Table 1 only Type 1 small trees reaching 5 to 6m could be used in thesestreets.

Larger trees could be considered for the commercial areas only if engineering solutionswere incorporated into the planting site.

Table 1. Zone of Upheaval.

Zone of Upheaval (Diameter m.)Est. DBH (cm) Type 1 Type 2

Est.MatureHeight(m)

Type 1(DBH4% ofheight)

Type 2(DBH5% ofheight)

4xDBH 5xDBH 4xDBH 5xDBH

5 0.20 0.25 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.256 0.24 0.30 0.96 1.20 1.20 1.507 0.28 0.35 1.12 1.40 1.40 1.758 0.32 0.40 1.28 1.60 1.60 2.009 0.36 0.45 1.44 1.80 1.80 2.2510 0.40 0.50 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.5011 0.44 0.55 1.76 2.20 2.20 2.7512 0.48 0.60 1.92 2.40 2.40 3.0013 0.52 0.65 2.08 2.60 2.60 3.2514 0.56 0.70 2.24 2.80 2.80 3.5015 0.60 0.75 2.40 3.00 3.00 3.7516 0.64 0.80 2.56 3.20 3.20 4.0017 0.68 0.85 2.72 3.40 3.40 4.2518 0.72 0.90 2.88 3.60 3.60 4.5019 0.76 0.95 3.04 3.80 3.80 4.7520 0.80 1.00 3.20 4.00 4.00 5.00

21 0.84 1.05 3.36 4.20 4.20 5.2522 0.88 1.10 3.52 4.40 4.40 5.5023 0.92 1.15 3.68 4.60 4.60 5.7524 0.96 1.20 3.84 4.80 4.80 6.0025 1.00 1.25 4.00 5.00 5.00 6.25

Minimum nature strip for planting tree with a potential to get 20cm or more in trunkdiameter should be 2.4m.

Minimum nature strip width for planting trees with a mature trunk diameter less than20cm is 1.0 to 1.5m.

Gilman (1997) considers area as the factor in selecting trees for a particular site and putsforward the following table to aid in the selection of appropriate species for plantingareas:

Table 2. Planting area guidelines (Gilman, 1997)

Total PlantingArea (Lawn,island, or soilstrip)

Planting stripwidth

Distancefrompavement orwall

Maximum tree size at maturity

Less than 9.3m2

(100ft2)0.91m to 1.21m(3 to 4 ft)

0.6m(2 ft)

Small (Less than 9.14m tall, 30ft)

9.3m2 to 18.6m2

(100ft2 to 200ft2)1.2m to 2.1m(4 to 7 ft)

1.2m(4 ft)

Medium (Less than 15.2m tall,50 ft)

More than 18.6m2

(200ft2)> 2.13m(> 7 ft)

> 1.8m(>6ft)

Large (Taller than 15.2m, 50ft)

Appendix 6

Tree protection zonesThe successful retention of trees on any particular site will require the commitment andunderstanding of all parties involved in the development process with continuitythroughout the duration of the project. The most important activity, after determining thetrees that will be retained is the implementation of a Tree Protection Zone.The intention of the tree protection zone is to:

• Provide a safe tree resource.• Provide adequate root space to sustain the health, aesthetics and stability of the

tree/s into the future.• Minimise changes to the tree’s growing environment. This is particularly

important for mature specimens.• Minimise physical damage and loss to the tree root system, canopy and trunk.

Root damage can occur from many activities that occur on a development/constructionsite. The most common activities associated with root damage include footingpreparation (particularly strip footings), site cuts to achieve level changes and servicepipe installation. Any activity that results in changes to the soil profile can theoreticallyharm the health and stability of trees.Tree protection zones (TPZ) are difficult to establish on individual trees due to the natureand unpredictability of root growth, the different species and their tolerances and theperceived and unperceived changes to the trees growing environment. The mostaccurate means of determining the location of roots is to excavate by hand or by usingpneumatic excavation (In areas close to the tree that may be encroached by proposedconstruction). However, this is impractical logistically and financially in mostcircumstances, especially when multiple trees are under threat from construction issues.A general system of assigning tree protection zones and fencing is necessary to assistplanning for construction and development. A number of systems are available with themore recognised methods utilising the trunk diameter of an individual tree as the basis toestablish the clearance distance. The health, age and species’ tolerance may also befactored into the establishment of the zone using these systems.The British Standard (5837-1991) Guide for Trees in relation to construction containssuch a method and a modified version of this system is included in Matheny & Clark(1998) Trees & Development: A Technical Guide to Preservation of Trees during LandDevelopment. Both systems are considered suitable for establishing Tree ProtectionZones and tree protection fencing distances.However, an alternative method is put forward in The British Standard (5837-1991)Guide for Trees in relation to construction, which is simpler and more easily interpretedwhen plans are viewed and site visits are conducted. Diagram 1 illustrates the method.

Diagram 1. The British Standard (5837-1991) Guide for Trees in relation to construction

The method presented above provides the tree protection zone and the tree protectionfencing distance by using the width of the canopy or half the height of the tree, whicheveris greater. This method generally provides clearance distances that are easilyunderstood and realistic for many reasons. There is some scope to encroach thedistances generated by this method with certain provisions issued by a suitably qualifiedarborist.The alternative British Standard method for calculating tree protection zones alsosuggests that the zone may be encroached by one third on one side of the tree only. Ifthis occurs, the provision of a one third increase in clearance distance in all otherdirections is required.Alternative means for encroachment into the tree protection zone is only limited by theimagination of engineers. The preservation of the natural soil profile beneath the canopyis the primary objective. Modified construction or building techniques have been usedwith success to preserve the area in the tree protection zone and include but are notlimited to sympathetic footing systems like pier & beam and waffle slabs, boring for theinstallation of underground services, and above natural grade construction with porouspaving.The method employed in this document for assigning tree protection zones is a guide forplanning purposes. The method assumes a generally symmetric root system radiatingfrom the trunk outwards. It does not address trees that may be growing in closeproximity to obstructions because the root growth pattern of these trees may besignificantly altered. In instances where it is known that the root system is notsymmetrical, the tree protection zone should be established independently but withguidance from the method. Furthermore, significant trees and over-mature trees mayrequire additional clearance space to minimise the impacts of construction works and tomaximise the preservation of the root system.Any activity that involves trenching or excavation within the tree protection zone has thepotential to destabilise the tree. The closer that the excavation or trenching occurs to thetrunk of the tree, the greater the potential risk for tree failure. On this basis, allconstruction works that are proposed in the tree protection zone should be approved bythe City arborist.

1. How trees may be damaged during the installation of utility services

1.1 Direct mechanical contact

Direct impact with the roots can cause severance or damage to the bark of the root.Severance of a root will kill all parts of the root extending beyond that point, potentiallyaffecting the health and stability of the tree.

The trunk and branches of the tree may be damaged by construction machinery,equipment or materials working or stored within close proximity to the tree.

Damage to the bark of the trunk, roots or branches can increase the susceptibility of thearea to decay pathogens and where the damage is extensive, eventual death of theentire limb, root or overall decline of the tree may occur.

1.2 Compaction of the soil

General construction traffic, the storage of material, or the traffic of heavy equipment maycause the compaction of the soil around trees. Compaction of the soil changes soilstructure and increases bulk density. Compaction decreases total pore space within thesoil and may also restrict or even prevent gaseous diffusion through the soil, effectivelyasphyxiating the roots. Compaction may also inhibit root penetration and waterinfiltration.

Bulk density is commonly used to determine the relative compaction of a soil. Bulkdensity is a measure of the weight of a given volume of soil and is expressed asgrams/centimetre3 (g/cm3). The bulk density of a soil and the extent that it can becompacted depends on the soil’s structure and particle size distribution, as well as thecompactive force that is applied. For a given soil, the greater the bulk density, the moreroot growth and function will be restricted (Harris et al., 2004).

Soil texture Root-limiting bulk density (g/cm3)

Sand 1.8 g/cm3

Fine sand 1.75

Sandy loam 1.7

Fine sandy loam 1.65

Loam 1.55

Silt loam 1.45

Clay loam 1.5

Clay 1.4

Root growth limiting bulk density values by soil texture (From: Coder, 2000).

On a given soil, at given moisture levels, most possible damage occurs in the first 3passes of a machine over the soil. The level of damage is based on the load, themoisture level at the time and the soil characteristics. The loss of pore space sustainedin the first 3 passes would be expected to increase the compaction density of the soil to95% of the possible compaction rate, and within the root-limiting bulk density range(Refer table above). Tree protection zones which are breached once for a back and forthtrip with heavy equipment can be rendered useless in some cases (Grabosky, 2003).

1.3 Alterations to the soil level

Levelling, filling and cutting of soil grades will result in the same types of damageassociated with excavating, trenching and soil compaction. 90% of the fine roots thatabsorb water and minerals are in the upper 15-30cm of soil (International Society ofArboriculture, 2001). This area is the most conducive to root growth as it usually hasavailable space, air, nutrients and water. Altering the soil level during trenching mayeither strip away the fine absorbing roots from the soil surface or remove the nutrient-richtopsoil that supplies basic elements, which trees require for growth.

Raising or filling grades around trees reduces air diffusion and exchange in the rootzone. As little as 100mm of soil placed over the established root systems of somespecies is enough to cause their death. Grade changes to the soil outside the root zoneof the tree may also affect water drainage causing root dieback due to changes in soilmoisture content (City of Auckland, 1999).

1.4 Chemical damage

Leaking or spilling of fuels, lubricants, hydraulic oils or other toxic substances may killroots or impede their functions. When such toxins are deposited within tree root zonesthey may adversely affect tree health or directly cause tree mortality. Oil spilled into thesoil is broken down by soil bacteria which deplete the soil of oxygen and may asphyxiatethe roots. All toxic substances should be stored well away from the tree protection zoneto prevent inadvertent damage (City of Auckland, 1999).

2.0 Recommended utility installation techniques

For the installation or maintenance of services in the vicinity of trees, the service shouldbe diverted or re-aligned to run beyond the tree protection zone (TPZ) (Refer Section 6).Where this is not practical, trenchless excavation or root sympathetic hand excavation isrecommended. A combination of these methods may be used where necessary.

Acceptable techniques in order of preference:

1. Diversion of service around the TPZ2. Trenchless thrusting and directional boring at an appropriate depth beneath the

TPZ.3. Root sympathetic trench excavation within the TPZ.

Trench excavation by machinery should not be permitted within the TPZ.

2.1 Diversion or re-alignment of the service

This is the most appropriate method to minimise the damage to both services and theroot system of the tree. By excluding the services from areas of heavy lateral rootingwithin the TPZ, damage to services would be minimised.

Prior to installation or maintenance activities, the TPZ should be determined according tothe method outlined in Section 6 (Guidelines for tree protection). The service should beinstalled or re-aligned around the TPZ in accordance with the tree protection guidelines.

2.2 Trenchless thrusting and directional boring

The action of ‘thrusting’ or ‘directional boring’ is the preferred method for serviceestablishment within the TPZ. When these methods are used, the overall impact to thetree is minimised.

All machinery associated with the action of thrusting or directional boring must remainoutside the TPZ. Entry and exit points should be located at a safe distance outside theTPZ to ensure that machinery, slurry and work activities are kept clear of the TPZ. Thiswill minimise any root loss or ground compaction that may arise from the works. If thethrusting rod or directional drill-head becomes stuck within the TPZ, the arboristresponsible for the trees on the site should be contacted prior to the retrieval process.Any retrieval of a thrusting rod or directional drill-head from within the TPZ should beundertaken with hand tools unless otherwise stated by the responsible arborist (CA,1999).

Techniques involving external lubrication of the mole with materials other than water (e.g.Oil, bentonite, etc.) should be avoided. unless precautions are taken to ensure that thereis no contamination of the soil within 600mm of the surface within the TPZ (NJUG, 1995).

2.3 Depth of boring

Depth specifications for boring in contemporary literature are variable, but consistentlystate that a tunnel under the root plate of a tree should be at least 600mm deep (Harris

et. al., 2004). Boring according to the Multinet directional boring standard EP-DD-4136(2003) at a depth of 800-1100mm to the top of the pipe (TOP) will ensure that theexcavation is below the major zone of absorbing roots. A minimum boring depth of600mm from natural grade to the TOP should apply under all TPZ’s.

Boring depth should also consider soil topography. Boring within the A soil horizon(topsoil) will impact on the root system of the tree as this area is the most conducive soilenvironment for root growth. Boring below this area in the B Horizon or sub-soil layer willreduce the impact on the root system of the tree by avoiding most of the absorbing rootsas well as avoiding root damage to services. (Harris, Matheny & Clark 1999).

To avoid damage to pipes by tree roots, Mattheck and Breloer (1997) recommended thatpipes should not pass within the root plate of the tree. Where the pipe must be within theroot plate, it should be laid at a minimum depth of 600mm and be placed within a ductwhich can resist root penetration.

2.4 Alignment of boring

Ideally, the line of boring or excavation should lie directly under the trunk of the tree.The diagram below (right) illustrates the comparative root loss of boring directlyunder the trunk as opposed to boring at an offset distance. Mattheck and Breloer(1997) suggested that placing pipes directly beneath trees would effectively minimisethe wind loading damage by the fact that the root lies in the neutral pivot of theswaying motion. Where it is not possible to bore directly under the trunk of a tree,the bore should be as deep as possible to minimise the loss of absorbing roots.

Boring within the protection zone.(From: CFSF, 1999)

The comparative impact of boring within theprotection zone. Left, about 15% of theabsorbing roots would be jeopardised whenboring directly under the trunk. Whereas,

right, 20% would be lost from the offsetboring (From: Harris, 1992).

2.5 Hand Excavation and other root sympathetic excavation techniques

Where trenchless techniques cannot be used, hand, pneumatic and other rootsympathetic excavation methods may be used within the TPZ. The objective of rootsympathetic excavation should be to retain as many roots as possible while creatingsufficient space for the installation of the service. Hand or other root sympatheticexcavation will require greater supervision to ensure that the tree protectionmeasures are maintained.

All work should proceed with hand tools with care taken not to damage roots as theyare exposed. All roots greater than 50mm in diameter should be retained andworked around. Clumps or masses of small fibrous roots collectively greater than50mm in diameter should also be retained.

Where there is no option but to sever roots that are greater than 50mm in diameter,the roots must be inspected by the responsible municipal arborist or tree protectionofficer. Where their removal is approved, the roots should be cut using a sharp axe,pruning saw or chainsaw and creating the smallest possible wound (Adapted from:NJUG, 1995).

Hand excavated trenches within the TPZ should be aligned to pass directly under thetrunk of the tree. This will minimise the root loss (Harris, 1992). Gilman (1997)recognised the frequency of root deflection and concentration along hard barrierssuch as concrete curbing and pavements. By keeping trenches away from theseareas, root loss can also be reduced.

2.6 Backfilling of trenches

Compaction of soil to a bulk density of greater than 1.8 g/cm3 will inhibit root growthin all soil types (Coder, 2000). By compacting the backfill soil immediatelysurrounding the service, root growth in this area should be excluded. In the trenchabove the service, the soil should not be compacted, but tamped lightly and leftproud of the surrounding soil to allow for natural settlement and root growth. Othermaterials should not be incorporated into the backfill.

Pipe protection diagram.The 150mm above the pipe, 100mm below andto each side should be compacted to a rootinhibiting bulk density. Above this, the soilshould be uncompacted. (From: Multinet Gas,1998).

Where the trenching will need to be compacted for resurfacing of hard pavement orother construction, the backfill should include the placement of a skeletal soil mixaround the roots to be retained. The skeletal soil mix should consist of an inertgranular material mixed with top soil or sharp sand. This will allow the soil to becompacted while still providing a local aerated zone allowing the root to survive in thelonger term (NJUG, 1995).

3.0 Guidelines for tree protection

A tree protection zone (TPZ) should be established around the base of each treewithin the working area. The TPZ is based on the standards established by NJUG(1995) and Harris et. al., (2004).

To calculate the TPZ, the diameter of the tree is measured in centimetres (cm) at 1.5metres above grade. Where a tree branches below 1.5 metres (m), measure thesmallest trunk diameter below the lowest branch.

1.5m

Narrowestpoint

Left: Measuring the diameter on a straight trunked tree, branching above 1.5m.

Right: Measuring the diameter of a low branching tree at the narrowest pointbelow the lowest branch(From: International Society of Arboriculture, 2000.)

To establish the radial TPZ distance, multiply the diameter by 12. This distanceshould then be measured from the edge of the trunk of the tree to provide the circularprotection area in all directions.

Tree protection zone (Diameter X 12)

Diameter (cm) Distance (m)5 0.6

7.5 0.915 1.830 3.645 5.460 7.275 9.090 10.8105 12.6

Determining the Tree protection Zone

1. Measure the diameter (cm) of the tree at 1.5m above grade.2. Calculate the TPZ using the table above or, by multiplying the diameter by 12. (This

is measured from the edge of the trunk).

Example:

A mature Brush Box (Lophostemon confertus) street tree with a diameter of 30cm. 30cm x 12 = 360 cm or, 3.6m radius TPZ

3.1 Tree protection guidelines1. Establish a TPZ around the tree2. All excavation and machine work must be kept outside the protected area.

3. Vehicles and heavy machinery should not enter the protected area.

4. Spoil or building materials should not be stored in the protected area.

5. Toxic material such as fuels and oils should be kept well away from the tree.

3.2 Service installation guidelines

General1. Pipes must be installed at a depth of greater than 600m below natural soil

level to the top of the pipe throughout the TPZ.

2. Service risers within a TPZ must be installed using hand or other rootsympathetic excavation methods.

3. Jointing of two sections of pipeline should be conducted outside the TPZ.4. Excavation to anchor or inspect pipes should be undertaken outside the TPZ,

or hand excavation methods must be used.

Boring

1. Entrance and exit pits must be outside TPZ’s.2. Verification of the bore depth and offset readings must be undertaken outside

the TPZ.

3. Where excavation within the TPZ cannot be avoided, then this should be doneby hand or using other root sympathetic excavation techniques. Machineryshould not be permitted within the TPZ.

4. Where possible, align the bore or trench to pass directly under the trunk of thetree.

Hand and root sympathetic excavation

1. When using hand or other root sympathetic excavation methods, carefully workaround roots, retaining as many as possible.

2. Any root greater in diameter than 50mm should not be severed without theexpress permission of the responsible arboricultural officer.

3. Prune roots which have to be removed using a sharp tool (e.g. secateurs orhandsaw). Make a clean cut and leave as small a wound as possible.

4. Pipes should be carefully threaded between the undamaged roots.5. Frost and heat can damage exposed roots. If trenches are to be left open for a

long period, cover the roots with damp hessian. Remember to remove thehessian before backfilling.

6. When backfilling a trench within a TPZ, consolidating the earth below andaround the service pipe to 95% compaction will inhibit the growth of rootsaround the service. Clean, uncompacted backfill should be used above theconsolidated region to allow roots to recolonise the soil above the service

References on root management

Bernatzky, A. 1978, Tree Ecology and Preservation. New York: Elsevier Publishing.

Biddle, P.G. (1998), Tree root damage to buildings, Willowmead Publishing,Wantage.

British Standard 5837. 1991, Guide for Trees in relation to construction. BritishStandards Institute.

City of Auckland (1999), Annexure 5 – Guidelines for works within the vicinity oftrees, City of Auckland – District plan isthmus section – operative 1999.

Coder, K. D. (1996). Relative tolerance of tree species to construction damage,University of Georgia

Coder, K. D. (2000). Soil Compaction & Trees: Causes, Symptoms & Effects,University of Georgia.

Gasson, P.E. & D.F. Cutler (1990). Tree root plate morphology. Arbor. J. 14, (3),193-264.

Gilman, E. F. (1997) Trees for urban and suburban landscapes, Dilman publishers,New York.

Grabosky, J. (2003) Compaction in tree establishment and root zone protection.Tree care industry, July 2003.

Harris, R.W, (1992), Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape trees,shrubs and vines, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Harris, R.W, Clark, J.R. & Matheny, N.P. (2004), Arboriculture: IntegratedManagement of Landscape trees, shrubs and vines, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Helliwell, D.R. 1985, Trees on Development Sites. Arboricultural Association UK.

International Society of Arboriculture (2000) Guide for plant appraisal – Council oftree and landscape appraisers (9th Edition), ISA, Champaign Illinois.

International Society of Arboriculture - UK (2001) Avoiding construction damage totrees, ISA UK&I, West Midlands.

Kramer, P. J. & Kozlowski, T. T. (1979) Physiology of woody plants. Academicpress Inc. San Diego, California.

Matheny, N. & Clark, J. R. (1998) Trees and Development – A technical guide to thepreservation of trees during land development. International Society of Arboriculture,Champaign Illinois.

Mattheck, C. & Breloer, H. (1997). The body language of trees – A handbook forfailure analysis. London: The stationery office.

Multinet Gas (2003), Multinet Gas engineering standard – Policy, directional boring,Multinet Gas.

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National Joint Utilities Group (1995). Guidelines for the planning, installation andmaintenance of utility services in proximity to trees. National Joint Utilities Group,London.

Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne & Philip Cox Sanderson (1995). Telstra CATVrollout – Guidelines for installation in the vicinity of trees. Telstra Corporation.

Savio, R. (2001) Melbourne’s indigenous plant communities, in: Flora of Melbourne,Australian plants society Maroondah– A guide to the indigenous plants of the greaterMelbourne area, Hyland house, Melbourne.

Sydnor, T. D. (N.D.) The response of Ohio’s native and naturalised trees toconstruction activity, Ohio State University, Ohio.

Tattar, T.A. 1989, Diseases of Shade Trees, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press.

Watson, G. W. & Himelick, E. B. 1997, Principals and Practices of Planting Treesand Shrubs. International Society of Arboriculture.

Appendix 7

Significant TreeNomination Form

For further information:Jason SummersOpen Space Co-ordinatorHume City CouncilTel: (03) 9205-2387

Botanical name: (if known)

Common name:

Address of tree:

Melway reference:

Position on property:

Photograph: Yes/No (attach if available)

Height: (approximately) meters

Width/canopy spread: (m) East – West (m) North – SouthTrunk diameter (cm):(1.5m from ground)

Age: (approximately)

History: (if known):

Nominator:(name and address andcontact phone number duringbusiness hours)Name and address ofOwner (if not Nominee):

Signed and dated - Nominee

Signed and dated – Owner(if not Nominee)

hume street & reserve tree technical notes sept · street & reserve tree policy 2004 -...

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