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THE EXPERTS IN HUMANISTIC THEORY

ABRAHAM MASLOW

Abraham Maslow brought to the world of psychology a fresh perspective with his concept of "hierarchy of human needs". His idea of an "authentic self", that core part of an individual that strives towards growth, is now considered one of the foundation stones of the Humanistic movement.Indeed, along with other psychologists such as Clark Moustakas, Abraham Maslow initiated "Humanism", which he referred to as the "third force" of psychology after Pavlov's "behaviorism" and Freud's "psychoanalysis".

CARL ROGERS(1902-1987)

Carl Rogers was among the most prominent American psychologists within his generation. He had a rare point of view based on human nature; this led him to originate a unique psychotherapy and gave him a different view of education.

HUMANISTIC THEORY

• Humanistic theory are more emphasized on• The traits of a person • The attitude that a person have. • The values of a person• The interest that a person have towards certain things • The moral of a person

• The humanistic theory helps the students to find their own potential or ability towards certain things.

• Helps the student to build up their moral consciousness.

a person is believed to be responsible of his own action or behavior towards the other people.

Emphasize on the personal uniqueness of a person and the nature of the individual.

Uniqueness refers to the self which is related to the concept of individual differences.

Open School

Affective Education

Client Centered Therapy

CARL ROGERS THEORY• Client centred therapy

• Phenomenology

Client Centred Therapy

• Also called as “person centred therapy”• Non-directive approach of therapy• People tend to move toward growth and healing

• Listen and try to understand how things are from the client's point of view.

• Check that understanding with the client if unsure.

• Treat the client with the utmost respect and regard.

• There is also a mandate for the therapist to be "congruent", or "transparent" - which means being self-aware, self-accepting, and having no mask between oneself and the client. The therapist knows themselves and is willing to be known.

Phenomenology • Phenomenological field:That portion of experience of which an individual

is aware.It is this subjective reality, rather than physical reality, that directs a person's behavior.

• Phenomenological reality:person's private, subjective perception or

interpretation of objective reality

Implication of Roger’s theory in Education

Person centred theory: teaching and learning

process is student centred.

Teacher as facilitator have to be more

sensitive and concern in guiding students.

Teachers should have emphatic feelings and

look at things from students’ perspective

(phenomenology).

develop their inner potential based on their self-concept. Teachers

allow students to choose their learning experience.

Carls Rogers

ABRAHAM MASLOW’S THEORY

HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

• Physiological NeedsThese include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become secondary until these physiological needs are met.

•Security NeedsThese include needs for safety and security. Security needs are important for survival, but they are not as demanding as the physiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desire for steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods, and shelter from the environment.

• Social/loveNeeds• These include needs for belonging, love, and

affection. Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security needs. Relationships such as friendships, romantic attachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, or religious groups.

•Esteem NeedsAfter the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needs becomes increasingly important. These include the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition, and accomplishment.

Cognitive Needs• The importance of mental process and people desire to have

behavior which is directed to search for knowledge and understanding

Aesthetic Needs

• Esthetic needs means able to appreciate beauty and other people. It also includes aspects of goodness, truth and justice.

Self-actualizing NeedsThis is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interested fulfilling their potential.

Characteristics of Self Actualizing(SA) People

• Realistic• Realistically oriented, self actualize persons have a more

efficient perception of reality, they have comfortable relations with it. This is extended to all areas of life. Self actualize persons are secure, unfrightened by the unknown. they have a superior ability to reason, to see the truth. They are logical and efficient.

• Acceptance• Accept themselves, others and the natural world the way

they are. Sees human nature as is, have a lack of crippling guilt or shame, enjoy themselves without regret or apology, they have no unnecessary inhibitions.

• Problem Centering• Focus on problems outside themselves, other centered.

They have a mission in life requiring much energy, their mission is their reason for existence. They are serene, characterized by a lack of worry, and are devoted to duty.

• Detachment: The Need for Privacy• Alone but not lonely, unflappable, retain dignity

amid confusion and personal misfortunes, objective. They are self starters, responsible for themselves, own their behavior.

• Autonomy: Independent of Culture and Environment

• They rely on inner self for satisfaction. Stable in the face of hard knocks, they are self contained, independent from love and respect.

• Continued Freshness of Appreciation• Have a fresh rather than stereotyped appreciation

of people and things. Appreciation of the basic good in life, moment to moment living is thrilling, transcending and spiritual. They live the present moment to the fullest.

OPEN CLASSROOM

• Open classroom is also known as open education.• It is an informal system of education

where this system is more focused on student centred learning.• It also have low teacher student ratio

and the arrangement of learning timetable also did not follow the traditional education timetable.

• The open education timetable is mostly not rigid and emphasize more on developing the student personal skills.• The open education usually more

focused on humanistic aspects has no examination, no administration system, no progress report and only have basic facilities.

•According to Horwitz,1979; in Lefrancois,1994, Studies show that students who followed open education were more creative, cooperative and better self-concept and the development of higher self-esteem (Elias dan Elias;in Schubert and Baxter, 1982) compared to students from the traditional education system.

• All the learning and teaching are focused on the students need, experience, and their living style.

PRINCIPLES OF HUMANISTIC THEORY

Affective domain Self-Concept

CommunicationPersonal

choice and evaluation

AFFECTIVE DOMAIN• "The affective domain describes the way people

react emotionally and their ability to feel another living thing's pain or joy. Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotion, and feelings"

• Emphasis not only on acquisition of knowledge but also on feelings, emotion and thinking.

SELF-CONCEPT• The self concept is how we think about and evaluate

ourselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself.

• The term self-concept is a general term used to refer to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves.

• As a teacher, they need to monitor any action that need to be taken on student will not affect their self concept.

• According to Purkey in Lefrancois, 1994, stated that teacher’s attitude and behavior either inviting or disinviting will influence the formation of students’ self-concept.

Communication

• The communication is extremely important in developing the student self concept.

• Students value learning with their communication strengths• Access to visual information

• Need in developing positive relationships among people.

• When Communication is Effective• Learning is easier• Goals are more likely to be met • Opportunities emerge for expanded learning • Students and faculty connect better •More positive perceptions influence• overall college experience

Personal choice and evaluation

• A human have their own right to choose or do something that they want as long as they did not interfere with other human.

• In a classroom, the teacher should not strictly asked to do everything that she wanted to as it will affect the student.

• Students choose what they want and need to study so that they are motivated to achieve the goal.

- Humanistic educators do not emphasize feedback through examination results. What is emphasized is self-evaluation (students determine the achievement of their learning objective).

Summary

major contribution is teacher’s attitude not their approach or methods of teaching.

An educator must be humanistic with emphasize on love, concern, open communication, with genuineness, empathy and warmth.