human security. 1.the concept of human security 2.human security and humanitarian interventions...

HUMAN SECURITY

1.The concept of human security

2.Human security and humanitarian interventions

3.Human security and relations between stakeholders

4.Human security and the duty to influence political affairs

PART I: The concept of human security

Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security

Traditional

security

Human

security

The state

The individual

Integrity of the state

Integrity of the

individual

Interstate war

Nuclear proliferation

Revolution

Disease

Poverty

Violence

…..

Types of Security

ObjectProtection

ofThreats

Challenge of balancing Human Security and State Security

Since the end of the Cold War, armed conflicts have increasingly taken place within, and not between, states. National security remains important, but in a world in

which war between states is the rare exception, and many more people are killed by their own governments than by foreign armies, the concept of 'human security' has been

gaining greater recognition.

Unlike traditional concepts of security, which focus on defending borders from external military threats, human

security is concerned with the security of individuals.

National & Human Security

This is not to say that national security, traditionally defined, is any less relevant.

- On the contrary, security between states remains a necessary condition for the security of people. And yet, the security of a state cannot in itself guarantee the security of its people.

- The concept of human security not only helps us evaluate the effectiveness of our security policies, it also highlights the importance of preventive action to reduce vulnerability and points the way for remedial action, where prevention fails.

NATO's new security vocation (1999)

Lloyd AxworthyForeign Minister of Canada

Looking at factors affecting human security

For some proponents of human security, the key threat is violence; for others the threat agenda is much broader, embracing hunger, disease and

natural disasters. Largely for pragmatic reasons, the Human Security Centre has adopted the narrower

concept of human security that focuses on protecting individuals and communities from violence.

Human security must go beyond the traditional concept of physical security as a result of conflict. My definition of human security includes the elimination

of poverty, ensuring access to basic education and health services, the protection of children, the promotion and protection of human rights, the

eradication of disease and the preservation of the environment.

Maria MinnaMinister for International Cooperation

Ottawa, Ontario- October 15, 2001

Safety from chronic threats and protection from sudden hurtful disruptions in the pattern of daily life

Human Development Report (1994)

Seven types of security

• economic security

• food security

• health security

• environmental security

• physical security

• community security

• political security

Human security: Definition

In essence, human security means safety for people from both violent and non-violent threats. It is a

condition or state of being characterized by freedom from pervasive threats to people's rights, their

safety, or even their lives.

HUMAN SECURITY:

SAFETY FOR PEOPLE IN A CHANGING WORLD

(April 1999)

Human security: Definition

Human security means protecting vital freedoms. It means protecting people from critical and pervasive

threats and situations, building on their strengths and aspirations. It also means creating systems that give people the building blocks of survival, dignity

and livelihood.

Outline of the Report of the Commission on Human Security

Press release May 1, 2003

Human Security

Economic security

Health security

Environmental security

Physical security

Community security

Political security

Poverty

Diseases

Violence

……..

Empowerment

Building better systems

Remove threats

Concept of Human Security

JICA’s Development Assistance

for Human Security

June 2005

--- In order to address direct threats to individuals such as conflicts, disasters, infectious diseases, it is important not only to consider the global, regional, and national perspectives, but

also to consider the perspective of human security, which focuses on individuals. Accordingly, Japan will implement

ODA to strengthen the capacity of local communities through human resource development. To ensure that human dignity

is maintained at all stages, from the conflict stage to the reconstruction and development stage, Japan will extend

assistance for the protection and empowerment of individuals.(ODA charter) ---

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

Human Security is a people-centered approach to foreign policy which

recognizes that lasting stability cannot be achieved until people are protected from violent threats to their rights, safety or

lives.

Our objective is to build a world where universal humanitarian standards and the rule of law

protect all people; where those who violate these standards are held accountable; and where our

international institutions are equipped to defend and enforce those standards. In short, a world where people can live in freedom from fear.

The ICRC and Human Security

Assistance & Human Security

Economic Security

Health ServicesWater & Shelter • Economic Security

• Secure access to health services

• Secure a safe environment

Insecurity by ….

Economic Security

Health ServicesWater & Shelter • Limiting access to health services

• Prohibiting access to health services

• Insecurity in accessing health services

Lack of capacities

Health & Human Rights

•Prohibiting, limiting access to health services is in itself a violation of the rights of people

•In armed conflicts violations of human rights may well extend to violations of the integrity of people

Individual & Community Integrity

Forced displacements

Sexual violences

Disappearances

Torture

Splitting families

Ethnic cleansing

Integrity

. Individual

- Physical

- Psychological

. Community

- Family

- Cultural

- Etnic

…..

Integrity

Economic Security

Health ServicesWater & Shelter

ICRC & Human Security

• Limiting access to health services

• Prohibiting access to health services

• Insecurity in accessing health services

• ….

• Forced displacements

• Ethnic cleansing

• Torture

• Disappearance

• Extra judicial killing

• …..

A Global ApproachICRC

Interventions

Integrity

Economic Security


Human Security

Concept of Human Security & ICRC

IHL embodies human security in that it basically holds that people must be granted the most essential personal security and provided with services necessary for their survival in dignity.

By combining activities to promote respect for the law with operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create conditions whereby the civilian population can fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their lives in relative safety and dignity despite the volatile and dangerous environment in which they happen to find themselves.

Prevention and protection is thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by the Commission.

A. Gnaedinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan Dec. 2005

PART II: Human security and humanitarian interventions

A Key question:

Is Human Security a Political Concept or a Humanitarian

Concept ?

Providing Assistance to an Affected Populations in Armed Conflicts

Providing health services

Providing water

Psychosocial support

Immunization

Providing food support

Providing economic support

Providing shelter

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

Humanitarian Interventions

Crisis Armed Conflict

Dissemination IHL

Dealing with human rights violations (sexual violences)

Monitoring HR

Preventing HR violations

Assessing conduct of hostilities

Humanitarian Diplomacy

Humanitarian Interventions

Human Security

ofAffected

PopulationProviding health services

Providing water


Immunization



Providing shelter

Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions

Crisis Armed Conflict Transition

Preventive diplomacy

Coercitive diplomaty

Demobilization of soldiers

Peacekeeping operations

Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo

Peace enforcement with military means

Organization and monitoring of elections

Conduct of hostilities

Democratization

Conflict resolution

Organizing the Police

Dissemination IHL


Monitoring HR





Providing water


Immunization



Providing shelter

Humanitarian Management

of a Crisis

Political Management

of a Crisis

Crisis Management and Humanitarian Interventions






Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo




Democratization

Conflict resolution


Dissemination IHL


Monitoring HR





Providing water


Immunization



Providing shelter

Humanitarian Management

of a Crisis

Political Management

of a Crisis

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

NGOs in Afghanistan

Afghanistan: A Call for Security

June 17, 2003

We the undersigned humanitarian, human rights, civil society and conflict prevention organizations call

on the international community to accord NATO a robust stabilization mandate in Afghanistan. This

mandate should include the expansion of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to key locations and major transport routes outside of Kabul and the active support for a comprehensive program of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of

all militia forces outside the control of the central government. Current efforts to train representative, professional Afghan national security forces must be

accelerated.

NATO & Humanitarian Interventions

A humanitarian intervention is an armed intervention in another state, without the

agreement of that state, to address (the threat of) a humanitarian disaster, in particular

caused by grave and large-scale violations of fundamental human rights.

This definition was adopted by a NATO seminar in

Scheveningen on the topic in November 1999.

Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities



Conflict Prevention


Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo



Conduct of Hostilities

Democratization

Human Right Promotion


Dissemination IHL



Assessing violations of IHL

Looking for the missing

Tracing family members

Supporting social services

Early Warning

Education

Adapting National Law

Protection of the POW


Advocacy


Conflict resolution

Belligerants

States

UN General Assembly

UN Security Council

PK Forces, NATO

Private companies

USAID

ECHO

Medias

Human rights organisations

National Societies of RC/RC

UNHCR

UNICEF

WHO

NGOs

ICRC

Political H

um

anitarian

Confusion in the Identity of stakeholders and activities



Conflict Prevention


Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo




Democratization



Dissemination IHL







Early Warning

Education




Advocacy


Conflict resolution

Belligerants

States

UN General Assembly

UN Security Council

PK Forces, NATO

Private companies

USAID

ECHO

Medias



UNHCR

UNICEF

WHO

NGOs

ICRC

Political H

um

anitarian

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

Of course, in defending our values, we also defended our strategic interests. Even a year before the air campaign, the ongoing oppression in Kosovo was

causing a threat to peace and security in the Balkan region, including massive floods of refugees in

neighbouring countries and even artillery exchanges across borders. Thus, our strategic interest in

preventing the conflict from spreading coincides with our humanitarian interest in stopping ethnic cleansing.

Together, these interests required action -- and after diplomacy failed, we took action.

Lord Robertson, NATO Secretary General,

to the Atlantic Treaty Association

Strabourg Oct. 1999

To clarify the confusion

Concept of Humanitarian & Political Frameworks

Based on:. Principles. Law. Means

• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

• Independence

• Proportionality to needs

• No political interests

• No economic interests

Humanitarian Framework

• Long term commitment

• Consent from the Parties

• Humanity

• Impartiality

• Neutrality

• Independence

• Proportionality to needs

• Possible political interests

• Possible economic interests

Political Framework

• Consent from the Parties: Y or N

International Humanitarian

Law

Human Right Law

Refugee Law

International Humanitarian

Law

Human Right Law

Refugee Law

Charter of United Nations

(Chapter 7)

Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations

Political agreements

between States

NATO Resolutions


Political Framework

Legal Framework

Human SecurityAffected

Population

Diplomatic means

Use of Armed forces

Logistic means

Legal Means

Media means

Financial means

Economic means


Political Framework

Means of Actions


Population

Definition of a Humanitarian Framework

Humanity

Impartiality

Neutrality

Independence

Proportionality to needs

IHL, HR Law

Diplomatic means

Logistic means

Legal Means

Media means

Financial means

Economic means


Population

Definition of a Political Framework

UN res. NATO Res. …. IHL, HR Law

Humanity

Impartiality

Neutrality

Independence

Proportionality to needs

Political interests

Economic interests

Long term commitment

Consent from the Parties

Diplomatic means

Use of Armed forces

Logistic means

Legal Means

Media means

Financial means

Economic means


Population

CIMIC

• Establish and maintain full cooperation with the civilian population and institutions to provide greatest possible moral, material and tactical advantages to the commander

• Create and sustain conditions which support a lasting solution to the crisis

MC 411 NATO CIVIL-MILITARY CO-OPERATION (CIMIC) POLICY 1-1

CIMIC - UK

UK's CIMIC Policy is to enable a more coherent military contribution to the achievement of UK and/or international objectives in response to conflict, crises or potential crises

D/JDCC/20/8/1 dated 06 Feb 03

CIMIC - USA

... facilitate the military operations, and to consolidate and achieve operational US objectives.

US Joint Pub 1 -02 amended Aug 02

Actors & Frameworks

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

PART III: Human Security and Relationship between

Stakeholders

Relations between Stakeholders



Conflict Prevention


Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo




Democratization



Dissemination IHL







Early Warning

Education




Advocacy


Conflict resolution

Belligerants

States

UN General Assembly

UN Security Council

PK Forces, NATO

Private companies

USAID

ECHO

Medias



UNHCR

UNICEF

WHO

NGOs

ICRC

Political H

um

anitarian

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

. The ICRC and Authorities

. The ICRC and "Humanitarian" Military Interventions

. The ICRC and UN

Impact of the Concept of Human Security on Relationship of the ICRC with other Stakholders

The ICRC & Authorities

The authorities have the responsibility to guarantee the security of their

people

Authorities

Human Security

Y N

Y N

Willingness to fullfill Responsibilities

Capacities to Provide Services

Y N

Provision of Services

Pattern of responsibilities is fullfilled

Vital needs are met

ICRC Strategies and Lack of Capacities

Economic Security


Substitution

Support

Denunciation

Persuasion

Mobilisation

ICRC Strategies and Willingness to Violate the Right to have Access to….

Economic Security


Substitution

Support

Denunciation

Persuasion

Mobilisation

Violation of Rights Stop Violations Respect of People's rights

Violations of People Integrity

Perpetrators

Integrity

+ Influencial Stakeholde

rs

- Influencial Stakeholde

rs

To stop violations

Integrity

To stop Violations: the ICRC

Substitution

Support

Denunciation

Persuasion

Mobilisation

Integrity

Economic Security


UN & Human Security

Diplomatic means

Logistic means

Legal Means

Media means

Financial means

Substitution

Support

Denunciation

Persuasion

Mobilisation

Our objective is to build a world where universal humanitarian standards and the rule of law

protect all people; where those who violate these standards are held accountable; and where our

international institutions are equipped to defend and enforce those standards. In short, a world where people can live in freedom from fear.

To stop Violations: States

To stop Violations: UN

• Coercitive diplomaty

• Peacekeeping

• Peace enforcement

Integrity

Substitution to services

which normally are supposed to

protect people

Integrity

Economic Security


UN & Human Security

Substitution

Support

Denunciation

Persuasion

Mobilisation

Diplomatic means

Use of Armed forces

Logistic means

Legal Means

Media means

Financial means

Economic means

Not linked to

UN & ICRC

In touch with

Integrity

Economic Security


PART IV: Human security and the duty to influence

"political affairs"

Human Security and the Influence of Humanitarian Actors on Political Actors

• Economic embargo

• Conduct of hostilities

Political management of the crisis

Economic support & Economic Embargo

Economic embargo

Armed forces / groups

UN: Security Council

PK forces

States

Belligerants

……….

ICRC

National RC/RC societies

IOM

UNICEF

NGOs

WHO

………

Stable situation Crisis Armed Conflict Transition Stable situation

Humanitarian consequences of economic embargo

Monitoring the impact of economic embargo


Human Security

ofAffected

Population



Providing water


Immunization



Providing shelter






Embargo on weapons

Economic embargo




Democratization

Conflict resolution


Dissemination IHL

Dealing with sexual violences

Monitoring HR




Armed forces / groups

UN: Security Council

PK forces, NATO

States

Belligerants

……….

ICRC

National RC/RC societies

IOM

UNHCR

NGOs

WHO

………

Human Security

ofAffected

Population

ICRC and Human Security

The ICRC a bit reluctant to refer to human security as an ICRC working concept, mainly not to be seen as part of a political concept developed by UN

– States.

Thank you

http://www.humansecuritygateway.info/

For follow-up activities on the Commission on Human Security, its report and the Advisory Board on Human Security, please go to the website of the Human Security Unit (HSU)

The Human Security Report 2005, Human Security Center

The Human Security Bulletin is the flagship bilingual on-line publication of the Canadian Consortium on Human Security (CCHS)

Human Security now: Protecting and Empowring people - Published August, 2003 UN

NATO's new security vocation Web edition - Vol. 47 - No. 4 - Winter 1999 -p. 8-11

Bibliography

Henry Dunant believed that the security of people mustn’t be superseded by the security needs of states and governments. In that, Henry Dunant was one of the early proponents of what we call Human Security. Today it is Japan who carries forward that vision through its foreign policy emphasis on Human Security as a complement to traditional state security. As Ms Ogata writes,

in the past, security threats were assumed to emanate from external sources. State security focused mainly on protecting the state – its boundaries, people, institutions, and values – from external attacks. She also notes that internal, intra-state armed conflicts make

up the majority of today's conflicts and the traditional interstate wars have become a rarity. Today it is internal violence - sometime carried out by transnational actors - that is the primary source of human insecurity.

As the Commission for Human Security pointed out, threats to Human Security are manifold: direct and indirect threats, sudden and pervasive risks and threats. From a humanitarian point of view, human security is a function of threats to the integrity of individuals and communities. Above and beyond the basic medical and nutritional needs, sexual violence, forced displacement,

separation of families, ethnic cleansing, disappearances, torture and ill-treatment all have an impact on the physical and psychological integrity of individuals as well as cultural, ethnic, and family-related integrity of communities. These are our

precisely among our main areas of work.

With your permission I would like to use two key words in the Commission’s definition of Human Security - Protection and Empowerment - to illustrate what IHL stands for and what the International Committee of the Red Cross, in the footsteps of

Henry Dunant, does in its everyday endeavour to protect and assist victims of armed conflict around the globe.

The Commission notes that Human Security is deliberately protective and recognises that people and communities are deeply threatened by events largely beyond their control. Civilians are indeed the main casualties of armed conflicts today.

The ICRC aims to be at the forefront of the international community's response to the humanitarian needs of persons affected by conflict. Our humanitarian action is primarily based on needs and, guided by the principle of impartiality, we follow an "all

victims approach" and give priority in our response to the most vulnerable people and to the most essential needs. IHL embodies human security in that it basically holds that people must be granted the most essential personal security and provided with

services necessary for their survival in dignity.

By combining activities to promote respect for the law with operational activities in the field, the ICRC above all seeks to create conditions whereby the civilian population can fend for themselves, remain in their homes, and lead their lives in relative safety and dignity despite the volatile and dangerous environment in which they happen to find themselves. Prevention and protection

is thus a major aspect of our work, inline with the fundamental idea of Human Security as defined by the Commission.

A. Gnadinger. Dir/GEN ICRC – Japan - Dec. 2005

human security. 1.the concept of human security 2.human security and humanitarian interventions...

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