NON TRADITIONAL / NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY THREATSHUMAN SECURITY THREATSIN SOUTHEAST ASIAIN SOUTHEAST ASIA30 November 201530 November 2015

NESTOR Z OCHOAAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLICAMBASSADOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES TO THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC

OUTLINERegional Scan (Comparative Statistics)g ( p )

N T diti l / H S it th Non-Traditional / Human Security: the Concept

Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges Non-Traditional / Human Security: Challenges in Southeast Asia

Conclusion and Way Aheady

REGIONAL SCANREGIONAL SCAN(Comparative Statistics)(Comparative Statistics)

Population Density (2014)

9000

Population Density (2014) (Number of people per square kilometer)

600070008000

400050006000

00020003000

01000

Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu

COUNTRY Population density (2014)(people/sq km)

SINGAPORE 7,988PHILIPPINES 359PHILIPPINES 359

VIETNAM 282INDONESIA 133INDONESIA 133THAILAND 132MALAYSIA 91MALAYSIA 91CAMBODIA 85MYANMAR 82MYANMAR 82

BRUNEI 73LAOS 29

GREECE 81EU 116 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; ec.europa.eu

Note: EU figure is based on 2013 data.

COUNTRY GDP per capita PPP (2014)

SINGAPORE 82,763.4BRUNEI 76,753.6,

MALAYSIA 24,951.1THAILAND 14 551 7THAILAND 14,551.7

INDONESIA 10,517.0PHILIPPINES 6 982 4PHILIPPINES 6,982.4

VIETNAM 5,629.0LAOS 5 320 4LAOS 5,320.4

MYANMAR 4,800.0CAMBODIA 3 259 3CAMBODIA 3,259.3GREECE 26,098.8

EU 34,500 (2013)Source: indexmundi.com; data.worldbank.org

Population below poverty line

40,00%45,00%50,00%

2 00%30,00%35,00%40,00%

15,00%20,00%25,00%

0 00%5,00%

10,00%,

0,00%

Source: cia.gov

COUNTRY Population below poverty line

MYANMAR 32.7% (2007)PHILIPPINES 25.2% (2012)( )

LAOS 22.0% (2013)CAMBODIA 17 7% (2012)CAMBODIA 17.7% (2012)THAILAND 12.6% (2012)VIETNAM 11 3% (2012)VIETNAM 11.3% (2012)

INDONESIA 11.3% (2014)MALAYSIA 3 8% (2009)MALAYSIA 3.8% (2009)

SINGAPORE N/ABRUNEI N/ABRUNEI N/AGREECE 44.0% (2013)

EU 16.4% (2010)Source: cia.gov

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITYNON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

END OF THE COLD WAREND OF THE COLD WAR marked a monumental shift in the thinking of securityin the thinking of security.

PEOPLE and INDIVIDUALS as new referents of SECURITY

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY (UN Human Development Report, 1994)

-“freedom from fear and freedom from want”- freedom from fear and freedom from want

-“safety from chronic threats”y

-“protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the tt f d il lif ”patterns of daily life”

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY(Human Security Now 2003, UN Commission on Human Security)

-“ to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways- …to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment.”

-“Security of people — their physical safety, their economic and social well-being, respect for their di it d th h b i d th t tidignity and worth as human beings, and the protection of their human rights and fundamental freedoms.”

NON-TRADITIONAL / HUMAN SECURITY

HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR’94)HUMAN SECURITY: 7 Areas (UNHDR 94)

- Economic Security- Food SecurityFood Security- Health Security- Environmental Security- Personal SecurityPersonal Security - Community Security- Political Security

NON –TRADITIONAL / HUMAN

SECURITY CHALLENGESSECURITY CHALLENGES

IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

TERRORISMTERRORISMSow fear to achieve objectivesDisregards innocent human lifeKid iKidnapping, bombings, hijackings and h t t kihostage-takingInternational networknetworkWeapons of Mass Destruction

(ASG hostages, 2014)

PIRACYAttack and robbery

t

PIRACYat seaEndangers trade, tourism and transportation which are dependent on vital sea lines of communicationCan fund terrorismCan fund terrorismCan imperil global economy

HUMAN AND DRUG TRAFFICKING

Perpetrated by persons normally associated with international syndicates.Can escape weak and passive legal checkspassive legal checks and bureaucratic loopholesloopholesCan give rise to illegal migrationmigration

NATURAL DISASTERSEffects comparable toEffects comparable to war devastation

Relief efforts and disaster management are difficult responsibilities that

(ST Haiyan; Ph; 2013)

responsibilities that push the military and civilian authorities tocivilian authorities to their limits.

PANDEMICS

E d th t t t d dEndanger the most unprotected and vulnerable sectors of the societyvulnerable sectors of the society

(Avian Flu; Vietnam; 2005)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES

(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)

Haze

(Haze; Malaysia; 2015)

a eOverfishingGlobal Warming

(Drought; Thailand; 2014) (Overfishing; Indonesia; 2009)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental Hazards

BRUNEI Seasonal haze from Indonesia

CAMBODIA Illegal logging; soil erosion; declining biodiversity and fish

stocks; overfishingINDONESIA Deforestation; water pollution;

hhazeLAOS Unexploded ordnance;

deforestation; soil erosiondeforestation; soil erosionMALAYSIA Air pollution caused by

industrial and vehicularindustrial and vehicular emissions; deforestation;water pollution from raw p

sewage; haze from Indonesia(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards

MYANMAR Deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and t i d t it tiwater; inadequate sanitation and water treatment

PHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; airPHILIPPINES Deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution in major

urban centers; coral reef d d ti ll ti fdegradation; pollution of

coastal mangrove swamps

SINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limitedSINGAPORE Industrial pollution; limited natural freshwater resources;

limited land availability t t di lpresents waste disposal

problems; seasonal haze from Indonesia

(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Extreme Environmental HazardsEnvironmental Hazards

THAILAND Air pollution from vehicle emissions; water pollutionemissions; water pollution from organized and factory wastes; deforestation; soil ; ;

erosion; illegal huntingVIETNAM Deforestation and soil

degradation; water pollution and overfishing; groundwater

t i ti d dicontamination; degradingenvironment due to urban

industrializationindustrializationGREECE Air and water pollution

(Source: cia.gov)

COUNTRY Internal armed conflictBRUNEI none

CAMBODIA noneINDONESIA Armed resistance in Papua

(Free Papua Movement)LAOS none

MALAYSIA noneMYANMAR Ethnic armed groupsg p

(KIO, NMSP, SSPP/SSA, KNU, KNPP, CNA, LDU,

ANC PNLO TNLA WNOANC, PNLO, TNLA, WNO, MNDAA)

(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)

COUNTRY Internal armed conflictPHILIPPINES C i t iPHILIPPINES Communist insurgency

(CPP-NPA-NDF; RJs)S tiSeparatism

in southern Philippines(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)(MNLF; MILF; BIFF)

Local Terrorist Group: ASGSINGAPORE noneSINGAPORE noneTHAILAND Ethno-nationalist insurgency along

the Thai Malaysian borderthe Thai-Malaysian border(Patani-Malay

National Revolutionary Front)at o a e o ut o a y o t)

VIETNAM noneGREECE noneGREECE none

(Source: cia.gov; crisisgroup.org)

COUNTRY Specific Pandemic tl i drecently experienced

(2009)BRUNEIBRUNEI

CAMBODIAINDONESIAINDONESIA

LAOSAH1N1

Flu PandemicMALAYSIAMYANMAR

PHILIPPINESSINGAPORETHAILANDVIETNAM

(Source: unaids.org)

COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNSBRUNEI Terrorism/sabotage, transnational crimes

CAMBODIA Human traffickingINDONESIA Illegal and unregulated fishing; piracy and g g g y

robbery; human trafficking; LAOS n/a

MALAYSIA Piracy; illegal immigrants; human trafficking; kidnapping and terrorism;

MYANMAR Human trafficking; PHILIPPINES Human and drug trafficking; piracy; illegal fishing

kidnapping/terrorism; smuggling; poaching SINGAPORE Piracy and armed robberyTHAILAND Human trafficking; drug trafficking;

terrorism; piracyVIETNAM Illegal fishing

Sources: cia.gov; aseanregionalforum.asean.org; apcss.org

COUNTRY MARITIME SECURITY CONCERNS

GREECE Drug trafficking; smugglingEU Piracy and armed robbery; illegal fishing; y y; g g;

human trafficking; smuggling of migrants; arms trafficking and narcotics; terrorism

POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS

LAND/ MARITIME/ AIR BORDERS

-porous; “borderless” (e.g. haze; disease)

-facilitate movement of “unwanted elements”

-jurisdiction issues between and among states

POLICY O CCONSIDERATIONS

STATE CAPACITY

-Governments, the business sector, and civil , ,society, are the lead actors.“Software” (policy and legal frameworks)- Software (policy and legal frameworks)

-“Hardware” (physical capabilities)-Regional and global linkages

CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD

INTELLIGENCE FUSION

- Sharing of information between governments, S a g o o at o bet ee go e e ts,non-government organizations, and international institutions

- Exchange of threat perceptions- Countering terrorism misinformation

and propagandaand propaganda

CONCLUSION CO C US OAND WAY AHEAD

- Sharing of best practicesSharing of experts/expertise- Sharing of experts/expertise

- Partnering in global/multilateral actions- Functional cooperation in ASEAN-EU

ministerial engagementsministerial engagements- ASEAN Political-Security, Economic, and

Socio Cultural Community BlueprintsSocio-Cultural Community Blueprints- ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)- Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!