Human Control of Human Control of SystemsSystems

Chap 10Chap 10

Human Control of SystemsHuman Control of Systems

►Compatibility Compatibility

►Tracking Tracking

►Supervisory Control Supervisory Control

CompatibilitCompatibilityy

Degree to which relationships are consistent wDegree to which relationships are consistent with human expectationsith human expectations

CompatibilityCompatibility learning learning, error, error, RT, RT, Com, Compatibilitypatibility satisfaction satisfaction

相容性有各種不同程度；有可能互相矛盾相容性有各種不同程度；有可能互相矛盾

► Spatial CompatibilitySpatial Compatibility► Movement CompatibilityMovement Compatibility

CompatibilityCompatibility−−SpatialSpatial

► Physical Similarity of Displays and ControlsPhysical Similarity of Displays and Controls Signal panels & Response panels Signal panels & Response panels Fig 10-1Fig 10-1

Function keys: monitor – keyboard Function keys: monitor – keyboard Fig 10-2Fig 10-2

► Physical Arrangement of Displays and ControlsPhysical Arrangement of Displays and Controls Control-burner arrangements of stove Control-burner arrangements of stove Fig 10-3Fig 10-3 Tab 10-1Tab 10-1

PerformancePerformance≠ Chosen ≠ Chosen ( II( II ＞＞ III ) ( IIIIII ) ( III ＞＞ II )II )

Sensor lines Sensor lines error=0, but RT > offset (I) error=0, but RT > offset (I) Fig 10-4Fig 10-4

CompatibilityCompatibility

►Movement CompatibilityMovement Compatibility RRotary Controls and otary Controls and RRotary Displays in the otary Displays in the SSame Planeame Plane

RRotary Controls and otary Controls and LLinear Displays in the inear Displays in the SSame Planeame Plane

Movement of Displays and Controls in Movement of Displays and Controls in DDifferent Planesifferent Planes

Movement Relationships of Movement Relationships of RRotary Vehicular Controlsotary Vehicular Controls

Movement Relationships of Movement Relationships of PPower Switchesower Switches

Orientation of the Orientation of the OOperator and perator and MMovement Relationshipsovement Relationships

DiscussionDiscussion

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovemeMovementnt

► RRotary Controls and otary Controls and RRotary Displays in the otary Displays in the SSame Planeame Plane

Fixed ScaleFixed ScaleClockwise turn of ControlClockwise turn of Control

Clockwise turn of Display (pointer)Clockwise turn of Display (pointer)

(increase the value)(increase the value)

Fixed Pointer Fixed Pointer Fig 10-5Fig 10-5

− 1. Scale rotate = Movement of Control1. Scale rotate = Movement of Control

− 2. Scale: L2. Scale: L R R increase increase

− 3. Clockwise (control) 3. Clockwise (control) increase increase

重要性：重要性： 1>2>31>2>3

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovementMovement

► RRotary Controls and otary Controls and LLinear Displays iinear Displays in the n the SSame Plane ame Plane Fig 10-6Fig 10-6

Warrick’s PrincipleWarrick’s Principle

Scale-side PrincipleScale-side Principle

Clockwise – for – Increase PrincipleClockwise – for – Increase Principle

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovemeMovementnt► Movement of Displays and Controls in Movement of Displays and Controls in DD

ifferent Planesifferent Planes Control: rotaryControl: rotary

− Clockwise – for – Increase PrincipleClockwise – for – Increase Principle− 螺絲類比：螺絲類比： ClockwiseClockwise away from away from CounterclockwiseCounterclockwise toward toward

Stick-type Control Stick-type Control Fig 10-7Fig 10-7

− Best: Up-Up, Down-DownBest: Up-Up, Down-Down− Worst: Up-DownWorst: Up-Down

Recommended Recommended Fig 10-8Fig 10-8

Safer: fore-up, aft-downSafer: fore-up, aft-down

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovemeMovementnt

► Movement Relationships of Movement Relationships of RRotary Vehicular otary Vehicular Controls Controls Fig 10-9Fig 10-9

Most vehiclesMost vehicles

Shuttle cars for underground coal minesShuttle cars for underground coal mines

► Movement Relationships of Movement Relationships of PPower Switchesower Switches

On: On: Up (chosen: 97%) > Right (71%) > Away (52%)Up (chosen: 97%) > Right (71%) > Away (52%)

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovemeMovementnt

► Orientation of the Orientation of the OOperator and perator and MMovement Relovement Relationships ationships Fig 10-10Fig 10-10

1. Control-Display Compatibility1. Control-Display Compatibility

2. Visual-Motor Compatibility2. Visual-Motor Compatibility

3. Visual-Trunk Compatibility3. Visual-Trunk Compatibility

重要性：重要性： 2 (V-M) > 3 (V-T) > 1(C-D)2 (V-M) > 3 (V-T) > 1(C-D)

CompatibilityCompatibility−−MovemeMovementnt

► DiscussionDiscussion

Not universalNot universal

Standardized; logical & explainable relationshipStandardized; logical & explainable relationship

Empirical testEmpirical test

TrackingTracking

► InputInputs and s and OutputOutputs in Trackings in Tracking

► PursuitPursuit and and CompensatoryCompensatory Displays in Tracking Displays in Tracking

► Control Control OrderOrder of Systems of Systems

► Control Control ResponseResponses with Various Control Orderss with Various Control Orders

► Human Human LimitationLimitations in Tracking Taskss in Tracking Tasks

► Factors That Factors That InfluenceInfluence Tracking Performance Tracking Performance

► Procedures for Procedures for FacilitatingFacilitating Tracking Performance Tracking Performance

TrackingTracking An An inputinput specifies the desired specifies the desired outputoutput of the system of the system

► Inputs and Outputs in TrackingInputs and Outputs in Tracking

InputsInputs− Can be constant or variableCan be constant or variable

− Received directly from environmentReceived directly from environment

− Input signal = TargetInput signal = Target

− Movement of target = CourseMovement of target = Course

− Elementary inputs: sine, step, ramp Elementary inputs: sine, step, ramp Fig 10-11Fig 10-11

Outputs Outputs

TrackingTracking

► Inputs and Outputs in TrackingInputs and Outputs in Tracking InputsInputs

Outputs Outputs − Display: follower, cursorDisplay: follower, cursor

− Outward behavior of the system (e.g. car)Outward behavior of the system (e.g. car)

− Controlled element Controlled element (( 上述兩項的總稱上述兩項的總稱 ))

TrackingTracking

► Pursuit and Compensatory Displays in TrackingPursuit and Compensatory Displays in Tracking Target = Controlled element : “On target” Target = Controlled element : “On target” Fig 10-12Fig 10-12

Pursuit: Pursuit: 呈現 呈現 Target & Controlled elementTarget & Controlled element

Compensatory: Compensatory: 只呈現 只呈現 differencedifference

Pursuit Pursuit 之優點之優點−可分離 可分離 Movement of target, controlled elementMovement of target, controlled element

−可看到 可看到 Target courseTarget course

Compensatory Compensatory 之優點：之優點：節省空間節省空間

TrackingTracking

► Control Order of SystemsControl Order of Systems

Hierarchy of control relationships between the Hierarchy of control relationships between the movement of the control & the output it controlsmovement of the control & the output it controls

Position (Zero-Order) ControlPosition (Zero-Order) Control

Rate (First-Order) ControlRate (First-Order) Control

Acceleration (Second-Order) ControlAcceleration (Second-Order) Control

Higher-Order Control Higher-Order Control − Sequence of chain-reaction effectSequence of chain-reaction effect

TrackingTracking

► Control Responses with Various ContrControl Responses with Various Control Orders ol Orders Fig 10-11Fig 10-11

Zero-order, 1st-order: Zero-order, 1st-order: 佳佳 2nd-order: 2nd-order:

原因原因−ＨＨ igher-order igher-order 動作多動作多− (e.g.) step input(e.g.) step input

TrackingTracking

► Human Limitations in Tracking TaskHuman Limitations in Tracking Taskss Processing TimeProcessing Time

− Zero-, 1st-order: Zero-, 1st-order: 150-300150-300 ms ms

− 2nd-order: 2nd-order: 400-500400-500 ms ms

Bandwidth Bandwidth (( 變化頻率）變化頻率）− 0.5 0.5 ~ 1 Hz (Central processing limit)~ 1 Hz (Central processing limit)

Anticipation Anticipation − Higher-order: Higher-order: 差差

TrackingTracking

► Factors That Influence Tracking PerformanceFactors That Influence Tracking Performance Preview of Track AheadPreview of Track Ahead

− Immediately procede (Immediately procede (0.50.5 s) > Lagged preview s) > Lagged preview

− Enable operator to compensate for time lagsEnable operator to compensate for time lags

Type of Display: Pursuit vs. CompensatoryType of Display: Pursuit vs. Compensatory− Pursuit > Compensatory Pursuit > Compensatory Tab10-2 Fig 10-13Tab10-2 Fig 10-13

−原因：原因： separate effect, greater movement compatibilityseparate effect, greater movement compatibility

− Digital display: no differenceDigital display: no difference

TrackingTracking► Factors That Influence Tracking Factors That Influence Tracking

PerformancePerformance

Time Lags in TrackingTime Lags in Tracking− Degrade operator performanceDegrade operator performance

− Working memory & Anticipate future eventWorking memory & Anticipate future event− Types: Response lag, Control-system lag Types: Response lag, Control-system lag Fig 10-14Fig 10-14 , ,

Display-system lagDisplay-system lag

Specificity of Displayed Error in TrackingSpecificity of Displayed Error in Tracking− SpecificitySpecificity Performance Performance Fig 10-16Fig 10-16

Paced vs. Self-Paced TrackingPaced vs. Self-Paced Tracking− Self-Paced > PacedSelf-Paced > Paced

TrackingTracking

► Procedures for Facilitating Tracking PerfoProcedures for Facilitating Tracking Performancermance Aiding Aiding (effect: limited)(effect: limited)

Predictor Displays ***Predictor Displays ***− Present state + Predicted future statePresent state + Predicted future state

− (e.g.) submarine, airplane landing (e.g.) submarine, airplane landing Fig 10-17 10-18Fig 10-17 10-18

QuickeningQuickening−只呈現 只呈現 future consequencesfuture consequences

−缺點：不知當時，錯誤 缺點：不知當時，錯誤 on target on target 印象印象

Supervisory Supervisory ControlControl Degree of automation Degree of automation Tab 10-3Tab 10-3

► Supervisory RolesSupervisory Roles

► Future Implications of Future Implications of Supervisory ControlSupervisory Control

Supervisory Supervisory ControlControl

► Supervisory RolesSupervisory Roles Sheridan Sheridan (1987):(1987): 5 major categories of behaviors 5 major categories of behaviors

− Planning Planning − TeachingTeaching− MonitoringMonitoring− InterveningIntervening− Learning (troubleshooting)Learning (troubleshooting)

Behavior Taxonomy of RasmussenBehavior Taxonomy of Rasmussen (1983)(1983)− Skill-based (Information as Signal)Skill-based (Information as Signal)− Rule-based (Sign)Rule-based (Sign)− Knowledge-based (Symbol: conceptual model, mentKnowledge-based (Symbol: conceptual model, ment

al model)al model)

Supervisory Supervisory ControlControl

► Future Implications of Supervisory Future Implications of Supervisory ControlControl

Less capable of intervening in the control of Less capable of intervening in the control of the system during an emergencythe system during an emergency

Lack the necessary skills required to take Lack the necessary skills required to take controlcontrol

Possibility of human error during an Possibility of human error during an emergency: increaseemergency: increase

Long-term Social Implications Long-term Social Implications (Sheridan, 1980, (Sheridan, 1980, 1987)1987)

Supervisory Supervisory ControlControl

► Future Implications of Supervisory ControlFuture Implications of Supervisory Control Long-term Social Implications Long-term Social Implications (Sheridan, 1980, 1987)(Sheridan, 1980, 1987)

— UnemploymentUnemployment— DesocializationDesocialization— Remoteness from the productRemoteness from the product— DeskillingDeskilling— Intimidation (Intimidation ( 脅迫脅迫 ): ): 犯錯犯錯代價代價— Discomfort in the assumption of powerDiscomfort in the assumption of power— Technological illiteracyTechnological illiteracy— MystificationMystification— Sense of not being productiveSense of not being productive— Eventual abandonment of responsibility Eventual abandonment of responsibility