human-centered design methodology petra badke-schaub peter lloyd remko van der lugt norbert...
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Human-centered Human-centered Design MethodologyDesign Methodology
Petra Badke-Schaub Petra Badke-Schaub Peter Lloyd Peter Lloyd
Remko van der LugtRemko van der LugtNorbert Roozenburg Norbert Roozenburg
Design Theory and MethodologyDesign Theory and MethodologyFaculty of Industrial Design Faculty of Industrial Design
EngineeringEngineering
team under construction
1. Past: Research Issues and Projects Research Methods
2. Future: Design Methodology: Limitations Research Programm
outline
Aim: Understanding the design process
a. Reflective practice in designb. Sketching during idea generationc. Discourse analysis of design
processesd. Ethical decision-making
1. the past 5 years
Theoretical basis: reflective practice (Schön, 1983)
Empirical studies: Valkenburg 2000: analysis of design groups Kleinsmann 2005: analysing barriers and
enablers of shared understanding in a multidisciplinary project team in industry
McDonnell, Lloyd and Valkenburg 2004: VALiD project – Video Assisted Learning in Design: A team of designers filmed their own design process
and edited a film of the design process from the footage Learning through watching the own footage, selecting
'important' bits and compiling the edited film.
a. Reflective practice in design
Aim: evaluation of the use of methods in particular phases of design
Empirical studies: van der Lugt (2001, 2002): analysed the
relation between sketching and idea generation using linkography how are ideas deriving from visual information how are they associated to, and built on, earlier
ideas in the session.
b. Sketching during idea generation
c. Discourse analysis of design processes
Aim: evaluation of the use of words, concepts and assumptions during the design process
Empirical studies:– Lloyd and Busby 2001: in design practice– Lloyd 2002: in television programmes about
design processes– Lloyd 2003: commentary on the design
process (story telling)
d. Ethical decision-making
Aim: to analyse ethical judgments in the design process
Empirical studies:– Lloyd and Busby 2003: analysis of
discussions and conversations of designers and the ethical assumptions they use.
– Results: • ethical judgments in technical disciplines are
closely related to aesthetic judgements • discourse in design is highly normative
how to get meaningful results?
“People who write about methodology often forget that it is a matter of strategy, not of morals. There are neither good nor bad methods, but only methods that are more or less effective under particular circumstances in reaching objectives on the way to a distant goal.” (Homans, 1949)
Research methods
Focus: – understanding designing as a human activity
Protocol analysis of design activity:– verbal and non-verbal aspects of individual
design processes – communication of design teams
Challenge:– Protocol analysis is based on large quantities
of empirical data two problems:
• to manage the data effectively• to analyse the data meaningful
Research methods
Data Management– Linkography, a way of analyzing protocols of design
activity developed by Goldschmidt (1996)• setting links between moves, and then analyzing the
resulting link structure– Software Interact: direct coding of video footage
without transcribing the videotapes; segmentation on events or on time sampling; overlapping codes,…
Data Analysis– segmentation of the design process, depending on the
matter of interest– the main emphasis is to create a categorization system
relating to the research question: THEORY– meaningful ways to interpret the data
Research methods
2. Future
Design Methodology: Limitations
Research Programm
Design methodology
provides insight into the complete process
gives structure to the design process
provides rules and methods during the design process
proposes general strategies of solving problems independently of a branch of industry
An example
Design Methodology: Limitations
3 laboratory teams and one team in industry have been observed during their collective design process
communication has been recorded and analysed sentence-by-sentence
each utterance has been classified according to the focus (content vs. process) and the action (solution generation, ...)
Two strategies dealing with solution ideas
Strategy 1 new solution idea - no further analysis - immediate decision on the solution idea
methodological perspective: ideas should be first analysed and then evaluated: – a premature rejection
may discard a good solution idea
– a premature adoption of a solution idea may prove later as inadequate
questions ormisunderstanding?
generate idea
evaluate idea
solutionsatisficing?
alternative solution/s?
analyse idea
accept idea
+
+
+
-
-
-
Two strategies dealing with solution ideas
Strategy 2
failure of process 1 lack of common
understanding critical group
members (advocatus diaboli)
reflection use of methods
generate idea/s
evaluate idea
solutionsatisficing?
alternative solution/s?
analyse idea/s
accept idea+
+ -
-
Limitations: Rational model
Two basic assumptions:
1. humans are perfect information processors the designer is able to analyse the advantages
and disadvantages of any alternative the designer is able to evaluate the objective
consequences of each alternative the designer is able to select the alternative with
the maximum utility
2. an optimal solution can be determined complete information is available
Empirical Results: Designers rarely do follow these predefined procedures
information is disregarded information is forgotten alternatives are not listed completely consequences are neglected
instead of 1. rationality -> bounded rationality2. maximising utility -> satisficing
utility (Simon, 1956)
Limitations
1. does not relate to cognitive and motivational characteristics
2. does not relate to situational characteristics, such as time-constraints
3. does not relate to the social context, such as cooperation and conflict
Humans tend to reduce complexity in order to reduce cognitive load.
Perceived difficulty of a task and the non-availability of solutions reduce one’s feeling of competence and self-efficacy.
Design methodology
Human information processes
Design methodology: aims to provide the designer with a well-structured procedure and support in applying available design techniques.
needs
Theories of human thinking and acting in complex environments. -
develops and applies theories about human behaviour in different contexts
Psychology
Network of designing
designing as a form of complex problem solving in an environment with various interconnected influences
understanding design needs to ‘identify’ this network of designing. That means design research has to encompass the various fields
Organisational context Product
Group context
Individual designer
Design process
Task / Problem
information transferdecision making
demandsnovelty
experiencecreativity
heterogeneitygroup climateleadership
project management
innovativenesfulfilment of requirements
O rganisationa l context P roduct
G roup context
Ind ividua l des igner
Task / P rob lem
An integrated research approach
Theoretical level
empirical evaluation of theories and
methods
Empirical level Applied level
adaptation and development of
methods
human-centred design methodology
Integration of proven concepts and
modification by the empirical data
adaptation and integration of
theoretical concepts
Evaluation of hypotheses about the
thinking and acting processes
Adaptation of existing methods and development of new methods
information transferdecision making
demandsnovelty
experiencecreativity
heterogeneitygroup climateleadership
project management
innovativenesfulfilment of requirements
O rganisationa l context P roduct
G roup context
Ind ividua l des igner
Task / P rob lem
Project: Mental models in design teams
Individual How do mental models as individual unique
constructions develop during designing?
Group How do design teams establish common
mental models? How do design teams integrate different mental models? When and how do design teams modify mental models?
Organizational context How efficient is the use of a guideline
supporting the adequate use of mental models in design practice?
Lots of interesting issues remain for the next 5 years