human a&p
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Unit 1 – Organization of the Human Body. Human A&P. I. Anatomy and Physiology. Body structures and the relationship between structures. Anatomy is defined as_______________________ _________________________________________ ie . What the parts___________!) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
HUMAN A&P
Unit 1 – Organization of the Human Body
I. Anatomy and Physiology
A. Anatomy is defined as________________________________________________________________
ie. What the parts___________!)
B. Physiology is defined as _______________________________________________________________
(ie. How the parts__________!)
Body structures and the relationship between structures
ARE
Body Functions
WORK
C. Structure (_______________) and Function (_____________) are closely tied together.1. Structure _____________function
Ex. What is the function of the skull?
Explain the structure of the skull?
ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY DICTATES
To protect the brain.
It is hard and does not move. It surrounds the brain.
II. Types of Anatomy
A. Gross Anatomy - ____________________________
___________________________________________
Structure viewed with the naked eye.
Ex. sheep heart
B. Microanatomy - ________________________________
______________________________________________
Structure viewed under magnification
Ex – bone tissue
C. Regional Anatomy - ____________________________
_____________________________________________
all structures for a given area (both gross and microanatomy)
Ex. Head and neck
D. Systemic Anatomy - ____________________________
______________________________________________
all of the structures for a given organ system (includes gross anatomy and microanatomy)
Ex. – Respiratory System
III. Levels of Body OrganizationA. Chemical
1. ___________________ - especially C, H, O, N
2. ___________________-water, carbs, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)
Atoms
Compounds
B. _______________________ 1. ______________- the basic unit of structure and function of living things
a. Cells contain _________________ that perform certain functions
b. Cells differ in their _____________ and _________________.
CELLULAR Cells
organelles
structurefunction
Ex. Nerve cells are long and thin to carry info
C. _______________________1. Tissue -____________________________________
___________________ (there are four types – epithelial, connective, muscular, & nervous……which we will study in detail in a later unit)
TISSUE A group of cells that work together to perform a certain task
D. _____________________1. Organs - ___________________________________
__________________________________________
Have 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform a certain function
Ex – the stomach has epithelial tissue inside and outside and muscle tissue between them. It also has nervous tissue and blood (which is connective tissue.) They all work together to help you digest your BIG MAC!
ORGANS
E. _____________________1. Organ Systems - ____________________________
__________________________________________2. The Major organ systems of the human body
are:1. __________________
7.___________________2. __________________
8.___________________ 3. __________________ 9.___________________
4.__________________ 10. __________________
5. __________________ 11.__________________
6. __________________
A group of organs that work together to perform the same function
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Integumentary Skeletal Nervous Muscular
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic Digestive
Respiratory
Urinary Reproductive Endocrine
a. Organ systems work with each other to ___________ the organism.maintai
n
Ex – digestive system
F. _____________________1. ___________________________________________
__________________________________________
All of the organ systems combine to form the organism (such as a human)
ORGANISMAL
IV. 6 Life Processes in HumansA. Metabolism - ______________________________
__________________________________________1. Types of metabolisma. Anabolism - __________________________ _____________________________________
b. Catabolism - ___________________________ ______________________________________
The sum of all chemical reactions in the body
when simple molecules join to make larger molecules requires energy (ATP)Ex – monosaccharides join to make glucose when large molecules break into into simpler ones releases energy (ATP)
Ex – breaking down glucose into CO2 and H2O
B. _________________________ - the ability of the body to react to a changing internal and external environment
C. _______________________ - Including that of the entire body, body parts, cells and organelles within the cells.
D. ________________________ - an increase in body size due to increasing the number of cells, the size of cells, or the amount of material around the cells.
RESPONSIVENESS
MOVEMENT
GROWTH
E. _________________________- when unspecialized cells (like _______________) develop into a specific cell type such as a white blood cell or a muscle cell.
F. __________________________ - production of new cells or an entire new human.
DIFFERENTIATIONSTEM CELLS
REPRODUCTION
V. Body Plan
A. Anatomical Position - _________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Subject stands in front of the observer with head and feet facing forward, arms down at side and palms out to the observer
B. Major Regions of the Body
Head (cephalic)Neck
(cervical) Trunk Upper Limb
Lower Limb
C. Minor Body Regions 1. Head (cephalic)
Forehead (frontal)
Eye (orbital)
Ear (otic)Cheek (buccal)
Nose (nasal)Mouth (oral)
Chin (mental)
2. Neck (cervical)
There is none
3. Upper Limb
Armpit (axillary)
Upper arm (brachial)
Front of elbow (antecubital) Forearm
(antebracheal)Wrist
(carpel) Palm (palmer)Fingers
(digital)
Shoulder (acromial)
Manual = wrist, fingers and palm
4. Lower Limb
Thigh (femoral)
Kneecap (patellar)
shin (crural)
Ankle (tarsel)Toes (digital)
Foot (pedal)
Hollow behind knee (popliteal)Calf (sural)
Heel (calcaneal)Sole (plantar)
5. Trunk - anterior
Chest (Thoracic)
Abdomen (Abdominal)Pelvis (pelvic)
Breast (mammary)Naval (umbilical)
Pubis (pubic)
Hip (coxal)
Groin (inguinal)
5. Trunk - posterior
Shoulder blade (scapular)
Back (dorsal)
Loin (lumbar)
Buttock (gluteal)
Spinal Column (vertebral)
Between Hips (sacral)
VI. Directional TermsA. Why?
______________________________________
___________________________________________
We need these in order to describe the position of one part as compared to the position of another part.
TERM Definition Example
** The terms ventral and anterior are synonymous in humans, but not in four legged animals.
Superior or Cranial Toward the head
Inferior or caudal Toward the feet
Ventral or anterior Toward or at the
front of the body (in front of)Dorsal or posterior Toward or at the
back of the body
(behind)
TERM Definition Example
Proximal Closer to the origin of the body part on the body trunk
Distal Farther from the origin of a body part on the body trunk
Superficial or External Toward or at the body surfaceDeep or Internal Away from the
body surface
TERM Definition Example
Medial Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral Away from the
midline of the body
YOU NEED TO ADD THIS TO YOUR NOTES!
Prone: _________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Supine:_____________________________________________________________________________________
When the subject is lying with the ventral surface down (“Face down”)When the subject is lying with the dorsal surface down (“Face up”)
VII. Types of Body Planes A. ____________________ - divides the body
horizontallyTransverse
B. ____________________ - divides the body into front and back (anterior/ventral and posterior/dorsal)
Frontal
C. ____________________ - divides the body into EQUAL right and left halves
Midsagittal
D. ____________________ - divides the body into UNEQUAL right and left halves
E. ____________________ - Cuts at an odd angle
Parasagittal
Oblique
VIII. Body Cavities
A. Definition: _________________________________
__________________________________________
Space inside the body to contain, protect, separate and support internal organs
Thoracic Cavity
Abdomino-pelvic Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
B. Ventral Body Cavity
Mediastinum Cavity (contains parts of trachea, esophagus & bronchi)
Right Pleural Cavity (contains right lung)
Left Pleural Cavity(contains left lung)
Pericardial cavity(contains heart)
1. Sub-Cavities within the Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity (contains digestive organs, liver, spleen & kidneys) Pelvic Cavity(contains urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs & rectum)
2. Two Sub-cavities of the Abdomino-pelvic cavity
C. Dorsal Body Cavity
Cranial Cavity(contains brain)
Vertebral Cavity(contains spinal cord)
Dorsal Body Cavity
Right Upper Quadrant(RUQ)Unique to the gall bladder & contains majority of the liver
IX. Body Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Right LowerQuadrant(RLQ)Unique to the appendix & contains part of large intestines & small intestines
Left UpperQuadrant(LUQ)Contains majority of the stomach
Left LowerQuadrant(LLQ)Contains small intestines & large intestines