a&p principles of microbiology and human disease (nursing)- powerpoint
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A&P Principles of Microbiology and Human Disease (Nursing)- PowerPointTRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 22MICROBIOLOGY
DEFINITIONS
• Pathogen
• Opportunist
• Spores
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Fungi
• Worms
• Arthropods
BACTERIA
• Simple • Single-celled• Most are not harmful to
humans• Some cause human
bacterial diseases: – Examples:
VIRUSES• Smaller, simpler
structure
• All parasites
• All cause disease
• Common human viral diseases:– Examples:
PROTOZOA
• Single-celled• Natural habitats
– Fresh water– Salt water
• Human protozoan parasites– Malaria– Amebic desentery– Pneumocystis
pneumonia
FUNGI
• Unicellular/multicellular• Decomposes organic matter in the soil
and fresh water and help recycle nutrients
• Fungal disease– Ringworm (skin)– Yeast infection– Meningitis
WORMS
• Multicellular • Non-pathogenic• Infestation
– Trichinosis– Hookworm– Tapeworm
ANTHROPODS
• Multicelluar
• Vectors of disease
• Infestations– Mites– Ticks– Scabies
NOMENCLATURE
• 2 names– Genus
• 1st
• Capitalized• Often abbreviated with
1st letter
– Species
• Example: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
NORMAL FLORA
• Resident flora– Transient flora– May become pathogenic if:
• Functions:– 1.– 2.
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
• Caused by:– Microorganisms; OR – Toxins of microorganisms
• Reproduction of microorganism happens in the host
• Factors– Virulence of _______– Resistance of _______
DEFINITIONS
• Clinical infections• Symptoms• Subclinical• Reservoirs• Incubation period• Prodromal period• Invasion period• Acme• Self limiting
TYPES OF INFECTION
• Localized• Systemic• Bacteremia• Septicemia• Acute• Chronic• Secondary infection• Nosocomial infections• Endogenous infections
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Definition:
• Epidemic
• Endemic
• Pandemic
PORTALS OF ENTRY & EXIT
Portal of entry:
Portal of exit:
Spread of disease:
RESERVOIRS OF INFECTIONS
• Carrier:
• Zoonoses:
– Examples:– Rocky Mtn spotted fever,
lyme disease, rabies, plague
SPREAD OF INFECTION
• NON –COMMUNICABLE – Resident species causes disease under
certain condition; OR– Non- resident species causes disease
when it enters the body– Cannot spread directly or indirectly from
host to host– Example: cystitis, tetanus, botulism
SPREAD OF INFECTION
• COMMUNICABLE– Some may be called “Contagious” – Easily spread by casual contact– Direct spread of pathogens
• Cutaneous contact• Respiratory droplets• Contaminated blood
– Indirect spread of pathogens• Contaminated food & water: Vectors• Fomites: inanimate objects
METHODS OF CONTROL OF MICROBES
• Disinfection
• Antiseptics
• Disinfectant– Bactericides– Bacteriostatic
• Sterilization
• Ionizing radiation
PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
FOOD• Pasteurization
• Inspections
WATER• Diverting human
sewage away from water supply
• Chlorinating water
EMERGING DISEASES & BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
• Increasing awareness– Lyme disease, Ebola, West Nile, SARS– http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=p19Wsi47JFQ
• Biological weapons– Anthrax– Smallpox: – http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=1iXfZ1eYdtA
THE PATHOGENS
BACTERIA
• SHAPES– COCCUS (round)
– BACILLUS (rod)
– SPIRILLUM (coils)
• ARRANGEMENT– STAPHYLO
(clusters)
– STREPTO (chains)
– DIPLO (pairs)
DEFINITIONS
• Binary fission• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOyUcjqcGpQ
• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic– Facultatively anaerobic
• Gram stain: + or –– How cell wall responds to stains
• Culture & sensitivity
• Resistance
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS
• CAPSULE
• SPORES
• TOXINS
– Neurotoxins
– Endotoxins
ANTIBIOTICS
• Broad spectrum
• Narrow spectrum
• Action of antibiotics
• Possible side effects
VIRUSES
–Not cells• DNA or RNA
surrounded by protein shell
–Host specific
–Obligatory intracellular parasites
Viruses
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFl3FRNpU4E&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbYwNOcKqqc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1mJYaPQDtM&feature=related
ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS
• AZT• Acyclovir• Ribavirin• Medication must be able to enter
infected cells to be effective• Viruses uses the cell’s DNA to
replicate.
FUNGI
– Fungi may be unicellular, like yeasts, or multicellular, like the molds.
– In small numbers, yeasts are part of the resident flora of the skin and mucous membranes.
– Molds reproduce by forming spores.
DEFINITIONS
• SAPROPHYTES
• MYCOSES- may be superficial (skin & mucous membranes) or systemic (gained access to the interior of the body)
• CANDIDA ALBICANS
ANTIFUNGAL MEDS
• Amphotericin b
• Ketoconazole
• Fluconazole
• Griseofulvin
PROTOZOA
– Entamoeba and Giardia are spread by the fecal-oral route in contaminated food or water.
– Trypanosoma causes African sleeping sickness.
– Plasmodium causes malaria.
– Toxoplasma may cause abnormalities in a developing fetus.
– Pneumocystis causes pneumonia in AIDS patients.
Protozoa
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLI2WeUGWlc
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqjMYEfViKA&feature=related
MEDICATIONS
• Metronidazole
• Pentamidine
WORMS
– Flukes or tapeworms are usually acquired by eating poorly cooked fish or meat that contains cysts.
– Hookworms live in the small intestine, feed on blood, and may cause a severe anemia.
– Pinworm infestation of the colon is probably the most common worm infestation in North America.
– Trichinella is acquired by eating poorly cooked pork or wild game that contains cysts.
Worms
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zrn7jTqKBFs
ARTHROPODS
– Lice are vectors of epidemic typhus.– Fleas are vectors of plague.– Mosquitoes are vectors of malaria, yellow
fever & encephalitis.– The scabies mite causes intense itching
when it burrows into the skin.– Wood ticks are vectors of Rocky
Mountain spotted fever.– Deer ticks are vectors of Lyme disease.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7OZUSfTh6M&feature=related
THE END OF A&P! Just for fun….
• Nerve impulses can travel up to 426 feet per second
• 450,000 people die in the US r/t smoking related diseases: like a jumbo jet crashing each day with no survivors
• One kidney filters 180 quarts of fluid each day• Your heart beats over 36 million times per year• You have 110,000-150,000 hairs on your head
• You have over 16,000 miles of capillaries• Each strand of hair can support 100 g of
weight, so, you could support the weight of 2 elephants on your head
• You have about a quarter of a million sweat glands on your feet
• Your eyes can see approximately 7 million shades of color
• Due to its sterile nature, urine could be used to clean a wound when no antiseptic is available