human anatomy and physiology i chapter 1. cramming is a sure path to failure ! read ahead attend...
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Human Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 1
Cramming is a sure path to failure !
Read ahead Attend class and pay attention!! Review within 24 hours Study a little at a time Study often “Do something” with the material : make
flashcards, draw diagrams, make up songs.
You will learn a new language, made up of reusable and interchangeable parts.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluco – sugar - glucose
Neo - new
Genesis - to make, produce or generate
The production of new glucose moleculesfrom other, non-sugar, substances.
Glucosuria
Gluco – sugar (glucose)
Uria - urine
An abnormal amount of sugar in the urine
Hematuria
Uria - urine
Hemato - blood
Blood in the urine
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body, and the relationship among structures.
This is the what and where of the body.
In Greek:ana means “up”temos or tomos means “cutting”
Divisions• Gross Anatomy – observation of large
anatomical structures without the use of instrumentation or equipment
• Microscopic Anatomy – study of cells (cytology)and tissues (histology)
• Systemic Anatomy – study of anatomy that focuses on learning about body
systems
Physiology is the study of how the body functions.
The “how” is often on a chemical level.
Typically the structure of an organ determinesits function.
In Greek:physis means “nature”logos means “science or study”
How do we know something is alive ?
Characteristics of Life:
1.Order
2.Reproduction, Growth, and Develop
3. Regulation
4. Sensitivity
5.Homeostasis
6.Evolve
Homeostasis is maintaining a fairly constantinternal environment in spite of a changingexternal environment.
All body systems attempt to maintainhomeostasis.
Metabolism: sum total of all the chemical and physical reactions that occur in the body to maintain homeostasis
Feedback loops
1. Control center
2. Receptors that monitor changes
3. Effectors (muscles or glands) receive information from the control center and produce a response
Negative feedback reverses (opposes) changes (Sweating, shivering, etc.)
Positive feedback brings a process to completion (accelerates process)Ex. childbirth
Disease is a homeostatic imbalance.
Symptoms are subjective changes that are not apparent to an observer.
Signs are objective changes which can beobserved or measured.
pathology: study of diseases
etiology: study of all factors involved in causing a disease
syndrome: collection of different signs and symptoms
acute: sudden and short chronic: develop slowly and last
idiopathic: disease of undetermined causes
epidemiology: study of diseases in human population
endemic: disease native to a local region
epidemic: when disease spreads to many Individuals at the same time
pandemic: disease affects large geographicregions – perhaps worldwide
Body Types
• Somatotype: categories of build or physique
1.Endomorph: heavy, rounded with lots of fat in trunk and thighs
2.Mesomorph: muscular
3.Ectomorph: thin, fragile with little body fat
• Anatomic position- the assumed body position whenever there is any reference to a description of any region or part of the human body
• 1. body is standing erect (upright position)
• 2. body is facing the observer
• 3. arms are placed at the sides of the body
• 4. palms of hands are turned forward
• 5. feet are flat, on the floor, and pointing forward
Positional Terms
• Superior – “above”• Inferior – “below”• Anterior – toward the front• Posterior – toward the back• Medial – toward the midline• Lateral – toward the sides• Proximal – closer to the torso• Distal – farther from the torso
Body Sections
• Sagittal – any plane that cuts the body into right and left sides
–Midsagittal – plane that divides equally
–Parasagittal – plane that divides unequally
Midsaggital
Parasaggital
• Transverse – horizontal plane that cuts into upper and lower portions.
• Frontal (Coronal)– vertical plane that cuts into front and back sections
Transverse
Coronal (Frontal)
Specific Body Regions:
AXIAL: head, neck, torso
APPENDICULAR: all appendages (see page 13)
Body Cavities
• Cranial – brain cavity• Spinal (vertebral) – spine• Thoracic – heart and lungsA. left and right pleural (lungs)B. mediastinum (heart, esophagus,
trachea, bronchi, etc,) • Abdominal (sometimes called
“abdominopelvic cavity”)– “guts”
Thoracic and abdominopelvic membranesline the body cavities and surround organs
Visceral refers to the membraneclosest to the organs.
Parietal refers to the membrane that lines
the body walls (cavities)The pleura surrounds the lungs
The pericardium surrounds the heart
The peritoneum surrounds the abdominalorgans