Huei-Lin Huang2010/12/27

Reference:Izard, C. E., Younstrom, E. A., Fine, S. E., Mostow, A. J., & Trentacosta, C. J. (2006). Emotions and Developmental Psychopathology. In Cicchetto, D. and Cohen, D. J. (Eds.). Developmental Psychopathology, second edition. Volume 1: Theory and Method. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Emotions and Developmental Psychopathology

Outline Approaches to the study of emotions and psychopathologyEmotion regulation and dysregulation and psychopathologyNeurobiological processes in emotion regulation and psychopathologyIndividual and social processes in emotion regulation and psychopathologyCausal processes in psychopathologyEmotion and the development of psychopathology in infancy and early childhoodEmotion and depressionExternalizing behavior problemsAutismConclusionFuture directions

INTRODUCTION

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A full understanding of the processes that lead to normal development and psychopathology requires a multifaceted approach

These disciplines range from molecular biology and neurophysiology to social psychology and behavioral ecology

The scope of research in these domains includes study of neural, perceptual, cognitive, social, and overt behavioral (action) processes

Forces drive the processes of self-organization

Within and across neural, perceptual-cognitive, and action systems adds Within the individualIn individual-environment transaction

(Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Izard, Ackerman, Schoff, & Fine. 2000)

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INTRODUCTION

Motivational process associated with emotions are major players:

In self- organization within and across systemsIn self-regulationIn determining the adaptiveness of developmental trajectories

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INTRODUCTION

Self-regulation:The roots of psychopathology Attentional/cognitive regulationEmotion regulationRegulation at the neurobiological level

(Calkins & Fox, 2002; Posner & Rothbart, 2000)

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INTRODUCTION

Functions of emotions:Critical to survival and adaptationPlay a key role in goal-directed behavior

Dysfunction in any of the emotion systems (e.g., Interest, joy, sadness, anger, fear, shame, guilt) may contribute to the development of psychopathology

(Izard, 1977; Lazarus, 1991)

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INTRODUCTION

Executive function Basic emotion to motivate a particular type of cognition and action Inherent capacity to motivate adaptive cognition and actionPerson and contextual factors

can alter this capacity and prevent its realization

(Izard & Ackerman, 2000)

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INTRODUCTION

Coordination of the components of emotion: to the connections among the emotion, cognitive, and action systems--

Lack of coordination among emotion components (e.g., Emotion arousal and feelings without emotion expression in schizophrenia)Maladaptive intersystem connections (e.g., Anger and shame linked to aggression and violence in delinquent youth)Psychopathological processes :the role of

emotions as causes and consequences of psychopathology

Poor inter- system connections: tend to vitiate the inherently adaptive functions of emotions

(Ackerman, Abe, & Hard, 1998)9

INTRODUCTION

Normative developmental tasks in the context of personality and social functioning :

Coordinating emotion arousalEmotion motivationNonverbal and verbal emotion expression

(Abe & Izard, L999a; Izard Et Al., 2000)

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INTRODUCTION

Effective coordination of emotion processes depends on:

The intensity of the stimulusThe emotion-eliciting situationThe way the executive functions of emotions The executive functions of the cognitive systemsAdaptive connections between the emotions and cognitive systemsFor example, it might prove quite adaptive to

suppress the expression of anger feelings in response to provocative remarks by a person in authority

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INTRODUCTION

An approach emphasizing the social functions of emotion

(Keltner & Kring, 1998)Emotions represent adaptations to problems in forming and maintaining relationshipsEmotion expressions elicit responses from

othersCoordinating aspects of social interactionsEmotion experiences gauge the significance

of events and responses in social contextsEmotions provide a wealth of information relevant to interpersonal interactions, conflict resolution, and social adjustment

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Disturbances in emotion experience or expression impact relationships negatively and contribute to various forms of psychopathologyDeficits in approach-related emotion systems or motivation for social contact contributes to depressionDiminished emotion expressivity to the uncoordinated social interactions in schizophrenic individualsHeightened fear and diminished positive emotion to social phobiaDeficient emotion regulation to borderline personality disorderEmphasis on the problems created by deficits or limitations in the social functions of emotions

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

The role of the social functions of emotions in psychopathology

Intrapersonal functions of emotionsIn motivating and organizing the thought and action involved in individual adjustment and personality development and functioning

Emotion thresholdsEmotion-related personality factors

(Fredrickson, 2000, Izard, 2002; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Evans, 2000)

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

A dimensional approach (Kring & Bachorowski, 1999)

Two broad dimensions: approach and withdrawalTheory rooted in neuropsychological research (Davidson, 1992; Davidson & Tomarken, 1989; Gray, 1979, 1982. 1995)

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Persons with psychopathology (depression, anxiety disorders, psychopathy, and schizophrenia)Functions of emotions in remain comparable to normal individualsDeficits occur in any one of the components in emotion processes: inability to achieve one or more emotion functions in an adaptive fashion

Perception, experience, intensity, or display

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Behavior activation and behavioral inhibition Systems (Gray, 1978, 1995)

Approach and withdrawal motivation systems (Davidson, 1994)

Depression relates to deficits in the approach motivation system (Depue, Krauss, & Spoont, 1987)Anxiety disorders to disturbances in the withdrawal motivation system (Barlow, 1988; Gray, 1978)Psychopathy to dysfunction in both the approach/behavioral activation system (strong) and withdrawal/inhibition system (weak)Schizophrenia to problems in both the activation/approach systems and the inhibition/withdrawal systems (Fowles, 1994)

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Pathological conditions cannot be explained in terms of dysfunction in a single motivation system, a single dimension of emotionally, or a single component of emotion processes

Depression: combination of high negative affect and low positive affectSchizophrenia: a diminished emotion expression and possibly diminished emotion experience as well (Earnst & KRING, 1999)Psychopathy: a discordance between emotion experience and its verbal articulation as well as disjunction between components of the emotion process (Cleckley, 1941)

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Other approach:Focused on the social functions of emotions( Keltner And Kring, 1998)Emotionality as assessed in temperament and personality (Rothbart et al, 2000)A framework of affective dimensions, Krrng And Bachorowski (1999)

Largely in relation to research on adultsUnique emotion characteristics or emotion-related cognitive or behavioral do not correlates for each diagnostic category

Lack of disorder-specific emotion features may reflect the underlying dimensional nature of psychopathologyThe fuzzy boundaries between the criteria

that attempt to separate categories of psychological disorders

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APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF EMOTIONS AND

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Link the emotion systems functioning and nosological categoriesIndividual functions of emotions and social functions of emotions

Two types of functions do not constitute orthogonal sets of emotion characteristicsSome functions of particular discrete emotions apparently have more direct influence on personality or individual functioning than on social functioningE.G., Individual- or self-oriented shame motivation toward self-improvement (Tomkins, 1963)

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The Present Approach to Understanding the Role of

Emotions in Psychopathology

Stage-salient emotionsAdaptive functions (see Abe & Izard., 1999a, and Izard, 1991, for reviews)

Healthy young infants: Smiling readily and frequently and at virtually anyone

who enters their perceptual field Growth-inducing social interaction and gain social support

Dysadaptive and psychopathology (Abe & Izard. 1999b)

Dysregulated, either under- or overregulatedToddlerhood:High- Intensity and frequent expressions of anger

and sadness Neuroticism at age 3.5 years

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Emotion-Cognition Relations: NeuroscienceBasic processes

Brain systems can generate and sustain emotional behavior in the absence of any cognition other than perceptual discrimination (ledoux, Sakaguchi, & Reis, 1984)

Individual differences in modularity (Simons, Fitzgibbons, & Fioriton, 1993)

What is the significance of modular and relatively independent functioning of the emotion systems

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Nature of the perceptual, cognitive, or information-processing bias

characterizes aggressive children, psychopathic youth, and adults with anxiety disorders (Crick & Dodge, 1994; mcnally, 1996; Schultz, hard, & Ackerman. 2000)

Bias signal dysfunction in brain systems concerned mainly with perception, cognition, and information processing associated with rational decision making Deficit in emotion systems and emotion information processing (Schultz et al., 2000)

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Emotion socializationSignal problems in both emotion systems and cognitive processesThe development of emotion-cognition relations can be studied using “experiments in nature” (see Cicchetti, 2002)

In the research on children with Down syndrome, autistic people, and children who have experienced maltreatment

Both children with Down syndrome and children who experienced maltreatment use fewer words to express internal states, including words referring to emotion in self and other

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Ability to express verbally one’s own and others’ feelings(Denham. 1998; Izard, 2002)

A hallmark of early emotional development A predictor of later social competence

A normally developing children, internal state language correlated with play behaviors, but this relation did not hold for the children with Down syndrome (Beeghly & Cicchetti. 1997)

Intersystem connections emerge between cognitive-language abilities and socio-emotional regulatory behaviors for normally developing children

Delayed and diminished for children with Down syndrome

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Autism (Baron-Cohen, 2003)

Dissociation between emotion and cognition In brain imaging of people with Autism during an

emotion recognition taskCognitive ‘systemizing” dominates and empathetic processing is less prominent Brain regions (Baron-Cohen et al., 1999)

Cognitive processing (i.e., temporal lobes) show increased activation

Emotion-processing regions (i.e., amygdala) show decreased activation

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Emergence of intersystem connections between emotion and cognition

hallmark of normal emotional developmentWhen these connections fail to develop, problem behaviors are likely to emerge, even for children without developmental disorders

In abusive and impoverished environments( Pollak, Cicchetti, Klorman, & Brumaghim, 1997)

Children who experience abuse show –Abnormal emotion-processing patternsSensitivity to anger

o Adaptive in the home environment o Maladaptive in other contexts (e.g., peer interactions

at school)

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Maltreated children’s problems (Beeghly & Cicchetti, 1997)

The delayed development of internal state languageFrequent experience of negative emotionSensitivity to anger cues Do not cohere with the cognitive ability to

communicate these experiences verbally

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Emotions, Culture, and Socialization ProcessesCultural factors and socialization Affect the way that emotions influence the development of

psychopathology and the emergence and meaning of symptoms

Appraisals vary across cultures (Izard, 1971; Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Matsumoto, 1990)EmotionsAttitudes toward emotionsEmotion labelsEmotion conceptsEmotion expressionsCause variations in the relations between emotions and

psychopathology

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Psychasthenic (Shweder, 1988)

Interchangeable diagnoses Set of symptoms leads Chinese psychiatrists to diagnose a patient as psychasthenicVery similar set of symptoms and underlying biochemical changes lead American psychiatrists to diagnose the patient as depressive.

Cultural psychologyPsychasthenic patients in China

Have different affective-cognitive structures Suffer in significantly different ways from depressives in the United States

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Within cultures, variations in socialization practicesIndividual differences in children’s ability to express and regulate emotions

Socialization involving extreme forms of parent-child interactions like abuse or maltreatment

Impede emotional developmentAlter neurobiological stress-response systemsIncrease the likelihood of psychopathology

(Cicchetti, 1990, 2002; Cicchetti & Rogoach, 2001a, 2001b; Shipman & Zeman, 2001)

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Expressing EmotionInfancy: begin to develop a characteristic style of expressing

emotionsthe frequency of expression of various discrete

emotions tends to remain stable over time (Hyson & Izard, 1985; Izard, Hembree, & Huebner, 1987)

toddlerhoodexpression styles predict expectable personality

characteristicsneuroticism, at age 3.5 years (Abe & Izard, 1999b)

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Expressing Emotionlater development:

emotion expression relate to many forms of psychopathologyattenuated or discordant expression in people at risk for Schizophrenia (Simons et al., 1993)

prolonged expression of negative emotions (particularly sadness and anger) in depression (Blumberg & hard. 1986)

dampened or developmentally delayed expression in Down Syndrome Disorder (Cicchetti & Sroufe, 1976; Emde, Katz, & Thorpe, 1978)

inappropriate or incongruous expression in Autism (Sigman & Capps, 1997)

deceptive expression in psychopathy (Cleckley, 1941; Patrick, 1994)

expressions of particular emotions in certain conditions characterize aggressive rejected children (Hubbard, 2001) and delinquent youth (Keltner, Moffitt, & Stouthamer-Loeber, 1995)

type of abuse that leads to a Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Bonanno et al., 2002)

The Developmental Functions of Emotions

Emotion PatternsProvocative situations typically elicit a pattern of discrete emotions

whether real or imagineddifferent patterns of emotions characterize some psychological disorders

Patterns of emotions are particularly evident in anxiety and depression (Izard, 1972; Izard & Youngstrom, 1996)

patterns of emotions and the implications of co-occurring emotions for emotion regulation and emotion motivation

help in understanding and treating emotions-related problems (Izard, 2002)help in discerning the roots of some forms of psychopathology

Emotion Patterns

Emotion communication Plays a key role in social interactions and the development of the attachment bond and other relationships (ainsworth, blehar, waters, & wall, 1978; bowlby, 1969, 1973; hobson, 1995)

Before children acquire language, emotion communication depends on facial, vocal, and postural cues in expressive behavior (izard et al., 1995; zivin, 1986)

Soon after the beginning of language acquisition, children use words to label and talk about their own and others’ feelings (bretherton & beeghley-smith, 1982)

Verbal component of emotion communication grows steadily in early childhood (dunn, bretherton, & munn, 1987; hard, 1971)

Emotion Knowledge: Its Role in Emotion Communication, Empathy, and Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior

Emotion-related skills form the foundation for emotion knowledge (izard, 2001) and the construct of emotional intelligence (mayer & salovey, 1997)

Both before and after language acquisition, effective emotion communication depends on the ability of the participants to detect and respond in a meaningful fashion to each other’s emotion signalsAfter language acquisition, both accurate emotion perception and emotion labeling become critical in emotion communication and essential to empathic responding and prosocial behaviorDeficits in emotion knowledge

Low socioemotional and academic competence (denham, 1998; izard et al., 2001)

With internalizing behavior (fine, izard, mostow, trentacosta, & ackerman, 2003)

Emotion Knowledge: Its Role in Emotion Communication, Empathy, and Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior

emotion regulation and attention regulationthe critical components of self-regulationthe key to adaptive psychological and neurobiological functioning (Calkins & Fox, 2002; Posner & Rothbart, 2000)

Current theory and research indicate that the study of each of these three broad interrelated constructs requires a multilevel approach that considers processes at the neural, emotional, and cognitive levels (Cicchetti & Dawson. 2002).

Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation

Emotion Regulation and Dysregulationemotion regulation for adaptive behavioremotion dysregulation in maladaptive behavior and psychopathologyTrauma

socioemotional deprivationsignificant negative life eventschild maltreatment

leads to emotion dysregulation and psychopathology (Cicchetti & Lynch. 1995; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2001b)

Inability to regulate emotionspreclude empathic or prosocial responding (Eisenberg et al., 1996), a condition that may characterize a number of psychological disorders

Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

consider the number and complexity of the relevant systems or components that contribute to the management of emotionsemotion regulation in terms of combination of cognitive, behavioral, and social processes (Folkman & Lazarus, 1990; Kopp, 1989; Thompson, 1994; Thompson & Calkins, 1996)

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

A researcher’s emphasis on one or more of these three types of regulatory processes depends on his or her definition of emotion

When researchers define emotions as cognition-dependent phenomena, they focus on processes involved in the deployment of attention, reinterpretation of the eliciting event, and actions chat change the meaning of the person-environment relationship (Folkman & Lazarus, 1990)Approaches to emotion regulation that focus on cognitive, behavioral, and social processes have addressed issues relating to socioemotional competence and adaptive behavior. They usually do not deal specifically with the role of emotion regulation in psychopathology.

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

A few researchers concerned with emotion regulation have recognized that it entails a multiplicity of systems and domains of functioning

Key components of emotion regulationNeurobiological systemsTraits of emotionality/temperament/personality (e.g., emotion thresholds)Cognitive processesInterpersonal relationshipsIntersystem interactions and connections

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Some of the regulatory processes of emotion regulation proceed more or less automatically and preconsciously (e.g., changes in brain and neural systems that influence emotion activation thresholds and responses to stress)Other processes of emotion regulation, like those dependent on executive functions of emotions and cognition, occur in consciousness or can be accessed reflectively.

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Executive functions of emotions consist of their inherently motivational and goal-oriented qualities, which may include action tendenciesAll of these characteristics of emotion and the way they play out in person-environment transactions affect emotion regulationExecutive functions of cognition as it relates to emotions

Attentional controlConsequent appraisalAttributional processes that activate a particular emotionDecision-making processes relating to coping strategies (Posner & Rothbart, 2000)

EMOTION REGULATION AND DYSREGULATION AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Three critical neurobiological system in emotion regulationprefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly as it relates to other regulatory systemshypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) systemthe vagal (Xth cranial) nerve complex (VC) of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

mediated by the neurochemically specific pathways (e.g., norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin)

project from the brain stem (Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994)

All three of the systems appear to have the capacity to influence the threshold and intensity of emotion arousal

Neurobiological Processes in Emotion Regulation and

Psychopathology

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