http:// course website: biol 1202, section 1 dr. kyle harms
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/BIOL1202Fall2007.htm
Course website:
BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms
http://www.biology.lsu.edu/webfac/kharms/BIOL1202Fall2007.htm
![Page 2: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
First Exam Score versus Attendance
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
Attended all
Missed 66% or More
Final exam score
In BIOL 1202, good attendance pays off! Pro
port
ion o
f st
ud
ents
![Page 3: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Chapter 22
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
![Page 4: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why are there so many species?
![Page 5: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Theory of Evolutionby Natural Selection
Charles Darwin
![Page 8: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hypothesis vs. Theory
![Page 9: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hypothesis
Tentative explanation of observations
Educated guess
![Page 10: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
General explanation of important natural phenomena, developed through extensive & reproducible observations & experiments
Theory
![Page 11: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) – Greek philosopher
Species are permanent, perfect, immutable
Dominant world view for
> 2000 yr
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 12: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Species are permanent, perfect, immutable
A.D. – Natural Theology (Creationism)
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 13: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Swedish physician & botanist whose passion was taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Developed a hierarchical classification scheme & binomial nomenclature
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 14: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
“King Philip Came Over For Gumbo
Sunday”
Canis = genuslupus = specific epithet that refers to one species in the genus Canis
The binomial is always italicized or underlined, the genus name is always capitalized, and the specific epithet is always lower case
See Fig. 25.8
![Page 15: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Western Historical Context
French anatomist who largely developed paleontology, the study of fossils
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 16: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Deeper strata contain older taxa
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 17: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
Preferred hypothesis for profound geologic change = catastrophism
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 18: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Scottish geologist who offered an alternative to catastrophism
James Hutton (1726-1797)
Preferred hypothesis for profound geologic change = gradualism
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 19: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Scottish geologist who incorporated Hutton’s gradualism into the theory of uniformitarianism
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 20: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Uniformitarianism – geological processes & rates today are those that also operated in antiquity
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 21: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
Uniformitarianism – suggested that the Earth is > 6000 yr old
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 22: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Invertebrate Curator ofthe Natural History Museum in Paris
One of the 18th & 19th centuries’ biologists who hypothesized that traits of species are not immutable, i.e., they can evolve
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 23: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744-1829)
Hypothesized mechanism of evolution: Use & disuse alters traits; inheritance of acquired characters results in adaptations to environmental conditions
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 24: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
English demographer
Hypothesis: Plants and animals are capable of producing far more offspring than resources can support; the “struggle for existence” (e.g., famine, war) is an inescapable consequence
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 25: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Within this context, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) served as Ship’s Naturalist on the HMS Beagle’s
circumnavigation of the globe (1831-1836)
Western Historical Context
EnglandEUROPE
NORTHAMERICA
GalápagosIslands
Darwin in 1840,after his return
SOUTHAMERICA
Cape ofGood Hope
Cape Horn
Tierra del Fuego
AFRICA HMS Beagle in port
AUSTRALIA
TasmaniaNewZealand
PACIFICOCEAN
An
des
ATLANTICOCEAN
![Page 26: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
![Page 27: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
![Page 28: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
![Page 29: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Galapagos Islands, Ecuador
![Page 30: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Darwin was a good observer of both wild and domesticated organisms (e.g., birds)
![Page 31: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Darwin was a good observer of both wild and domesticated organisms (e.g., birds)
![Page 32: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
English gentleman who conceived of natural selection as the principal mechanism of adaptive evolution
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 33: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
English biologist who also (independently) conceived of natural selection as the principal mechanism of adaptive evolution
See timeline Fig. 22.2
![Page 34: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Lyell presented the independently derived hypothesis to the
Linnaean Society of London on July 1, 1858
Western Historical Context
![Page 35: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Western Historical Context
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)The Origin of Species(1859)
![Page 36: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
“It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us…
There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed laws of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.”
The Origin of SpeciesFinal paragraph:
![Page 37: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Darwinian Theory of EvolutionDescent with modification
Descent implies common ancestry
Modification to better suite the environment =
adaptation
Natural selection is the principal process that drives adaptive
evolutionSee Fig. 22.7
![Page 38: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Darwinian Theory of EvolutionOrganisms have enormous potential for population
increase, but the potential is rarely reachedGeneralized sigmoidal population growth curve
![Page 39: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Potential for rapid population growth when resources
are not limiting
Resource availability generally limits population size
Competition for resources(“struggle for existence”)
Phenotypic variability (morphology, physiology,
behavior, etc.)
Natural Selection: Survival and reproduction of the
“fittest” individuals
Some variabilityresults from heritable
differences
Adaptive evolution: A change in the phenotypic constitution of a population owing to selection on heritable variation
among phenotypes
![Page 40: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Use Inheritance of acquired
characteristics
Generation 1 Generation 2
Naturalselection
Genetic inheritance from
selected population
Lamarckism
Darwinism
![Page 41: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 42: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 43: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Darwin used artificial selection to illustrate the modifying potential of selection
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 44: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Rapid changes in populations under strong selection
E.g., pesticide resistance
![Page 45: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Homologous traits (a.k.a. characters, attributes) = traits in different species that arose from the same ancestral trait
(may or may not have similar function)
See Fig.
22.14Human Cat Whale Bat
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 46: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Even when homologies are not obvious in adults, they may be quite apparent in embryonic stages
Lemur Pig Human
Which one is the human?
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 47: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Analogous traits = traits in different species that have similar function, but arose from different ancestral traits
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 48: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
doesn’t matter as much as the evolutionary history of the
traits themselves
To distinguish homologous vs. analogous traits, the relatedness of the organisms
![Page 49: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Analogous traits = traits in different species that have similar function, but arose from different ancestral traits
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 50: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Vestigial organs = remnants of organs that had important functions in ancestors
These examples happen to be
homologous leg and foot bones
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 51: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Vestigial organs = remnants of organs that had important functions in ancestors
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
![Page 52: Http:// Course website: BIOL 1202, Section 1 Dr. Kyle Harms](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081515/56649e7b5503460f94b7b96e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Biochemical homologies
Common use of DNA, RNA, amino acids, ribosomes, genetic code, ATP, electron carriers, electron transport
system, etc.
Evidence for the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection