duncand/fov1- 000d8cf8/fov1-000e9546/fov1- 000e954c/krebs%20cycle.pdfduncand/fov1-...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• http://chatt.hdsb.ca/~duncand/FOV1-000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdf
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Cellular Respiration
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The Mitochondria
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The MitochondriaWhat
characteristics do you notice about
the mitochondria?
What features does it have?
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Mitochondrial Structure
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Mitochondrion vs. ChloroplastWhat do they have in common?
What appears different?
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• Both have their own DNA
• Both are small like prokaryotes
• Both make energy
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Why are mitochondria important?
• All cells require energy in the form of _______.
• Mitochondria are the “powerhouses” that supply that energy by performing cellular respiration
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What is Cellular Respiration?• Cellular Respiration is the
process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
• all eukaryotic cells*
• Takes energy from food (glucose) and turns it into a form cells can use (ATP)*.
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O2CO2
Lungs
CO2 O2Bloodstream
BREATHING
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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Cell Respiration Equation
6O2 + C6H12O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy*
Oxygen + Glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Does this equation look familiar? It should-It is the reverse of photosynthesis!
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Parts of Cellular Respiration
• Cell Resp. is broken into three parts:*– 1. Glycolysis– 2. Kreb’s Cycle– 3. Electron Transport
Chain
• Each stage uses chemical energy to make ATP.
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Step 1 - Glycolysis• One molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two 3-
carbon molecules called pyruvic acid (pyruvate).– 2 ATP and 2 NADH are generated
• Occurs in ______________.Cytoplasm
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 16: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 17: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 18: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 19: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cell Resp. – Why is it important?• Cells require energy
(ATP) to function
• Glucose holds energy, but it must be “released” and converted to ATP for cells to use
• Cellular respiration is the conversion of glucose to ATP
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Glycolysis – Why is it important?• Glycolysis is the first
step in converting glucose to ATP
• Glucose is split up into two molecules of pyruvate– It takes 2 ATP to do this
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Glycolysis • From glycolysis we get:– 2 molecules of ATP for
instant use*
– 2 molecules of NADH for ETC use
• NADH holds high energy e-*
– 2 molecules of pyruvate produce *
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Advantages
Fast
Doesn’t requireoxygen
Disadvantages
Cell’s NAD+ gets used up so quickly,
glycolysis can’t go on for long
Doesn’t make all that much ATP
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After Glycolysis…
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Kreb’s CycleElectron
Transport Chain
Oxygen present
No oxygen present
Two Choices:
(Respiration)
Fermentation = No ATP
Respiration = Lots of ATP
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Fermentation
• When no oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation rather than the Kreb’s cycle
• Fermentation creates more electon carries (NAD+) so that glycolysis can make more ATP*
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Fermentation
• Fermentation converts NADH to NAD+– Frees up NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue and make more ATP
• Fermentation is anaerobic*– Does not require
oxygen*
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Types of Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation (yeast* & bacteria)– Used to make cheese, bread, wine, buttermilk, etc..
Pyruvate + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+*
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Types of Fermentation• Lactic Acid Fermentation (bacterial & muscle cells,
– When muscles don’t get enough oxygen, lactic acid fermentation occurs
– Build up of lactic acid makes muscles sore
*pyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
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The Rest of Cell Respiration
• If oxygen is present, the cell performs cellular respiration
• After glycolysis, 90% of the energy from glucose is still unused
• Final two steps in cell respiration extract that energy using oxygen– AEROBIC processes = require oxygen
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Step 2 - The Kreb’s Cycle• Summary:
– During the Kreb’s cycle, pyruvate is broken down into CO2 + energy (NADH)*
• The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the matrix* of the mitochondria
Matrix
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Kreb’s Cycle• Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix• One carbon molecule is lost as CO2 while NAD+
NADH• Remaining two carbon molecules combine with
coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
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Kreb’s Cycle a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle
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Kreb’s Cycle• Acetyl CoA is turned into CITRIC ACID.
– Kreb’s Cycle a.k.a. Citric Acid Cycle
• Citric acid is broken down and two CO2 molecules are released
• During this process, energy is released in the form of 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP*
• The remaining molecule, OXALOACETIC ACID (OAA), is used to restart the cycle.
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 34: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 35: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 36: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
6CO2 (waste)
OAA
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 37: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Kreb’s Cycle2
Pyruvate
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> ETC
OAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 38: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Krebs Results
• From all this we got 3 different forms of energy:
1. ATP – immediate cell usage
2. NADH
3. FADH2
Electron carriers that will bring high-energy
electrons to ETC
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Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain
What did the ETC do in photo-
synthesis?
![Page 40: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain (ETC)• The electron transport chain uses high-energy
electrons from the Kreb’s cycle to make ATP• Occurs in ____________________.*Cristae (inner membrane)
Cristae (inner membrane)
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Electron Transport Chain• Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are
transported to the ETC*
• At the end of the ETC sits oxygen*, which is very electronegative (it draws electrons near it) - this causes the electrons to travel down the ETC towards oxygen– Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor
• At the end of the chain, a protein combines the electrons with H+ and O- to make H2O*
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Electron Transport Chain• Every time 2 electrons move down the ETC, their
energy pumps H+ ions into the inner membrane space, creating a concentration gradient*
• The H+ ions then want to diffuse from the inner membrane space back to the matrix*
Meanwhile…
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Electron Transport Chain• To cross the
membrane, H+ moves through ATP synthase molecules making a gradient with the H+ *– Each time they do, it
creates ATP – Chemiosmosis*
• Each pair of electrons yields 3 ATP molecules
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> Electron Trans. ChainOAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
![Page 45: duncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1- 000E954C/Krebs%20Cycle.pdfduncand/FOV1- 000D8CF8/FOV1-000E9546/FOV1-](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649ef95503460f94c0b054/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> Electron Trans. ChainOAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
NADHFADH2
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> Electron Trans. ChainOAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
NADHFADH2
32 ATP
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> Electron Trans. ChainOAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
NADHFADH2
32 ATP H20
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Cell Respiration OverviewRespiration
StageReactants Energy
ProductsOther
ProductsNext Stop?
Glycolysis Glucose2 ATP
2 NADH2
Pyruvate
Pyruvate--> Kreb’s cycleNADH--> Electron Trans.
Chain ATP--> Cell use
Kreb’s Cycle 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP8 NADH2 FADH2
6 CO2 (waste)
OAA
CO2 --> breath
NADH & FADH2--> Electron Trans. ChainOAA --> restart Kreb’s
ATP--> cell use
Electron Transport Chain
NADHFADH2
32 ATP H20
ATP--> Cell useH20-->
NAD+ & FAD+ --> recycled
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The Totals
Glycolysis ? ATP
Kreb’s Cycle &Electron Transport ?? ATP
_______
Total ?? ATP
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The Totals
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle &Electron Transport ?? ATP
_______
Total ?? ATP
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The Totals
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle &Electron Transport 34 ATP
_______
Total ?? ATP
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The Totals
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s Cycle &Electron Transport 34 ATP
_______
Total 36 ATP
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Think about it…
• What types of cells can perform cellular respiration:– Animal cells?– Plant cells?– Bacterial cells?– Yeast cells?– Anything else you can think of?
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Think about this one…
• In what situations would a cell perform fermentation over respiration? Explain.
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Think About This One!
• Why might you lose weight (a lot of weight) if your mitochondria suddenly lost the ability to couple electron transport to the production of ATP?
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Comparison of Fermentation to Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid Alcoholic Cellular respirationglucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
lactic acid
2 ATP
glucose glucose
glycolysis (pyruvic acid) glycolysis (pyruvic acid)
carbon dioxide
alcohol
2 ATP 36 ATP
water
carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration vs. Fermentation
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How Do Other Food Molecules Enter Metabolism?• Fat, carbohydrates and proteins enter the
cellular respiration pathway at different points
• The most likely point is at acetyl CoA
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• Overall Cell Respiration