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Release 7 HSPA+ For Mobile Broadband Evolution

Qualcomm IncorporatedDecember 2007


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Release 7 HSPA+ ForMobile Broadband Evolution

Table of Contents

[1] Executive Summary .........................................................................1

[2] Introduction and Overview ............................................................... 2

2.1 What is HSPA+?...................................................................... 3

[3] HSPA+ Doubles Data Capacity and Reduces Cost ........................ 4

3.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO).....................................6

3.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) .............................................7

3.3 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) and Discontinuous

Reception (DRX)..................................................................... 7[4] HSPA+ Provides Three Times Increased Voice Capacity...............8

[5] Higher Data Capacity through VoIP...............................................10[6] Enhanced User Experience Benefits ............................................. 11[7] HSPA+ Offers an Entire Range of IP Services..............................12

7.1 VoIP Enables Rich Services..................................................137.2 VoIP Simplifies Fixed Mobile Convergence .......................... 14

[8] Backward Compatibility and Leverage in a Large 3G Ecosystem. 15[9] The Optimal Solution in 5 MHz ......................................................16[10] Conclusion ...................................................................................18

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[1] Executive Summary

UMTS operators are rapidly launching High Speed Packet Access

(HSPA) services to capitalize on HSPAs mobile broadband capabilities

and increased data capacity. As the natural evolution, HSPA+ further

enhances the performance and capabilities of HSPA. HSPA+ is expected

to be commercially available in 2008 through incremental investments

and backward and forward compatible handsets. HSPA+ doubles the

data capacity and increases voice capacity by three times enabling

operators to offer mobile broadband at even lower cost. Moving voice

traffic to VoIP over HSPA not only increases the voice capacity in itself, it

also significantly increases data capacity. While HSPA already supports

the full range of packet-based IP services with integrated Quality of

Service (QoS). HSPA+ further enhances the end-user experience

through higher peak rates, lower latency, extended talk time and a true

always-on experience. HSPA+ is the optimal solution for a 5 MHz

carrier and provides similar data and voice capacity as LTE in the 5 MHz

block for the same number of antennas.

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[2] Introduction and Overview

UMTS operators are rapidly launching HSPA services to capitalize on

its mobile broadband capabilities and increased data capacity. Theenhanced downlink (HSDPA) had been launched commercially by 128

UMTS operators as of mid-2007, and deployment of the enhanced uplink

(HSUPA) began during 2007.

HSPA+, expected to be commercially available by the end of 2008, is the

natural evolution of HSPA. It further enhances the performance and

capabilities of HSPA. This white paper discusses these key benefits of

HSPA+:

HSPA+ doubles the data capacity over HSPA, thusreducing the costof delivering data services and offering a better mobile broadband

experience.

HSPA+ provides three times more voice capacity through VoIP than

R99circuit-switched voice with the same quality and codec.

HSPA+ VoIP frees up significant data capacity. The higher VoIP

efficiency can also be used to free up significant data capacity in a mixed

VoIP and data usage model. This helps to meet the increased demand

for data services.

HSPA+ enhances the end-user experience through higher peak rates,

lower latency, faster call set-up time, significantly longer talk time and a

true always-on experience. HSPA+ supports downlink peak rates up to

28 Mbps (42 Mbps in 3GPP Release 8) and up to 11 Mbps in the uplink.

HSPA+ is the most economical evolution of HSPA, allowing UMTS

operators to most efficiently use their existing assets and investments in

network, spectrum and devices. Like HSPA, HSPA+ is forward and

backward compatible, allowing for a phased introduction of devices anda smooth upgrade to existing nodes.

HSPA+ is the optimal solution for a 5 MHz carrier, for existing, re-

farmed 900 MHz, and for new spectrum; it provides similar data and

voice performance as LTE in a 5 MHz block, using the same number of

antennas.

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2.1 What is HSPA+?

HSPA+ is the name of the set of HSPA enhancements that are defined

in 3GPP Release 7 (R7) and beyond. The enhanced downlink (HSDPA)was defined in 3GPP R5 and provides three times the data capacity of

WCDMA R99 (using a rake receiver and a single UE receive antenna).

DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 384 Kbps

DL: 14.4 Mbps

UL: 5.72 Mb s

DL: 42 Mbps

UL: 11 Mbps

Rel-7 Rel-8

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolved)Rel-5 (HSDPA) Rel-6 (HSUPA)

HSPARel-99

WCDMADL: 384 Kbps

UL: 384 Kbps

Broadbanddownloads

Broadbanduploads

Enhanced Voiceand data capacity

Figure 1: UMTS Evolution

The enhanced uplink (HSUPA) was defined in R6 and doubles the uplink

data capacity over WCDMA R99. This paper focuses on the first step of

the HSPA evolution and the enhancements that have been defined in

3GPP R7. HSPA will continue to evolve and 3GPP R8 and beyond will

introduce features that will further enhance the HSPA performance.

Table 1 presents the key HSPA+ R7 features and their benefits.

HSPA+ Features Key Benefits

DL 2x2 Multiple Input MultipleOutput (MIMO)

Doubles peak data ratesIncreases downlink capacity

50% higher downlink peak data rateDoubles uplink data peak rateIncreases uplink and downlink capacity

Higher Order Modulation (HOM)64-QAM DL and 16-QAM UL

Improves VoIP capacityExtends talk time by up to 50%Better always-on experience

Continuous Packet Connectivity(CPC): DTX/DRX, HS_SCCH Less

Enhanced CELL_FACH stateoperation

Faster cell set upBetter always-on experience

MBSFN(single frequency network)

Increases broadcast capacityBetter broadcast cell edge rate

Table 1: Key HSPA+ R7 Features

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In addition to the HSPA+ enhancements defined in the 3GPP standards,

we anticipate that interference cancellation (IC), both in the uplink (Node

B IC) and downlink (UE IC) will be introduced in the same timeframe asHSPA+. Thus, the performance numbers discussed in this paper assume

implementation of Node B IC. While the use of 4-Branch receive diversity

could further double the uplink capacity, and the use of UE IC would

increase the downlink capacity and enhance user experience at the cell

edge through higher rates, those enhancements are not taken into

account for the performance projections in this paper.Additional HSPA+ Features Key Benefits

(Expected to be available same timeframe as HSPA+ R7)

Uplink Interference Cancellation(Node B IC)

Increases uplink capacity and ratesBeneficial for VoIP

Downlink Interference Cancellation(UE IC)

Increases Downlink capacityHigher Downlink cell edge data rate

Node B four-way receive diversityIncreases uplink capacity (>100%)Higher uplink cell edge data rates

Table 2: Standard Independent HSPA+ Features

[3] HSPA+ Doubles Data Capacity and Reduces Cost

With the launch of HSPA, operators are seeing a significant uptake in

data demand, a result of new data applications and increased demand

for high-performance mobile broadband services. HSPA+ enhances the

performance of HSPA networks and enables wireless operators to

continue to fulfill these data needs in the most economical way, as

HSPA+ doubles the data capacity compared to HSPA R6 (assuming a

rake receiver and receive diversity at the HSPA R6 UE).

Figure 2 compares the downlink and uplink data capacity of HSPA and

HSPA+. The almost doubled downlink and uplink data capacity assumes

advanced receivers (UE equalizer, UE receive diversity and Node B IC)1

in addition to the HSPA+ features. These results do not take higher order

modulation (HOM) schemes into consideration (64-QAM on the downlink

1Type 3 UE receiver: linear MMSE equalizer and receive diversity.

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12/2007 page 5

and 16-QAM in the uplink). It is expected that HOM will provide further

performance boost in particular deployment scenarios.

HSPA greatly increased data capacity over R99 systems by adding the

high-speed shared channels with HOM (16-QAM), smaller transmission

interval, Hybrid ARQ and opportunistic scheduling. HSPA+ builds on this

solid foundation by adding support for 64-QAM, 2x2 MIMO, CPC and

other air interface improvements. Additional enhancements are being

planned for R8 and beyond, which will provide a clear evolution path for

current networks. Some of the HSPA+ enhancements that improve data

capacity are discussed below.

Data Capacity Per Sector Mbps (5MHz)

Source: Qualcomm Simulations, 500m ISD, 64-QAM in DL not considered,16-QAM in UL not considered. Details in 3GPP R1-070674.

Downlink

Uplink

1.55

2.61

R6 HSPABaseline

R7 HSPA(RxDiv+IC)

3.44

6.18

7.81

R6 HSPA baseline

(RxDiv)

R6 HSPA

(RxDiv+EQ)

R7 HSPA+

(2x2 MIMO)

1X

1.8X

2.3X

1X

1.7X

Figure 2: Data Capacity per Sector in Mbps (5 MHz)


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3.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

HSPA+ supports 2x2 downlink MIMO that uses two transmit antennas at

the Node B to transmit orthogonal (parallel) data streams to the two

receive antennas at the UEs. Using two antennas and additional signal

processing at the receiver and the transmitter, MIMO can increase the

system capacity and double user data rates without using additional

Node B power or bandwidth.

Under certain channel conditions, data in a 2x2 MIMO system can be

transmitted using up to two orthogonal streams. To be most effective,

MIMO needs a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the UE and a rich

scattering environment. High SNR ensures that the UE will be able todecode the incoming signal successfully despite distributing the transmit

power among the two antennas. A rich scattering environment ensures

that the two data streams remain orthogonal when they reach the UE.

Line-of-sight transmissions, on the other hand, cannot support

orthogonal streams and hence provide limited MIMO gain. The MIMO

benefit is therefore maximized in a dense urban (city) environment where

the MIMO gain is most needed, as there is enough scattering and cell

sizes are small (potentially high SNR at the UE). In rural environments

with large cell sizes and less scattering, the MIMO gains will be limited.

HSPA+ introduces the dual transmit adaptive array (D-TxAA) scheme

for 2x2 MIMO. Future releases (R8 and beyond) are considering

higher-order MIMO and UL MIMO.

Non - MIMOMIMO

(2x2 DL MIMO)HSPA+ PeakData Rates

Downlink14 Mbps (16-QAM)

21 Mbps (64-QAM)

5.76 Mbps (QPSK)

11 Mbps (16-QAM)

28 Mbps (16-QAM)

5.76 Mbps (QPSK)

11 Mbps (16-QAM)

Uplink

Table 3: HSPA+ R7 Data Rates2

2

Thecombination of 64-QAM and MIMO operation is expected in R8 and willprovide DL rates up to 42 Mbps.

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[4] HSPA+ Provides Three Times Increased VoiceCapacity

High-quality voice is a key service that has traditionally been the core ofthe wireless business. With packet-based data applications rapidly taking

off, it is natural also to move the voice service to VoIP for lower cost and

better integration with the other packet-based services. The underlying

voice technology, packet-based VoIP or circuit-based voice, does not

need to be known by the end-users, as long as the quality and user

experience remains the same. VoIP would, in fact, provide an even

richer user experience than circuit switched (CS) voice, through its

integration with other packet services.

Telco-quality VoIP over HSPA+ provides three times the voice capacity

of current R99/HSPA networks, which allows it to meet the increasing

voice demand cost efficiently, especially when moving from traditional

MOU (minutes of use) based plans to flat-rate unlimited minutes plans.

Telco-quality VoIP over HSPA provides several benefits to operators and

end users beyond reduced cost through higher capacity, including:

Higher data capacity through VoIP Mixing VoIP and data

services frees up significant data capacity compared with mixing

R99 CS voice and data services. VoIP enables rich services The integration of voice with other

data services enables new end-user services and new revenue

sources for the operator. VoIP simplifies fixed mobile convergence Moving all services

to the packet domain with a common packet network creates

synergies that reduce cost.The operator can provide telco-quality VoIP in the same way as R99 CSvoice and fully control the service from end to end.VoIP also enablesthe network operator to offer third-party VoIP clients with appropriate

QoS to ensure voice quality, and charge accordingly for this high-quality

VoIP flow.

To support telco-quality VoIP, the HSPA network requires standard

defined features such as QoS, header compression and IP multimedia

system (IMS) support. Furthermore, non-standard implementation-

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specific features such as QoS scheduling and admission control must

be supported.

In current UMTS networks, voice services are carried over dedicated

circuit-switched bearers, which are assigned to users for the duration

of the voice call. HSPA VoIP uses shared-packet channels with smaller

transmission intervals to transfer VoIP packets more efficiently. HSPA+

further improves VoIP capacity by introducing enhancements such as

CPC. This optimizes air-interface resource usage, providing a two times

voice capacity increase without Node B IC and a three times increase

with Node B IC for the same voice quality and codec (AMR 12.2kbps)

over R99 CS voice. Figure 4 compares the voice capacity of R99 CS,

HSPA R6 and HSPA+ R7 VoIP.

68

93

182

R99CS

R6VoIP

R7 HSPA+VoIP

Source: QUALCOMM simulations, 500m ISD, 50ms delay, AMR 12.2 Codec.

Detailed assumptions in R1-070674.

Voice Capacity Per Sector (5MHz)

1X

1.3X

2.6X

Figure 4: Number of Voice Users Supported Per Sector (5 MHz)

The next-generation wireless systems like Long Term Evolution (LTE)

and Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) will rely on VoIP and an IMS network

for voice without supporting circuit-switched services. HSPA+ enables

operators to offer these same high-capacity VoIP services to the end

users without relying on the circuit-switched core network.

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[5] Higher Data Capacity through VoIP

Because VoIP is more efficient and uses fewer resources than circuit-

switched (CS) voice, as exemplified by the three times capacity increase,means that the remaining resources can be used to increase the data

capacity. Mixing VoIP and data on the same HSPA+ carrier

is significantly more efficient than mixing R99 CS voice and HSPA+

data. This means that at any given voice load level, the system has

significantly more data capacity if VoIP is used instead of R99 CS voice.

Voice Users

Throughput(Kbps)

Data

GainHSPA+ VoIP and Data

R5 CS Voice and Data1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Voice Users

Throughput(Kbps)

Data



2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Data



2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0 50 100 150 200 250

Almost 3X data capacity at typical voiceload (50 users/sector) when using VoIP

HSPA+ does not include MIMO and HOM; MIMO and HOM would further increase the HSPA+ capacity.Assumptions: 20 BE Users vs Voice AMR 12.2 users, 1Km ISD

Figure 5: Sector Data Capacity when Mixing Voice/VoIP and Data

Figure 5 presents the remaining downlink data capacity for two cases,

one with R99 CS voice and HSPA data and one with VoIP and HSPA+

data mixed on the same carrier. At a typical voice load of 50 voice users,

mixing VoIP and data provides almost three times higher data capacity

compared to mixing R99 CS voice and data. Furthermore, VoIP is

typically uplink-limited, and there is additional capacity left over in the

downlink at the maximum uplink VoIP capacity.

This is a key driver in the adoption of VoIP, as it increases the data

capacity and offers data services at a lower cost.

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[6] Enhanced User Experience Benefits

HSPA+ not only improves data capacity, voice capacity and peak rates, it

also enhances the end-user experience in other ways:

True always-on experience by allowing user to stay longer in

connected mode without compromising battery life (CPC). In

addition, faster state transition allows users to move more rapidly

between inactive and active states (enhanced Cell_FACH).

Up to 50% extended talk time 3 through VoIP as compared with

R99 CS voice, due to lower battery consumption (DRX and

DTX).

50% reduction in the over-the-air call set-up time compared with

HSPA R6, due to faster state transitions (enhanced Cell_FACH).

Better broadband experience with up to 28 Mbps peak data rates

(42 Mbps in R8) on the downlink and 11 Mbps on the uplink.

Reduced latency for data services due to higher peak rates,

faster state transition and true always-on, which enhances the

user experience across an entire range of IP services.

3DTX and DRX will wake up every 8 TTI (T1=T2=8).

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CPC allows packet data users to stay in the connected mode longer

since the overhead channels can be gated off (DTX) and the reception

turned off (DRX). An inactive user will have to move to the inactive stateafter some inactivity time, but CPC allows the user to stay longer in the

connected state without significantly compromising the battery life. In

addition to CPC, the enhanced Cell_FACH allows twice-as-fast

transitions between active and inactive states compared with R6.

Together, these features provide an enhanced user experience with a

true always-on experience for data services such as push-to-talk (PTT)

or for bursty HTTP traffic.

The enhanced Cell_FACH is achieved by moving the transmission of the

paging channel (PCH) and the intermediate Cell_FACH state to the high-capacity HSPA channel. This allows for much higher performance and

thus reduced latency. The enhancements also reduce call set-up times

through twice-as-fast transition from inactive mode (Cell-PCH) to active

mode (Cell_FACH/DCH) for both data and voice services.

[7] HSPA+ Offers an Entire Range of IP Services

HSPA allows consumers and business users to rely on HSPA as their

main broadband connection, and offers similar user experience across

mobile and fixed networks. HSPAs high-capacity broadband uplink and

downlink with integrated QoS and low latency support the entire range of

IP services, including delay-sensitive applications such as telco-quality

VoIP. HSPA+ further enhances the users experience and makes these

services more affordable by lowering the cost through doubled data and

voice capacity.

Some examples of the range of IP services supported by HSPA and

HSPA+ are: packet-based video telephony, video sharing, low-latency

gaming, push-to-media, PTT, place shifting of media, and social

networking. HSPAs QoS support also enables service tiering, which

allows the network to assign users different levels of priority based on

their subscription levels, which are tailored to each users needs.

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VIDEO SHARING

VIDEO

PTT

VoIP

MUSIC

GAMESHSPA+ OffersEntire Range

ofIP Services

The following section set forth the benefits of VoIP, one of the IP

services that HSPA and HSPA+ supports. VoIP enables greater flexibility

in mixing voice and data traffic, and enables new, richer voice services.

7.1 VoIP Enables Rich ServicesVoice will continue to be a key service, and VoIP enables the transition

to richer services and communication by simplifying the integration of

simultaneous voice, the vast number of Internet data applications, and

presence on a common packet data channel.

VoIP allows for personalization and greater service flexibility, as a user

can add and remove IP services and enrich the communication in real

time. During an ongoing voice call, the user may decide to share video

and thus share an experience instantaneously, or share music, video

clips and pictures. The presence status of friends and co-workers allows

the user to select from a variety of communication types such as instant

messaging (IM), PTT or a voice call.

Business users will also be more productive through richer

communication and improved collaborative applications that combine

voice and business applications.

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Rich voice enables cheaper and faster development of new services and

applications. It enables the expansion of connectivity to a wider range of

devices, consumer electronics and computing platforms with integratedapplications that have a familiar look and feel. Rich VoIP over HSPA

leverages converged applications that users are already accustomed

to in wireline and WLAN.

7.2 VoIP Simplifies Fixed Mobile Convergence

Fixed Mobile Convergence (FMC) is taking place in many different forms.

Moving voice to VoIP enables the key aspect of FMC: the opportunity to

move all services and traffic to the packet domain with a common all-IP

packet network. The gradual phase-out of the circuit-switched core

network will reduce PSTN interconnection fees and tariffs for long

distance. The converged all-IP core network for voice and data services

will support different access technologies, creating synergies in operation

and maintenance that reduce operational expenditure. Furthermore, it

leverages existing, standard and scalable IP network elements, thus

benefiting from the IP cost curve and reducing capital expenditure.

VoIP offers better end-user experience through seamless connectivity

at home, on the go, and at the office, with personalized, rich, always-on

services regardless of location. The common IMS network ensures that

the services are consistent across the different networks.

SW upgradeto RNC

Mainly SW upgradeto Node B

New backward compatibleHSPA+ devices

Figure 6: HSPA+ Network Upgrades

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[8] Backward Compatibility and Leverage in a Large3G Ecosystem

There are currently 174 commercial UMTS networks, and 128 of these

have enabled HSPA (Figure 7) as of mid-2007. Operators have already

made considerable capital investments in spectrum and network

resources to enable UMTS and HSPA services. HSPA+ provides an

excellent technology evolution path for these networks, and enables

operators to maximize their return on investments. HSPA+ will ensure

that these networks continue to provide performance comparable to

that of next-generation technologies like LTE and UMB in a 5 MHz

spectrum block.

WCDMA

WCDMA + HSDPA

There Were More Than 137 Million UMTS Subscribers July 07

WCDMA: 174 Commercial Operators HSDPA: 128 Commercial Operators53 Commercial Operators @ 3.6Mbps

Figure 7: WCDMA and HSPA Deployments [Source: GSMA (Operators: July 2007), (Subscribers: June 2007)]

HSPA+ is designed to be compatible with existing R99, 5/6 devices and

networks, and uses the same spectrum and network resources to deliver

the enhanced performance. The existing radio and core network can

be upgraded to HSPA+ without the need for adding any new network

elements. Existing UMTS and new HSPA+ devices can roam seamlessly

between R99 UMTS, HSPA and HSPA+ networks. Backward

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compatibility will enable operators to roll out HSPA+ features in phases,

without concern about device/network incompatibility. Many of the

features being defined (e.g., DTX/DRX and other enhancements)could be an easy software upgrade to the existing base stations.

By deploying HSPA+, wireless operators will benefit tremendously

from the vast 3GPP device and vendor ecosystem that provides

economies-of-scale benefits to the 3GPP community. Operators have

greater flexibility in selecting vendors, and have a larger choice of

devices and terminals that they can potentially offer to their customers

at an affordable price.

This wide vendor support and backward compatibility also enablesoperators to deploy HSPA+ in a timely manner and gives them a time-

to-market advantage compared with other competing technologies.

Initial HSPA+ device and network support will be available in late 2008.

[9] The Optimal Solution in 5 MHz

HSPA+ is an incremental upgrade of the existing HSPA networks,

using the same spectrum and network resources. HSPA+ performance

in 5 MHz is comparable to that of next-generation OFDMA technologies,such as LTE or UMB, using same number of antennas. Figure 8 shows

the comparable capacity of HSPA+ and LTE in a 5 MHz system.

Given the advantages of backward compatibility and superior system

performance, HSPA+ presents as the optimal solution for upgrade of the

existing HSPA networks and for new or re-farmed 5 MHz spectrum

blocks.

3GPP is also working on LTE, which is the next-generation, OFDMA

based system supported by a new core network called EPC. Throughoutthe design of LTE and EPC, emphasis is placed on ensuring

interoperability with existing 3GPP technologies like UMTS and GSM.

This will ensure that HSPA+ and LTE co-exist and that LTE will

complement HSPA+, providing a capacity boost in high-demand areas.

Initial deployments of LTE will be more suited for urban hot spots,

whereas HSPA+ will cover the existing vast HSPA footprint.

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HSPA+ will ensure a consistent user experience across the entire

network, and it allows the operator to roll out LTE in phases, such that

LTE is first deployed in dense urban areas and then gradually expanded.The common IMS network enables users to experience the same

services across the entire network, irrespective of LTE coverage.

3.44

6.18

7.818.1

R6 HSPA baseline

(RxDiv)

R6 HSPA

(RxDiv+EQ)

R7 HSPA+

(2x2 MIMO)

LTE

2x2 MU-MIMO

1X

1.8X

2.3X2.4X

Source: Qualcomm Simulations, 500m ISD, LTE results scaled down from10MHz. HSPA+: 16/64QAM not considered. Details in 3GPP R1-070674.

Figure 8: Downlink Data Capacity per Sector Mbps (5 Mhz)

Given the early availability of HSPA+ in 2008, HSPA+ and its evolution

remains the most optimal solution for existing HSPA/WCDMA operators.

For new operators that are planning on launching 3G UMTS networks,

HSPA provides a proven technology with economies of scale in device

and network procurement.

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[10] Conclusion

HSPA+ is the natural and most economical evolution from HSPA,

allowing UMTS operators to make the most efficient use of their existingassets and investments in network, spectrum and devices. HSPA+ is

backward compatible, allowing for a gradual introduction of devices and

a smooth, cost-efficient and simple network upgrade to existing HSPA

nodes. Thanks to three times the voice and two times the data capacity,

HSPA+ lowers the cost of delivering voice and data services enabling

operators to offer mobile broadband at an even lower cost. Moving voice

to VoIP over HSPA not only more than doubles the voice capacity; it also

significantly increases the data capacity. HSPA supports the entire range

of IP services; HSPA+ further enhances the end-user experience through

higher peak rates, lower latency, extended talk time through VoIP, and a

true always-on experience.

2007 Qualcomm Incorporated. All rights reserved. Qualcomm asserts that all information is correct through December 2007.

hspaplus_mobilebroadband(qualcomm white p

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