how to make biological molecules (ch. 5)
DESCRIPTION
How To Make Biological Molecules (Ch. 5). Macromolecules. Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids. H 2 O. HO. H. HO. H. HO. H . Polymers. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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How To Make Biological Molecules(Ch. 5)
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Macromolecules• Smaller organic molecules join together to
form larger molecules– macromolecules
• 4 major classes of macromolecules:– carbohydrates– lipids– proteins– nucleic acids
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Polymers• Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain – monomers
• building blocks• repeated small units
– covalent bonds
Dehydration synthesis
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer• Synthesis
– joins monomers by “taking” H2O out• one monomer donates OH–
• other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O
– requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisCondensation reaction
You gotta be open to“bonding!
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer• Digestion
– use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis• cleave off one monomer at a time• H2O is split into H+ and OH–
– H+ & OH– attach to ends
– requires enzymes– releases energy
Breaking upis hard to do!
HydrolysisDigestion
enzyme
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2007-2008
Any Questions??
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OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Carbohydratesenergy
molecules
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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ateCH2O
• Function:– energy – energy storage– raw materials – structural materials
• Monomer: sugars• ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
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Sugars • Most names for sugars end in -ose• Classified by number of carbons
– 6C = hexose (glucose)– 5C = pentose (ribose)– 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
HOH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
OC
C
C6 5 3
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Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
carbonyl
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Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numbered
Where do you find solutions
in biology?In cells!
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Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'6'
O
energy stored in C-C bonds
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Simple & complex sugars• Monosaccharides
– simple 1 monomer sugars– glucose
• Disaccharides– 2 monomers– sucrose
• Polysaccharides – large polymers– starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
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Building sugars• Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|glucose
|glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
H2O
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Building sugars• Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
Let’s go to the videotape!
H2O
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Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars
– costs little energy to build– easily reversible = release energy
• Function:– energy storage
• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
– in liver & muscles
– structure• cellulose (plants)• chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorag
e
What doesbranching do?
Let’s go to the videotape!
slow release
fast release
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Polysaccharide diversity
• Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
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Cellulose • Most abundant organic
compound on Earth– herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest
cellulose– most carnivores have not
• that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
• cellulose = undigestible roughage
But it tasteslike hay!
Who can liveon this stuff?!
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Chitin, a different structural polysaccharide
(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.
OCH2OH
OHH
H OH
H
NH
C
CH3
O
H
H
(b) Chitin forms the exo- skeleton of arthropods. This
cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form. It is also found in
Fungal Cell Walls.
(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.
OH
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Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
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Helpful bacteria• How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
– BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals
RuminantsTell me aboutthe rabbits,
again, George!
I eatWHAT!
Caprophage
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2006-2007
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
EATX
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Review Questions
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1. Polymers of glucose units are used as temporary food storage in both plant and animal cells. Glucose units are connected to one another by 1, 4-linkages to make a linear polymer and by 1, 6-linkages to make branch points.
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• (cont.) Polysaccharides of glucose unitsvary in size. The three most commonly encountered are:
Type of Starch
Cell Type Polymer Size
Average Number of 1,4-Bonds Between Branches
Amylopectin Plant 100,000,000 24 to 30
Amylos Plant 500,000 Linear Glycogen Animal 3,000,000 8 to 12
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• (cont.) When each polymer bond is made, a water molecule is released and becomes part of the cell water. How many water molecules were released during formation of each of the Glycogen?A. 1,000,000B. 2,000,000C. 2,666,666D. 3,000,000E. 3,300,000
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2. Which of the following is a polymer?
A. Simple sugar (aka monosaccharide)B. Carbon atomsC. GlucoseD. CelluloseE. deoxyribose
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3. Starch and Glycogen bothI. Serve as energy storage for
organismsII. Provide structure and supportIII. Are structural isomers of glucose
A. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and II onlyD. I and III onlyE. I, II, and III