biomolecules biological molecules “molecules of life”
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Biomolecules
Biological Molecules
“Molecules of Life”
• Also called Organic molecules
Biological Molecules
• Biological molecules are large molecules found in all living things
4 Types of Biomolecules• 1. Carbohydrates• 2. Lipids• 3. Proteins• 4. Nucleic Acids
CHNOPS
These molecules are made of the elements:
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Nitrogen• Oxygen• Phosphorus• Sulfur
• All these molecules contain the element Carbon
All living things contain Carbon
Carbohydrates
A fancy way of saying sugar!
Functions
1. Short-term energy storage
2. Gives organisms Shape/Structure:
Example1: Exoskeleton of crabs and beetles
Example: 2 Cellulose: plant cell walls
Examples: Carbs are in plants!
• Glucose = sugar in plants
• Fructose = in fruit• Lactose = in milk• Sucrose = table sugar
Words for sugars end in “ose”
The subunit of a carbohydrate is a Monosaccharide
Mono = 1
Saccharide = sugar
Monosaccharide = 1 sugar molecule
• Disaccharide = 2 sugars
Starches are polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = many sugars
More names for Carbohydrates
Structure
• Carbohydrates are ring-shaped molecules
Elements
• The elements that bond to make carbohydrates are:
• Carbon• Hydrogen• Oxygen
Lipids= Fats
Function
• Long term energy storage
• Common names= fat, oil
• Elements= C,H,O
Lipid facts
• Large , organic molecules
• Won’t dissolve in water• Fats store more
energy than carbs because they have many carbon-hydrogen bonds
• Can be “saturated” or “unsaturated"
Saturated and Unsaturated fats• Saturated= solid at
room temperature,
Raise “bad” (LDL) cholesterol levels
Ex= animal products, coconut
• Unsaturated=liquid at room temperature,
Raise “good” (HDL) cholesterol
Ex= olive oil, avocado, almonds
More Examples• Lard• Steroids: examples
Cholesterol & testosterone
• Waxes (like earwax!)• Phospholipids: these
make up your cell membrane
Phospholipids
Lipids
• Subunit= fatty Acids• Shape= chains
Proteins2 Main Functions
1. Form structures, like muscle
2.Act as Enzymes, which speed chemical reactions
Elements= C,H,O,N,S
Examples=
Meat, muscle, enzymes
Proteins’ subunit is amino acids
• Proteins are one of the most diverse biomolecules, having lots of different shapes
• They are composed of 20 different types of amino acids
• Amino acids have an amino group (-NH3) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
More Functions of Proteins
• Control rates of reactions & regulate cell processes
• Form bones & muscles
• Transport substances in & out of cells
• Help fight disease.
ENZYMES are Proteins!Enzymes are important proteins
that speed up the chemical reactions in your body
• Because they help these reactions happen, they are called catalysts
Ex. The enzyme amylase helps break down carbohydrates into sugar when you chew
How Enzymes Work• Every reaction needs energy
to get started; this is called activation energy
• Enzymes decrease the amount of energy needed to get these reactions going
• Different reactions in your body need different enzymes
• Without the correct enzyme available, your body cannot function properly
Enzyme Action• How well enzymes work depend on 3
criteria: temperature, pH & concentration
1.Temperature: enzymes in your body work best at normal body temperature
2. pH: Different enzymes work best at different pH levels
3. Concentration: in general, the higher the concentration, the better the enzyme will work at speeding up the reaction.
pH Scale
Nucleic Acids• Elements: CHNOP
• Functions: Store and transmit genetic information
• 2 Kinds to remember
1.DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
2.RNA=
ribonucleic acid
Nucleic acids- shape & subunitShape of DNA= double
helix
Shape of RNA= single strand
Subunit= nucleotide
3 parts:
1.Sugar
2.Phosphate
3.Nitrogen-containing base
• DNA has 4 Types of bases= A,T,C,G (adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine)
Compare DNA and RNA
DNA structure= double helix RNA structure= single strand