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Oracle PL/SQL(Advanced)

Topics

Sub Programs (Procedure and Functions)

Stored Packages

Database Triggers

PL/SQL File I/O

Collections

Autonomous Transactions

SQL Loader

Sub Programs in PL/SQL

Subprograms are named PL/SQL blocks that can take

Parameters and be invoked.

PL/SQL has two types of subprograms called procedure and

Function

PL/SQL Programs can be stored in the database as stored

Procedure and can be invoked whenever required.

Like Unnamed or anonymous PL/SQL block , subprograms

have a declarative part, an executable part, and an optional

Exception handling part.

Procedure

A procedure is a subprogram that perform a specific action

A procedure can be called from any PL/SQL program

Procedures can also be invoked from the SQL prompt

A procedure has two parts:

1 Specification.

2 Body.

Procedure specification begins with the key word Procedure

Followed by the procedure name and an optional list of

Arguments,

enclosed within parenthesis.Procedure that take no parameters

are

written without paranthesis

Page 1 of 21Oracle Financials: Oracle PL/SQL(Advanced)

24/05/2012http://asoracle.blogspot.com/2007/10/oracle-plsqladvanced.html


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Procedure body begins with the Keyword IS or AS and ends

with an

END followed by an optional procedure name.

The Procedure body has three parts:1.Declarative part.

2.Executable part.

3.Exception Handling Part.

1.Declarative Part Contains local declaration.

2.Executable Part contains statements, which are placed

between

The keyword BEGIN and Exception (or END).

3Exception Handling Part contains exception handlers, whichare placed between the keyword Exception and End. This part is

optional.

Syntax

Create [ OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE

( [mode] ,.)

IS AS

[Local declaration]

BeginPL/SQL executable statements

[Exception

Exception handlers]

End [Procedure_Name];

Where mode indicates the type of the argument (Such as

IN,OUT or

IN OUT) and Pl/sql executable statements represents the PL/SQL

Code, enclosed within Begin and End.

The OR REPLACE option is used in case the user wants to modifya previously stored procedure or function.

Example: Procedure

The Employee Number and the amount to be incremented is

Passed as parameter

Create or Replace Procedure incr_proc (pempno number, amt

number) IS

vsalary NUMBER;Salary_miss Exception;

Begin




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Select sal into vsalary from emp where empno= pempno;

If vsalary is NULL THEN

Raise salary_miss;

Else

Update emp set sal = sal + amt

Where empno= pempno;End if;

Exception

When salary_miss then

Dbms_output.put_line (pempno' has salary as Null');

When no_data_found then

Dbms_output.put_line(pempno' No such Employee Number');

End incr_proc;

/

Calling a Procedure

A procedure is called as a PL/SQL statement. A procedure

can be called from any PL/SQL program by giving their name

followed by the parameters.

To call the procedure named incr_proc from a block , the

command is

incr_proc (v_empno, v_amount);

v_empno : Local variable storing the employee Number to beincremented.

v_amount : Local variable storing the amount to be

incremented.

Procedure can also be invoked from the SQL prompt using the

EXECUTE command

SQL> EXECUTE incr_proc(,);

FunctionsA function is a subprogram that returns a value.

A function must have a RETURN clause.

Functions and procedures have a similar structure , except that

The function have a Return Clause.

Create [ OR Replace] Function

([mode],..)

RETURN datatype IS

[Local Declaration]

BEGINPL/SQL executable statements

[EXCEPTION




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exception handler]

END [FUNCATION_NAME];

Like a Procedure , a function has two parts:

The Specification and the Body. The function specification begins with the Keyword FUNCTION

And ends with the RETURN Clause, which specifies the datatype

of the result value.

The function body is exactly same as procedure body.

Return Statement.

Return Statement immediately returns control to the caller

Environment. Execution then resumes with the statement

following the subprogram call.

A subprogram can contain several RETURN statements.Executing

Any of them terminates the subprogram immediately. The

Return

Statement used in functions must contain an expression, which is

Evaluated when the RETURN statement is executed . The

resulting

Value is assigned to the function identifier. Therefore a

function must contain

at least one RETURN statement. Note: RETURN statement can also be used in procedures. But

it should not

contain any expression. The statement simply returns control to

the caller

before normal End of the procedure is reached.

Example: Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION review_func (pempno Number)RETURN Number IS

vIncr emp.sal%type;

vNet emp.sal%type;

vsal emp.sal%type;

vcomm emp.comm%type;

vempno emp.empno%type;

BEGIN

SELECT empno,sal ,nvl(comm,0) INTO vempno,vsal,vcomm

FROM empWHERE empno =pempno;

vNet:=vsal+vcomm;




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If vsal3000 and

vsal


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with any Subprograms. A procedure or function can change

the value of the

argument, which could be used for further processing.

Stored Packages A package is a database object that groups logically related

PL/SQL objects.

Packages encapsulate related procedures, functions,associated

cursors and variables together as logical unit in the database.

Packages are made of two components: The specifications and

the body.

The specification is the interface to applications and has

declarative statements.

The body of a package contains different procedures andfunctions.

Packages are groups of procedures, functions, variables and

SQL statements grouped into a single unit.

The entire package is loaded into the memory when a

procedure,

within the package is called for the first time. This reduces the

unnecessary disk I/O and network traffic.

Packages usually have two parts, a specification and a body.

Package specification

The specification is the interface to the applications, it

declares the

types, variables, constants, exceptions, cursors and

subprograms.

The specification holds public declarations, which are visible

to the

applications. The scope of these declarations is local to your database

schema and

global to the package.So, the declared objects are accessible

from

your application and from anywhere in the package.

The Package Body

The body fully defines cursors and subprograms, and so

implements

The body holds implementation details and privatedeclarations, which

are hidden from the application.




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The scope of these declarations is local to the package body.

Unlike a package specification, the declarative part of a

package body

can contain subprogram bodies.

Main Advantages of Packages

Better Performance

Overloading

A package is created interactively with SQL*Plus

using the CREATE PACKAGE and CREATE PACKAGE BODY

commands.

The syntax is:

Package Specification Syntax

CREATE[OR REPLACE] PACKAGE as/*

DECLARATIONS OF GLOBAL VARIABLES AND CURSORS (IF ANY);

PROCEDURES AND FUNCTIONS;

*/

END [];

Package Body Syntax

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PACKAGE BODY AS/*

PRIVATE TYPE AND OBJECT DECLARATION,

SUBPROGRAM BODIES;

*/

[BEGIN

--ACTION STATEMENTS;]

END [PKG-NAME];

Example of Package

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE EMP_PACK AS

PROCEDURE EMP_PROC (PEMPNO IN EMP.EMPNO%TYPE);

FUNCTION INCR_FUNC (PEID NUMBER, amt NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER;

END EMP_PACK;

/

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY EMP_PACK

ASPROCEDURE EMP_PROC (PEMPNO IN EMP. EMPNO%TYPE)

IS




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VTEMPNAME EMP.ENAME%TYPE;

VTESAL EMP.SAL%TYPE;

BEGIN

SELECT ENAME,SAL INTO VTEMPNAME,VTESAL FROM EMP WHERE

EMPNO=PEMPNO;DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (PEMPNO VTEMPNAMEVTESAL);

EXCEPTION

WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE (PEMPNO 'NOT FOUND');

END EMP_PROC;

FUNCTION INCR_FUNC (PEID NUMBER, amt NUMBER)

RETURN NUMBER IS

vsalary NUMBER;

salary_miss EXCEPTION;vtemp NUMBER;

BEGIN

SELECT sal INTO vsalary FROM emp WHERE empno=PEID;

IF vsalary IS NULL THEN

RAISE salary_miss;

/*If the vsalary is NULL an exception salary_miss is raised*/

ELSE

UPDATE emp set sal = sal+ amt where empno =PEID;vtemp:=vsalary + amt;

RETURN (vtemp);

END IF;

EXCEPTION

WHEN salary_miss THEN

dbms_output.put_line (PEID ' has salary as NULL');

/* If the employee number is not found the exception NO_DATA

FOUND

is raised*/WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN

dbms_output.put_line (PEID 'No such number');

END INCR_FUNC;

END EMP_PACK;

/

Calling a Procedure and Function of a Package

Calling a Procedure of a Package

EXECUTE EMP_PACK.EMP_PROC(7499);




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Calling a Function of a Package

DECLARE

vsalary NUMBER;

BEGIN

vsalary:=EMP_PACK.INCR_FUNC(7499,100);dbms_output.put_line (vsalary);

END;

/

Database Triggers

A database trigger is a stored PL/SQL Program unit

associated with a specific database table Unlike the stored procedures or functions

which have to be explicitly invoked, these triggers implicitly

gets fired (executed) Whenever the table is affected by any

SQL operation

Parts of Trigger

--Trigger event

--Trigger Constraints (Optional)

--Trigger action

Trigger Events A triggering event or statement is the sql

statement that

Causes a trigger to be fired. A triggering event can be

INSER,UPDATE or DELETE

statement for a specific table

Trigger Restriction

Trigger restriction specifies a Boolean expression that must be

True for a Triggerto fire. The Trigger action is not executed if the trigger

restriction evaluates to

FALSE. A trigger restriction is an option available for trigger

that are fired for each

row. Its function is to conditionally control the execution of the

trigger

A trigger restriction is specified using a WHEN clause.

Trigger Action

A trigger action is the procedure (PL/SQL block) that containthe SQL statements

and PLSQL Code to be executed when a triggering Statement is




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issued and the

trigger restriction evaluates to True

Syntax

Create [or Replace] TRIGGER

BEFORE AFTER INSTEAD OFDELETE [OR] INSERT [OR] UPDATE [ OF [, ]]

ON

[REFERENCING [OLD [AS] ] [NEW [AS] ]]

[FOR EACH ROW [ WHEN ]]

BEGIN

---

/* PL/SQL Block */

----END;

Description of Syntax of Database Trigger

Before Option

Oracle Fires the trigger before modifying each row affected by

The triggering statement

After Option

Oracle fires the trigger after modifying each row affected

by the triggering statement

Instead of Option

Oracle fires the trigger for each row , to do something else

Instead of performing the action that executed the trigger.

WHEN Specifies the trigger restriction . This condition has to besatisfied to

fire trigger. The condition can be specified for the ROW

TRIGGER.

Statement Level Trigger:

Statement level trigger executes once for each transaction.

For example if a single Transaction inserted 1000 rows into the

EMP table, then a statement level trigger on that tablewould only be executed once.




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Example:

To create a trigger for the EMP Table,

which makes the entry in the Ename column in Upper case

Create or replace trigger upper_trig1

Before insert or update of ename on emp for each rowBegin

:new.ename:=upper(:new.ename);

End;

/

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR

The raise application error is a built in Oracle Procedure which

lets user issue theuser defined error messages

Range varies from (-20000 to -20999)

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER Test_Trig BEFORE INSERT on emp

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

IF inserting then

IF :NEW.sal=1500 then

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20231,'Insertion Not Allowed');

END IF;END IF;

END;

/

Instead of Trigger tells oracle what to do instead of performing

the action that executed the trigger

Except instead of trigger , all trigger can be used only on

tables.

Instead of triggers can be used only on viewExample

View Create

create or replace view v_instead1 as

select empno,ename,emp.deptno,job,sal,dname,loc from

emp,dept

where emp.deptno= dept.deptno

Trigger Create

create or replace trigger Tv_instead1 instead of delete on

v_instead1 for each row begindelete from emp where deptno=:old.deptno;

delete from dept where deptno=:old.deptno;




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Syntax and use of the UTL_FILE package Functions andProcedures:

1. FUNCTION FOPEN

FUNCTION FOPEN (LOCATION, FILENAME, OPEN_MODE)

RETURN UTL_FILE.FILE_TYPE;

LOCATION is the operating system-specific string that specifies

the

directory or area in which to open the file

FILENAME is the name of the file, including extension, without

anydirectory information.

OPEN_MODE is a string that specifies how the file is to be

opened.

Options allowed are R for Read, W for Write and A for

Append.

Function FOPEN returns a file handle that is used in

subsequent file

Operations.

Example:V_FILENAME:=UTL_FILE.FOPEN(P_FILEDIR, P_FILENAME, R);

end;

PL/SQL File I/O (Input/Output)

File I/O is done through the supplied package UTL_FILE.

The Oracle 8i Server adds file Input/Output capabilities toPL/SQL.

This is done through the supplied package UTL_FILE.

This package has some procedures and functions which add

power to

interact with a file.

The file I/O capabilities are similar to those of the standard

operating

system stream file I/O (OPEN,GET,PUT,CLOSE), similar to the C

programming file functions with some limitations. For example, you call the FOPEN function to return a file

handle,

which you then use in subsequent calls to GET_LINE or PUT to

perform stream I/O to a file.

After performing I/O on the file FCLOSE can be used to close

the file.




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2. FUNCTION IS_OPEN

FUNCTION IS_OPEN (FILE)

RETURN BOOLEAN;

where

FILE is the value returned by FOPEN.Function IS_OPEN tests a file handle to determine if it identifies

an open

file.

Example:

BEGIN

IF UTL_FILE.IS_OPEN (P_FILE) THEN

.

.END IF;

END;

3. PROCEDURE FCLOSE

PROCEDURE FCLOSE (FILE)

where

FILE is the value returned by an FOPEN operation.

PROCEDURE FCLOSE closes the open file identified by FILE.

Example:

UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(V_FILEHANDLE);

4. PROCEDURE GET_LINE

PROCEDURE GET_LINE (FILE, BUFFER);

where


BUFFER holds the read text.

5. PROCEDURE GET_LINE reads a line of text from the open file

identified by FILE and places the text in the output BUFFER.

Example:

UTL_FILE.GET_LINE (V_FILEHANDLE, V_NEWLINE);

6. PROCEDURE PUT_LINE

PROCEDURE PUT_LINE (FILE, BUFFER);

where





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BUFFER is the text to write.

PROCEDURE PUT_LINE writes text string BUFFER to the file

identified by FILE, then writes a line terminator

Example:

UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE (V_FILEHANDLE, ROLLNO NAME SUBJECT );

UTL_FILE.PUT_LINE (V_FILEHANDLE, --------- ----- ------ );The file will be written with the following format:

ROLLNO NAME SUBJECT

--------- ---- ------

Collections

Nested Tables

VARYING Arrays (VARRAY)

Nested Tables

A nested tables is useful for data models requiring referential

integrity

and is suitable for master-detail and one to many relationships.

A nested table is a database table which stores data in it, that

cannot be

A Nested Table can be included in a table definition as one of

the

columns. That is why, they are known as Nested Tables.

Nested Tables can be manipulated directly using SQL.

To create a nested table the syntax is as follows:

CREATE TYPE TABLE_NAME IS TABLE OF TABLE_TYPE [NOT

NULL];

where:

TABLE_NAME The name of new type

TABLE_TYPE The type of each element in a nested table. It can

be

built-in type, a user defined type or a reference to

object type.

Example:

CREATE TYPE BOOKS_TYPE AS OBJECT

(BOOK_NO NUMBER (4),

BOOK_TITLE VARCHAR (20),

AUTHOR VARCHAR2(20));

/

Type created.




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CREATE TYPE BOOKS AS TABLE OF BOOKS_TYPE;

/

Type created.

Example:

CREATE TABLE STUDENT (STUDENT_NO NUMBER(4) NOT NULL,

STUDENT_NAME VARCHAR2(25),

BOOKS_ISSUED BOOKS )

NESTED TABLE BOOKS_ISSUED STORE AS BOOK_TABLE;

Table created.

Inserting Records

INSERT INTO STUDENT VALUES

(1001, 'AMIT KUMAR',

BOOKS (BOOKS_TYPE(3211, 'ORACLE 8 UNLEASHED', 'KAIT'),BOOKS_TYPE(3922, 'PL/SQL PROG','J J')));

accessed directly.

Update is used to modify the store table

The Operator allows nested tables to be manipulated using

DML when it is stored in a table

The table takes the sub query as argument and returns the

Nested table to be used in DML.

The Sub Query must return single nested columns

Example:

UPDATE THE (SELECT BOOKS_ISSUED FROM STUDENT WHERE

STUDENT_NO=1001)

SET BOOK_TITLE = 'ORACLE UNLEASHED'

WHERE BOOK_NO=3211;

Inserting records in nested Table

Example:

Insert into the (select books_issued from student where

student_no=1001)

values (books_type(5111, 'Visual Basic', 'Ken'));

Selecting a records from the Nested Table

Example:

select * FROM THE (SELECT BOOKS_ISSUED FROM STUDENT

WHERE

STUDENT_NO=1001) WHERE BOOK_NO=3211

/

Deleting a records from the Nested Table




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For deleting a row from the nested table using the condition

from the

nested table

DELETE FROM THE (SELECT BOOKS_ISSUED FROM STUDENT

WHERE

STUDENT_NO=1001) WHERE BOOK_NO=3211;

VARRAYS

Varray is a datatype similar to an array in C or PASCAL.

Elements are

inserted into a VARRAY, starting at index 1 up to the maximum

length

declared in the VARRAY type.

A VARRAY has the following:

COUNT Current Number of elements

LIMIT Maximum number of elements the VARRAY can

contain. The LIMIT is user defined.

Each element of the array has the position indicated by an

index which

can range from one to the COUNT value.

A VARRAY can be stored in a database column. A VARRAY can

only

be manipulated as a whole. Individual elements of stored

VARRAYS

cannot be modified.

Creating VARRAYs

Example:

CREATE TYPE BOOKS_TYPE1 AS OBJECT

(BOOK_NO NUMBER (4),

BOOK_TITLE VARCHAR (20),

AUTHOR VARCHAR2(20));

/

Type created.

CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE BOOKS_ARRAY AS VARRAY(10)

OF BOOKS_TYPE1;

/

Type created.

CREATE TABLE STUDENTS1(

STUDENT_NO NUMBER(4),




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BOOKS_ISSUED BOOKS_ARRAY);

Table created.

Inserting Rows

The values can be inserted in a VARRAY as a whole, we caninsert rows Into the table using

the constructor as follows:

INSERT INTO STUDENTS1

VALUES

(2355, BOOKS_ARRAY(

BOOKS_TYPE1(1020,'ORACLE BEGINNERS', 'ORACLE PRESS'),

BOOKS_TYPE1(1111,'TUNING ORACLE','CONEY')));

This row contains a VARRAY BOOKS_ARRAY having two elements

Updating Rows

The VARRAYs can be updated as a whole. Individual elements

cannot

be accessed.

UPDATE STUDENTS1

SET BOOKS_ISSUED=BOOKS_ARRAY(

BOOKS_TYPE1(1020,'ORACLE BEGINNERS','ORACLE PRESS'))

WHERE STUDENT_NO=2355;

The row for STUDENT_NO 2355, will have only one element inthe

VARRAY column.

To modify a stored VARRY, it has to be selected into a PLSQL

variable and then inserted back into the table .

The Technique is as below:

Note:

LIST_OF_BOOKS.COUNT gives the number of elements in the

VARRAYLIST_OF_BOOK.EXTEND appends one element ot the array i.e

increase the array limit by 1

Example

DECLARE

LIST_OF_BOOKS BOOKS_ARRAY;

BEGIN

SELECT BOOKS_ISSUED INTO LIST_OF_BOOKS

FROM STUDENTS1 WHERE STUDENT_NO=2355;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('NO OF BOOKS ISSUED' TO_CHAR(LIST_OF_BOOKS.COUNT));

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ARRAY LIMIT' LIST_OF_BOOKS.LIMIT);




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LIST_OF_BOOKS.EXTEND;

LIST_OF_BOOKS(LIST_OF_BOOKS.COUNT):=BOOKS_TYPE

(2334,'DBA HANDBOOK','KEVIN');

UPDATE STUDENTS1 SET BOOKS_ISSUED=LIST_OF_BOOKS WHERE

STUDENT_NO=2355;

COMMIT;END;

/

Autonomous Transactions

An Autonomous Transaction (AT) is an independent transaction

started by another

Transaction, The main transaction (MT). At the time of

execution it lets you

suspend the main transaction, do SQL Operation, Commit, or

rollback those operation , then resume the main transaction. It

always

Executes with in an autonomous scope.

An autonomous Block is a routine marked with the

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION

Example of Autonomous Transaction

Main Transaction

CREATE OR REPLACE Procedure PROC1_TRAN is

EMP_ID NUMBER:=7499;

BEGIN

UPDATE EMP SET SAL =SAL+100

WHERE EMPNO=EMP_ID;

PROC2_TRAN(EMP_ID);

DELETE FROM EMP

WHERE EMPNO=EMP_ID;

ROLLBACK;

END;

/

Autonomous Transaction

CREATE OR REPLACE Procedure PROC2_TRAN(P_EMP_ID

NUMBER) is

PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION;

DEPT_ID NUMBER;

BEGIN

SELECT DEPTNO INTO DEPT_ID FROM EMP WHERE

EMPNO=P_EMP_ID;

UPDATE DEPT SET DNAME='ACCOUNTING1'




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WHERE DEPTNO=30;

COMMIT;

END;

/

SQL loader

This tool is used to move the data from Non oracle standard

source into the oracle

Database Using sql loader a user can

Load data from multiple data files

Two types on input have to be provided to SQL*Loader.

The data file containing the actual data

The control file containing the specification which drive the

sql*loader session

SQL Loader generates three files

The log file (Summary of the execution of the Load)

The bad File (Rejected by Oracle)

The discard File (Doesn't meet the condition)

Create a Data File EMPLOYEE.TXT with following contents :

3000,HARPREET,ENGG,10000

3001,PREET1, ,20000

Create a Control File TEST.CTL with following contents :

LOAD DATA

INFILE 'EMPLOYEE.TXT'

APPEND

INTO TABLE EMP

WHEN JOB != ' '

Fields Terminated By ","

(

EMPNO

,ENAME

,JOB

,SAL

)

Calling a Control File TEST.CTL which in turn refers to

EMPLOYEE.TXT file for Data are:

SQLLDR CONTROL=TEST.CTL




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Posted by Ajeet Singh at 14:41

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