How to Cite Sources and the Reference List

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APA Style

• From the American Psychological Association; often preferred in the fields of psychology and many other social sciences.

• The APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions for documenting sources used in a research paper.

• The APA style requires two elements for citing outside sources: Reference Citations in Text and a Reference List.

• Together these elements identify and credit the sources consulted in the paper and allow others to access or retrieve this material.

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• In APA style, citations to sources are placed in the text of the paper in order to briefly identify sources for readers and enable them to locate the source of the cited information in the Reference List.

• These parenthetical (in text) references include the author’s last name and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses.

• Citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quoted and paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

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• In APA style, every reference cited in your text must be reflected in an entry on your reference list.

• The sole exceptions to this rule are personal communications with the author such as e-mails, conversations and letters – need only be cited in text.

• Likewise, every item on the reference list must correspond to an in-text citation somewhere in your work.

• Do not include works that you do not cite in the body of your paper.

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• Works by a Single Author– The last name of the author and the year of

publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point.

• …concerned about the future world (Palma, 1992)

– If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses.

• Palma (1992) stated that…• In 1992, Palma stated that…

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• Works by Multiple Authors– When a work has two authors, always cite

both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In parenthetical material, join the names with an ampersand (&).

• …the instructional procedures will vary (Kubiszyn & Borich, 2000)

– In the narrative text, join the names with the word “and”.

• … as Kubiszyn and Borich (2000) demonstrated…

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– When a work has three or five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs.

• Kahneman, Knetsch, & Thaler (1991) found…

– In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by “et.al.” (Latin for “and others”) and the year of publication.

• Kahneman et.al. (1991) found…

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Specific parts of a source:

• To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations). Include the page, chapter, and the like (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.

• (Fraenkel & Wallen, 1993, p. 240)

• References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or Bibliography.

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• Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by author’s last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.

• Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work.

• Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.

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• Use an ampersand (&) instead of a word “and” when listing multiple authors of a single work.

• Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.

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• Indentation: The first line of the entry is flushed to the left and all subsequent lines are indented (five to seven spaces) to form a “hanging indent.”

• Underlining vs. Italics: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.

• Examples:

Jones M. (2008, July 14). Who was more important: Lincoln or Darwin? Newsweek, 30-34.

Sweeney, K. (2008). Crisis decision theory: Decisions in the face of negative events. Psychological Bulletin, 134 (1), 61-76.

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• Example of No author or editor:

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.

• Example of one author:

Badke, W. (2004). Research strategies: Finding your way through the information fog. Second Print Edition. New York.

• Example of two authors:

Calderon, J.F. and Gonzales, E.C. (1993). Methods of research and thesis writing. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store.

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• Book:

Kurtansky, M. (2002). Salt: A world history. New York: Walker and Co.

• Edited Book:

Scholnick, E.K. (Ed). (1999). Conceptual development: Piaget’s legacy. Mahwan, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

• Chapter from an Edited Book:

Denmark, F.L. (1999). Enhancing the development of adolescent girls. In N.G. Johnson &M.C. Roberts (Eds). Beyond appearance: A New look at adolescent girls (pp. 377-404). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

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• Translation (Book):

Freud, S. (1950). Beyond the pleasure principle (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Liverwright. (Original work published 1920).

• Article from a Scholarly Journal:

Fechner, P.Y. (2002). Gender differences in puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 4, 44-48.

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• Article from a Newspaper:

Schawrtz, J. (1993, September30). Obesity effects economic, socal status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

• Newspaper Article with no Author Given:

Gene theraphy to be tried. (00, October 11). The News and Observer, p. 9A.

• Articles from a Magazine:

Postner, M.I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

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• Website:

Bass, R. (1997). Technology and Learning : A Brief Guide of Interactive Multimedia and the Study of the United States. Retrieved May 2, 2002, from Georgetown University, American Crossroads Project Website: http://www.georgetown.edu/crossraods/mltmedia.html.

• Document Published on the Internet: If the document is composed of multiple web pages, give the URL of the homepage or entry page for the document. If no publication or “last modified” date is apparent, use “n.d.” in place of the publication date.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. (2007, March 23). Introduction to Library Research. Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://lib.unc.edu/instruct/tutorial.

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• Specific Chapter or Section of Document Published on the Internet: Give chapter or section numbers (if available) in place of page numbers. Provide the URL that points to the first page of the chapter or section you are citing.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries, (2007, July 12). APA Citation Style. Citing Information (section 3). Retrieved July 25, 2007, from http://www.lib.unc.edu/instruct/citations/index.html

• E-Book Version of Print Book:

Schildt, H. (2005). Java: a beginner’s guide. New York: McGraw-Hill/Osborne. Retrieved July 23, 2007, from ebrary: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/uncch/Doc?id=10083721

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• Articles from a Scholarly Journal, Retrieved from an Online Database:

Dorman, S.M. (1997). Video and computer game: effect on children and implication for health education. Journal of School Health, 67, 133-138. Retrieved October 31, 2000 from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

• Full-text Newspaper Article with No Author Given. Retrieved from an Online Database:

Don’t even think about turning here. (2002, October 3). The New York Times, p. A26. Retrieved from October 15, 2002, from LexisNexis Academic database.

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• Motion Picture: For a motion picture, the first executive producer and the first director should be listed as the responsible parties. Of one of these parties fulfilled multiple creative roles in the film, all such roles should be listed. If credits for director and producer are not available, provide the name of the individual or organization most responsible for the work.

Hardy, J. (Producer) & Brest, M. (Writer/Director). (2003). Gigli [Motion picture]. United States: Columbia Pictures.

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Order of Reference in the Reference ListOrder of Reference in the Reference List

Letter by letter alphabetization.

Stown, J.R., precedes Stownick, A.R., even though I precede J in the alhabet.

Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc, and Mac literally, notas if they are all spelled Mac. Disregard the apostrophe. Order of alphabetization should be MacArthur, MacNeil and McCarthy.

Alphabetize surnames that contain articles and prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.) according to the rules of the language of origin. If the prefix is commonly part of the surname (i.e. De Vera), traet the prefix as part of the last name and alphabetize by the prefix (i.e. DeBase precedes De Vera). If the prefix is not customarily used (i.e. Sernia rather than von Sernia), disregard it in the alphabetization and place the prefix following the initials (i.e. Sernia, U.P.C. von).

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Order of Reference in the Reference ListOrder of Reference in the Reference List

Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.

When ordering several works by the same author, give

the author’s name in the first and all subsequent references, and use the following rules to arrange the entries:

a. Arrange one-author entries by the same author by year of publication, writing the earliest first.

b. One-author precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname.

c. Arrange alphabetically according to the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on, the references with the same first author and different second or third authors.

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Order of Reference in the Reference ListOrder of Reference in the Reference Listd. arrange reference s with the same authors by year of publication, the

earliest first.

e. Arrange alphabetically reference by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date. However, if the references with the same authors published in the same year are identifies as articles in a series (i.e. Part 1 and Part ), arrange the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Identify with lower case letters (a, b, c, and so on) after the year, within the parentheses.

f. If the author of the work is an agency, association, or institution, or none at all, alphabetize group authors by the first significant word of the name using full official names (i.e. Philippine Pharmaceutical Association not PPhA). A parent body precedes a subdivision (i.e. University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, College of Criminology). If the work is signed “Anonymous,” the entry begins with the word Anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetize as if Anonymous was a true name. If there is no author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title. Legal references are treated like references with no author.

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End of Presentation