how haze impacts on your healthy

7/23/2019 How Haze Impacts on Your Healthy

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How Haze Impacts on Your

Healthy


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In higher intensity fires carbon dioxide andwater are the principle emissions.

lower intensity fires

characterized by incomplete combustion,produce greater volumes of harmful gasesincluding carbon monoxide, nitrogenoxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons,polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons,aldehydes, and free radicals.


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Forest fires produce biomass smoecontaining a range of pollutants. !ndersome conditions and in certain

concentrations, biomass smoe canadversely a"ect human health. #dversee"ects of biomass smoe are defined asmedically significant or culturallyrecognized psychosocial and biophysicalchanges in individual or populationhealth


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Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorptionare the routes of exposure to smoepollutants. Inhalation is the most common

pathway through which humans absorbconstituents of biomass smoe. $ermalabsorption might also occur through a

person%s surface cells. &ne substance that

sin cells directly absorb is free radicals thatmay contribute to the development ofemphysema, #dult'#cute (espiratory $istress)yndrome *#($)+, and lung cancer.


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astrointestinal absorption can occurthrough the ingestion of productssuch as plants that have absorbedpollutants through the soil or ash,wildlife that have inhaled or ingestedpollutants, and freshwater species

such as fish that have absorbed oringested contaminated water.


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-edically significant biophysical e"ectsof biomass smoe include acute,subchronic, and chronic e"ects on

public health. he spectrum of adversephysiological e"ects ranges fromtemporary, relatively minor eye, nose,

and throat irritations, to persistentcardiopulmonary conditions, and lesscommonly, to premature death.


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Cardiopulmonary ConditionsCaused by Biomass Smoke

temporary, permanent, andprogressive respiratory dysfunction.

/ong0term exposure to smoe mayincrease riss of developing chronicillnesses such as cancer, andrespiratory and vascular disease.


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Particulate Matter

1articles that have a diameter largerthan 2 micrometers penetrate theupper respiratory tract. 1articles with

a diameter of 2 micrometers or lesscan penetrate the lower respiratorytract and deposit in the bronchioles

and alveoli.


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1eople who inhale particulate matterpresent respiratory symptoms suchas coughing, wheezing, excess

phlegm production, lungin3ammation, systemic in3ammationin the body, discomfort from

breathing, and shortness of breath.


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he inhalation of particulate matter causesasthma, upper and lower respiratory tractinfections, 4&1$ *chronic obstructivepulmonary disease+, and Ischemic4ardiomyopathy

5ew cases of pulmonary diseases emergewhen particulate matter occurs in the range of

670677 m'm8, while pre0existing cases wereaggravated by the occurrence of particulatematter in the range of 970:7 m'm8 for 1-9.2and :7027 m'm8 for 1-67


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#cute biomass smoe pollution andexposure to particulate matter areassociated with hematologic changes in

humans. he inhalation of biomass smoe reduces

red blood cell levels and damages cellularmembranes as indicated by increases inalbumin and lactose dehydrogenase anddepression of macrophage activity.


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he deposition of 1-67 and )&9 in therespiratory system resulting from theinhalation of air pollutants stimulates

bone marrow to release white blood cells.he bone marrow produces leuocytes,platelets, and proteins in response to thecirculating cytoines, promoting systemic

in3ammation in the body, andcontributing to the development ofcardiopulmonary disease.


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4ytoine production by alveolar macrophagesin the lungs increases in association withincreases in 1-67 indicating an increase in

1-5 band cells. ;hereas 1-67 immediatelystimulates bone marrow to release 1-5 bandcells, the stimulation provoed by )&9 is

delayed. 1-5, polymorphonuclear

leuocytes, are small white blood cells thatspecialize in phagocytosis, or the breaingdown of cells for defense.


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Irritants

causes eye irritations and upperrespiratory tract irritations. )ymptomsfrom acute exposure to organic acids,

aldehydes *e.g.,acrolein andformaldehyde+, and respirable particulatematter include teary and burning eyes,runny nose, and scratchy and sore throat.

)ulfur dioxide by itself irritates the lungsand in combination with


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particulate matter has even greaterirritating e"ects *8+. #crolein is an irritant that can

cause cellular toxicity in the upperrespiratory tract and ciliary stasis *$ost6==6+. ;hen forest fires burn in areaswhere the soil contains crystalline silica,

smoe inhalation can cause silicosis,in3aming and scarring the lungs, therebyreducing oxygenation


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Carbon Monoxide

. Inhalation of carbon monoxide increasesproduction of carboxyhemoglobin *4&Hb+above the body%s normal amounts.4arboxyhemoglobin are bonds of carbonmonoxide bonds and hemoglobin that formwhen carbon monoxide displaces bloodoxygen. In excessive amounts,carboxyhemoglobin causes oxygendeprivation, damages body tissues, andinduces coughing and cold0lie symptoms.atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease


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&zone, a secondary product ofbiomass combustion, causes chestpain and other respiratory problems

such as pulmonary edema. #dditionalresponses to ozone exposure includeheadaches, and the aggravation of

pre0existing asthma and pre0existingarrythmia


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Inhalation of particulate mattercontaminated with dioxins may havecarcinogenic e"ects. For example, the

dioxin 4$$?a component of an herbicideused in forestry management sometimesoccurs in biomass smoe.

nitrogen oxides with increased cancer rates.

&zone produced from the hydrocarbons andnitrogen oxides emitted by fires??iscarcinogenic.


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polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons*1#Hs+. when present, formaldehydeexacerbates the carcinogenic e"ects of

1#Hs. 5asal and nasopharyngeal cancermay be a long0term e"ect offormaldehyde inhalation.

Formaldehyde may decrease sensory

capacity. &ther aldehydes, elementalcarbon, and trace metals have potentialcarcinogenic e"ects


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#ldehydes can also cause contactdermatitis and uticaria. Free radicalsin forest fire smoe react with tissues

indicating that they are carcinogenicand mutagenic.


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1remature $eath

1remature death is an acute and chronic e"ect of theinhalation of particulate matter.

$ue to cardiopulmonary dysfunction.

$ocery and 1ope *6==:@69>+ provide three explanations

for the lin between premature death and particulatematter@ 6+ Aacute bronchitis and bronchiolitis may bemisdiagnosed as pulmonary edemaBC 9+ Aair pollutants

may increase lung permeability and precipitatepulmonary edema in people with myocardial damage and

increased left atrial pressureBC and 8+ Abronchiolitis orpneumonia induced by air pollution, in the presence of

pre0existing heart disease, might precipitate congestiveheart failure.


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1articulate matter in urban and indoorair pollution causes respiratory illnessand disease leading to premature death

in infants, the elderly, and people withpre0existing cardiopulmonary disorders

hus, carboxyhemoglobin can cause

premature death. 4arbon monoxidepoisoning may cause atherioscleroticdisease leading to premature death


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Suppressed Immunity

he inhalation of wood smoe decreases resistance tolung infections and increases susceptibility torespiratory infections by interfering with macrophagephagocytosis.

#ldehydesDnamely acroleinDin wood smoe inhibit theability of scavenger cells in the lungs to ill bacteria,thus increasing the possibility of respiratory infection.

he dioxins that are sometimes present in forest firesmoe are immunosuppressants. $ioxins increase

susceptibility to infections *for example )taphylococcusaureus+ by inhibiting humoral immunity and bya"ecting 0lymphocytes and E0lymphocytes.


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Physical and CognitiveImpairments

race gases in air pollution are associatedwith weight loss, weaness, and fatigue.4arboxyhemoglobin, from breathing

excessive amounts of carbon monoxide,causes deficiency of blood oxygenleading to slower reaction times, slowerre3exes, drowsiness, disorientation,

fatigue, diminished wor capacity,reduced manual sills, and impairedmental abilities.


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#ir pollution causes an assortment ofother physical and cognitive impairmentsincluding the following@ inability to

distinguish letters, colors, andbrightnessB hese chemicals are e"ectivefire suppressants, but are also potentiallytoxic to humans.


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he diammonium phosphate inretardants may cause dermatitis,emphysema, asthma attacs, and

irritations of the eyes, respiratorytract, and gastrointestinal tract./ongterm exposure to retardants

may cause irritations to the eyes,sin, and respiratory tract


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1eople with angina or heart disease,pregnant women, developingfetuses, and those who exercise

outdoors are particularly sensitive tocarbon monoxide pollution


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Forest fires are also a maor contributor to ozone becausethey release the hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides thatform this compound. hus, in the lee of the wind of a forestfire, ozone levels can increase even in areas at greatdistances from the fire.


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how haze impacts on your healthy

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