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1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes Biocatalyst Active site Substrate/Product Reaction specificity Stereospecificity Coupled reactions Regulation

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Page 1: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

1/31/2017

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How Enzymes Work

Pratt & Cornely Ch 6

Enzymes

• Biocatalyst

• Active site

• Substrate/Product

• Reaction specificity

• Stereospecificity

• Coupled reactions

• Regulation

Page 2: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Rate Enhancement

Orotidine Decarboxylase

• Key enzyme in production of nucleotides for DNA

• T1/2 = 14 ms

• But what makes it a great enzyme?

Page 3: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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The Speed of the Uncatalyzed Rxn

Mechanism and RDS

Page 4: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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EC Nomenclature

Enzyme Classes

1. Oxidoreductase

• Recognize Redox reactions

• Redox cofactors: NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2, Q/QH2

• Dehydrogenases, oxidases, peroxidases, reductase

Page 5: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Enzyme Classes

2. Transferase

• 2 substrates

• Coenzymes—PLP

• Transferase, kinase

Enzyme Classes

3. Hydrolase

• Water nucleophile

• Phosphatase, nuclease, protease, peptidase

Page 6: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Enzyme Classes

4. Lyase

• Hardest to recognize—not redox, hydrolysis• Elimination of a group to give double bond• Reversible• Hydratase, decarboxylase, (formerly synthases)

Enzyme Classes

5.  Isomerase

• Rearragement without loss/add

• Racemase, isomerase, mutase (phosphate)

Page 7: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Enzyme Classes

6. Ligase

• Joining together with ATP input

• Irreversible

• Synthetase

Problem 10

• To which class do the enzymes that catalyze the following reactions belong?

Page 8: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Problems 11‐12

• Draw the structures of the products

Problem 14

• Propose a name for each enzyme.

Page 9: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Catalysis

• Thermodynamics

• Kinetics

• Rxn coordinate

• Transition state

• 5.7 kJ ~ 10x change

Mechanisms

• Two major mechanisms—any or all may be used in a given enzyme– Chemical Mechanisms (Changes in pathway)

• Acid‐base catalysis• Covalent catalysis• Metal ion catalysis

– Binding Mechanisms (Lowering of EA)• Proximity/orientation effect

• Transition State Stabilization• Electrostatic catalysis

Page 10: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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1. Acid/Base Catalysis

• Sidechains affect most proton transfers

General Acid‐Base Catalysis• H+ and HO‐ are “specific acid/base” and depend on pH

• Amino acid sidechains are general acid‐base, and can conduct reactions inside active site pocket that aren‘t possible in solution

Page 11: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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What’s Wrong with This?

Triose Phosphate Isomerase

Page 12: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Mechanism

Be able to explain catalytic function of AA in each step of a mechanism

2. Covalent Catalysis

• Can act as active site nucleophile

• Can produce a more reactive electrophile

• Example: 

Page 13: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Covalent Intermediate

3. Metal Ion Catalysis

• Redox reactions

• Stabilization of charges

Page 14: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Metalloprotease

• Problem 47: Propose a mechanism for this protease:

pH affects Enzyme Catalysis

Propose possible explanations of pH profile

Page 15: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Binding Energy

• Binding based on intermolecular forces

• “Lock and Key”

• Selectivity

• Rate Enhancement– Effective concentration

– Entropy trapProductive orientation of two molecules in the active site

Page 16: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Induced Fit

• “Lock and Key” too simplistic

• Enzymes are actually somewhat flexible

• Substrate specificity comes at catalytic price

• kcat = 103 per second, 

but worth cost

Lowering Activation Energy

• Transition state stabilization is half the story

Page 17: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Weak Binding of Substrate

• Substrate binding:  too much of a good thing

• Thermodynamic pit

• KM ~ 10‐4 M

• Can be 10‐6 M for cofactors

Case Study: Chymotrypsin

• Well studied enzyme

• Example of how enzyme mechanism studied

• Example of types of mechanism

Catalyzes hydrolysis of amide

Page 18: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Serine Protease

• Catalytic triad

– Low barrier H‐bond (electrostatic catalysis)

• Oxyanion hole

Page 19: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Studying Enzyme Mechanisms

• Enzyme assay

• Make artificial substrate

• Product formation may be followed with UV‐vis spectroscopy

Group Specific Reagents

• Chemical that reacts with a particular residue

• Covalent modification

• Can be used to determine especially reactive serine‐195

Page 20: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Pre‐Steady State Kinetics

• “Burst” kinetics

• Small initial product formation followed by steady rate of product formation

• Suggests a two step mechanism

Substrate Specificity

• Specificity pocket

• Binding affinity

• Promiscuity

Page 21: How Enzymes Work - Indiana University Bloomingtoncourses.chem.indiana.edu/c483/documents/Lecturech6_002.pdf1/31/2017 1 How Enzymes Work Pratt & Cornely Ch 6 Enzymes •Biocatalyst

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Question• What effects would the following mutations have on enzyme specificity?

– Trypsin D189E

– Elastin V226A, T216A

– Trypsin D189K

Pancreatic Proteases

• Released from pancrease as zymogens

• Typsin activated by enteropeptidase

• Chymotrypsin activated by trypsin