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HOW DRAWINGS TALK

Antonio Carmelo LaudaniARC 6116 Drawing Toward Architecture Fall 2012

CityLab-OrlandoUniversity of Florida Graduate School of Architecture

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Table of Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Plan Veiws

Chapter 2 Elevations and Section Views

Chapter 3 Three Dimensional Views

Chapter 4 Rendered Views

Conclusion

Bibliography

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Introduction “Architects depend upon sketchs throughout the process of design as a medium for dialogue. !ey are the physi-cal manifestation of their thinking and are used in various ways from the inception of the project to "nal detailing and evaluation.” Kendra Schank Smith

The above drawings are ink drawings of W. Pine St and rendered in color pencil on sketch paper.

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In this book I explore the different types of architectural drawings and the type of information they convey. Lets start by learning what archi-tectural drawings are. Architectural drawings are visual images that assist in the designing and the construction of a building. These draw-ings aid in the design process by allowing achitects to visually think about and develop their ideas and concepts so they can communicate with a client. Then there are drawings that are used to construct the building; these drawings are typically called construction documents. Construction documents are technical drawings that are used by con-tractors to construct a building.

Sketches and diagrams

Sketches and diagrams are typically freehand drawings that architects use to develop their ideas. !ese drawings do not need to be of a full building, they can be a singular idea of a small ele-ment of the building. !ese drawings can also be used to have a dialogue with themselves or with others.

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Chapter 1

Plan Veiws

Site PlansA site plan is a plan that shows the context of the building and its site. This plan allows one to form a relationship between the building and the site by showing all the locations of the components of the site such as roads, parking lots, walking paths, hard landscape, plants, trees and the footprints of the existing and pro-posed buildings. From this drawing you will learn how vehicles and pedestrians are to arrive and move about the site.

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Site plan of the area around the Nap Ford Community School. It is a Composite rendering of a computer drawing and a PhotoShop render.

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Floor Plans$�ÀRRU�SODQ�LV�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�W\SH�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�GUDZLQJ��7KLV�LV�D�KRUL]RQWDO�VHFWLRQ�FXW�WKURXJK�WKH�EXLOGLQJ��W\SLFDOO\�IRXU�IHHW�DERYH�WKH�ÀRRU�OHYHO��7KLV�SODQ�will show anything below the cut plane as a solid object or line and anything above WKH�FXW�SODQH�LV�W\SLFDOO\�QRW�VKRZQ�RU�VKRZQ�DV�GDVKHG��)URP�WKH�ÀRRU�SODQ�\RX�ZLOO�OHDUQ�WKH�SURSRUWLRQV��VL]H�DQG�VFDOH�RI�WKH�VSDFHV�RI�WKH�EXLOGLQJ��WKH�ORFDWLRQ�of walls, doors and windows, and the spaces in the building are tagged.

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Chapter 2

Elevation And Section

Elevations$Q�(OHYDWLRQ�LV�D�ÀDWWHQHG�YLHZ�RI�D�YHUWLFDO�EXLOGLQJ�VXUIDFH�WKDW�LV�W\SLFDOO\�XVHG�to show building facades. This drawing is typically drawn with line weights so that everything closer to you will be drawn with darker lines to give it a sense of depth. )URP�WKH�HOHYDWLRQ�\RX�FDQ�OHDUQ�WKH�ORFDWLRQ��WKH�SURSRUWLRQV��VFDOH�DQG�VL]HV�RI�the different elements on the facades.

“All lines serve a purpose in drawings. It is essential that, as you draw, you understand what each line represents, whether it be an edge of a plane, a change in material or simply a construction guideline.” Francis Ching

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Elevation is off a building on W. Pine St., it is ink on trace paper.

Composite rendering with entourage from PhotoShop of the above elevation.

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Cross SectionsA cross section is a vertical cut through an object or building that is looking in one direction. In the section view everything that is cut by the vertical plane will be VKRZQ�ZLWK�D�EROG�EODFN�VROLG�OLQH�RU�RIWHQ�ZLWK�D�VROLG�¿OO��$�VHFWLRQ�HOHYDWLRQ�LV�D�combination of sections and elevations and everything beyond the cut plane will be shown with line weights that will get lighter the further it is away from the cut plane. From cross sections you will learn how vertical spaces and levels can form relationships and react with each other.

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Site section in ink on trace paper.

Composite rendering of the above site section from PhotoShop

Building section in ink on trace paper

Composite rendering of the above building section from PhotoShop

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Chapter 3

Three Dimensional Views

Isometrics and AxonometricsIsometrics and axonometrics are a simple way to show a relationship between multiple sides of a building by giving the drawings a three dimensional feel while maintaining a scale. An isometric drawing is drawn using plan grids of 30 degrees, 60 degrees and 90 degrees. The isometric plan grids lowers the point of view of the drawings allowing someone to see the sides better, however plan grid also dis-torts the drawing. An axonometric drawing is drawn using plan grids of 45 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees. The axonometric plan grid has a higher point of view, which makes the sides harder to see, but this plan grid allows you to work from a plan. From isometrics and axonometrics you can get a better understanding of a complex building.

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Isometric, Ink on trace paper with color pencil render

Axonometric, made in Revit

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PerspectivesA perspective is a three-dimensional representation of a building or space. Fre-quently they are drawn from eye level to show how a person would perceive the building or space. Perspectives are drawn with vanishing points; there are one-point perspectives, two-perspectives and three-point perspectives. Each time a vanishing point is added to the perspective it reduces the distortion in the drawings and makes it seem more real.

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Bird Eye perspective, ink on trace paper.

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Chapter 4

Renderings and Shadows

Renderings and Shadows Shadows are used on renderings to make the drawing feel more realistic. Shad-ows are applied to objects that project and protrude from the main surfaces to give the drawing depth. Shadows are normally drawn with a 45-degree angle and extend down that distance that the object protrudes away from the surfaces. Ren-ders are used to apply textures, color and objects to the surfaces and surround-ings to give the drawing a sense of realism. The objects typically added to the surroundings are ones that will show the intended use for the space or building, such as people, plants, trees, and furniture. Drawings could be rendered by hand or by computer. Hand renderings are typically done with markers, color pencils or water colors. Computer renderings are typically done in a graphic arts program such as PhotoShop or Paint.

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Perspective, Ink on trace paper, inserted into a photo and rendered in PhotoShop

Perspective from above with shadows added in PhotoShop

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Conclusion

Through history, architects have manipulated visual imagery to assist the design process. Such imagery has assumed the form of construc-tion document, design drawings, analysis and details, various forms of sketches and images conceived in the mind’s eye. Kendra Schank Smith

To conclude, it is important to reiterate how each type of architec-tural drawing conveys the ideas and information of the architect and how someone can retrieve the information from the drawings just by understanding what each drawing has to offer.

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Mat Thorne (2012). How to Layout and Design Your Next Book Like a Pro. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.blurb.com/layout-design-webinar. [Last Accessed 23 October 12].The author explains the best way to make a photography book, using Blurb.

'HOJDGR�<DQHV��0��DQG�5HGRQGR�'RPLQJXH]��(�����������)UHHKDQG�'UDZLQJ�)RU�$UFKLWHFWV�DQG�Interior Designers. 1st ed. United States: W. W. Norton & Company.The authors explain all the basic tools, materials, and techniques required to produce all the differ-ent types of architectural drawings, such as plans, elevations, and renderings.

Ching, F.D., (2009). Architectural Graphics Fourth 4th Edition. 4th ed. United States: BBS.The author explains the basic tools, materials, and techniques required to produce different types of architectural drawings, such as plans, elevations, and renderings.

Schank Smith, K., (2008). Architect’s Sketches: Dialogue and Design. 1st ed. United States: Archi-tectural Press.Smith’s book talks about the concepts behind the architects’ sketches and the importance of them. Smith explains the concept of the architect evolving his ideas through sketches to develop a ¿QLVKHG�GHVLJQ�IRU�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�

Schank Smith, K., (2005). Architect’s Drawings: A selection of sketches by world famous architects through history . 1st ed. United States: Architectural Press.Smith’s book talks about the concepts behind the architects’ sketches and the importance of them. Smith explains how a sketch is a window into the architects mind.

Bibliography

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