homework! read take notes on chapter 3.1-3.3 turn in your macromolecules lab fill out a yellow...
DESCRIPTION
Who was the 1 st to ID cells? mid 1600s scientists begin to use microscopes 1665 Robert Hooke used early version cmpd microscope to view a thin slice of cork. –He called what he saw “cells,” b/c it reminded him of the monastery’s tiny rooms, which they called cells.TRANSCRIPT
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HOMEWORK!
• READ & TAKE NOTES ON Chapter 3.1-3.3
• Turn in your macromolecules lab– Fill out a yellow sheet if you don’t have it!
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We are beginning Ch.3
• Watch the “Introducing the Cell” video segment (19:13)
• Cells are too small to be seen w/ thenaked eye. So how can you see a cell?_______________________________
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Who was the 1st to ID cells?
• mid 1600s scientists begin to use microscopes
• 1665 Robert Hooke used early version cmpd microscope to view a thin slice of cork. – He called what he saw “cells,” b/c it reminded him of
the monastery’s tiny rooms, which they called cells.
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there are several types of microscope:
• cmpd light microscope- allows light to pass thru a specimen & 2 lenses form an image
-used to view dead orgs, tiny live orgs, live cells;
-dyes can be used to make images better
• electron microscope- used to view objects much smaller than size of cell (for ex: cell organelles), it uses beams of e-’s to view images
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2 types of e- microscope:
TEM shine beam of e-’s thru specimen reveal lots of detail inside cell
SEM scan narrow beam of e-’s back & forth across specimen surface produce realistic often 3-D images of specimen surface
*cannot see live specimens w/either type b/c they must be preserved & dehydrated before they can be viewed
using either microscope
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New Class of Microscope!
• 1990s scanning probe microscopes were perfected
-a fine probe traces the surfaces of samples
-the probe is similar to the needle on turntable that plays records-the force of the probe is so slight it usually causes no damage to the specimen
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The Cell Theory
• several basic ideas from diff scientists were combined to create the cell theory:
– All living things are composed of cells.– Cells are the basic units of structure & function
for all living things.– New cells are produced from existing cells.
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes• DNA not contained in a
nucleus• Generally less
complicated• Single-celled
• Eukaryotes• DNA contained in a
nucleus• Nucleus separated from
other organelles• Great variety of
organisms• Can be single or multi-
cellular
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• inside of each eukaryotic cell, there are little compartments called organelles (literally “little organs”) that have a special job to do
• talk about the cell in terms of nucleus, & everything outside of the nucleus
• cytoplasm - the space outside the nucleuswhere all the other organelles are housed
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nucleus (control center of the cell)
-contains the DNA which has the coded instructions for how to make proteins & other molecs
-several parts: -nuclear envelope - dotted w/ lots of pores so that material can move in & out -chromatin – DNA spread out & attached to proteins; when cell divides it will condense to form chromosomes -nucleolus – where assembly of ribosomes begins
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Ribosomes
• Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes• They get their instructions from… ____________________• Made of RNA & protein• Found throughout the cytoplasm or attached to the ER• Where are ribosomes assembled? ____________________
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)• An internal membrane
system• rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER) • Ribosomes are attached
(rough)• Where proteins are made by
the ribosomes, then chemically modified
• smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) • enzymes perform special tasks
• Making lipid parts of cell membrane• Detoxifying drugs
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Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Body)
• looks like a purse/sack
• modifies, sorts, & packages proteins & other materials from ER
• then stores them or secretes them into cell or out of cell wherever needed
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Lysosomes • small, round organelles filled w/ enzymes• job is to digest / breakdown lips, carbs,
proteins, organelles that are no longer useful into smaller molecules that can be reused by the rest of the cell
• if not for the membrane, the contents of the lysosome would destroy the cell!
• several serious human diseases linked to malfunctioning lysosomes
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Peroxisomes
• small memb-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes to break down a variety of things via oxidative rxns
– for ex: it breaks down H2O2 which is toxic to the cell via catalase;
– it also breaks down uric acid, amino acids, & fatty acids
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Vacuoles • looks like irregular circle
• stores things like H2O, salts, proteins, carbs
• in plant cells, it is large enough to help support heavy structures like leaves & flowers
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mitochondria
-inner membrane folded inside an outer membrane
-convert chemical E from food into compounds cells can use
-contains its own small DNA molecules
-interesting human fact: most of mitochondria are inherited from the cytoplasm of the ovum/egg cell
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chloroplasts-look a lot like mitos
-capture sunlight & create chemical E via process called ____________________
-contain green pigment chlorophyll, which gives plants color
-only available in whom? ____________________
-also contains its own small DNA molecs
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- occur only in plant cells or cells capable of photosynthesis - leucoplasts (a.k.a amyloplasts) = store starch, as well as sometimes protein or oils -chromoplasts = store pigments assoc’d w/ the bright colors of flowers and/or fruits.
plastids
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cytoskeleton (structure & transportation system)-network of prot filaments that help cell maintain its shape, also involved in movement of material throughout cell
microfilament = threadlike, made of prot called actin; tough, flexible frame for support & help cells move
microtubules = hollow, made of prot called tubulin; -help cell maintain shape; -also impt in cell ÷ion b/c form spindle which
separates the c’somes; -also in animal cells forms centrioles which
organize cell ÷ion-help form cilia & flagella which are
projections enable cell to “swim” thru fluids
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Who am I? What do I do?
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Who am I? What do I do?
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Who am I? What do I do?
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I haven’t looked like this to you before….but this is what I really look like
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Did you know that lysosomes come from the golgi body?
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Who am I?What do I do?
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a few more things about chloroplasts -filled w/ chlorophyll -stacks of membranes called thylakoids -thylakoids submerged w/in fluid called stroma
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Credits…….
previous pictures from variouswebsites….& good bit of info &
some pictures from:
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html
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Homework
• Read and answer the questions on pg. 80– Put your answers and any notes you take in the
warm-up section of your notebook
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Can you tell the diff btwn an animal & plant cell?Picture below from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm
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Nuclearenvelope
Ribosome(attached)
Ribosome(free)
Smooth endoplasmicreticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
CellMembrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
The cell wall is composed of cellulose, which gives us fiber!
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On to Section 3•The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.
What does that mean?picture below from http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cell_membranes.html
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Picture below from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
GREAT SITE!
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So what does the bilayer act like?
• …kind of like a fluid (i.e. film of oil on H2O)– The cell membrane is flexible– The phospholipids can move around and go past
one another in a layer• But only side to side, no somersaults for the embedded
proteins
• We call this the “fluid mosaic model”
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Selective Permeability
• A property of the cell membrane• Allows some materials to cross
• Aka: semipermeable and selectively permeable
• Helps maintain homeostasis– Why is that important?
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Molecule Movement
• Some methods require energy, some don’t
• Small, nonpolar: go through the membrane easily
• Small, polar: transported via proteins• Large: moved in vesicles
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Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell membrane
• Receptor: a protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action as a response– Recognizes and binds to only certain molecules– The molecule that attaches to it = ligand– When they bind, they change shape
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Intracellular Receptor
• Intra=inside/within• Molecule must first be able to cross the
membrane, like…………– Small, nonpolar– Ex. Many hormones
• An effect is only seen if there is a specific receptor
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Ex. of Intracell. Recpt.• Aldosterone enters a kidney cell
– Binds to an intracell. Recpt.• Receptor-ligand complex enters the nucleus
– Interacts w/ the DNA– Turns on certain genes
• Result: specific proteins are made that help the kidneys absorb sodium ions and retain water
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Membrane Receptor
• If molec cannot cross membrane, it can bind to a receptor in the membrane
• The entire recptor changes shape– Molecs inside the cell respond
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Diffusion• diffusion =
• 2 maj types of diffusion:– passive diffusion does not require E
– active diffusion requires E
• Conc. Gradient: the diff in the conc of a substance from one place to another– High -> low
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Diffusion & Osmosisif diffusion = movement from area of high conc to an area of low conc• osmosis = movement of H20 from area
of hi to lo conc
Types of Osmosis (refer to Fig 3.23):isotonic soln equal conchypotonic soln filled w/ H2O (about to
burst). Soln has less soluteshypertonic soln losing H2O (shriveled)
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Facilitated Diffusion
facilitated diffusion = when a prot helps amolec, like gluc, move across a memb
It does not require E!Still moving down the conc gradient.
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Transport Proteins
• Some are simple channels, or tunnels
• Others act like enzymes– When bound, the prot changes shape
• Molec travels the rest of the way
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Glucosemolecules
Proteinchannel
HighConcentration
CellMembrane
LowConcentration
Facilitated Diffusion
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Section 7-3
Figure 7-15 Osmosis
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Active Transportactive transport = movement across a membthat requires E b/c it is going against the normal movement of particlesProteins use E
2 types:endocytosis
phagocytosis (“cell eating”) pkg it w/in a food vacuole & engulf it
pinocytosis tiny pkgs filled w/ liquid
exocytosis
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Molecule tobe carried
Moleculebeing carried
Energy
Section 7-3Active Transport
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Review Parts of the Cell• Is it true that prokaryotes don’t have DNA?
• Which organelle incorporates the lipids into the membrane?
• Which organelle breaks down peroxide?
• What is the path that proteins take?
• What part of the cytoskeleton is involved in mitosis and makes up cilia and flagella?
• Which organelle stores pigment?
• Which organelle converts chemical energy to ATP?
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Review the Cell Membrane
• What phrases should be used to describe the cell membrane?
• What are the parts of the membrane?
-What are the functions of each part?
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Review the Types of Diffusion
• What are the 2 major types of diffusion?
-What is the difference between the 2 major types?
• What are the types of passive diffusion?
• What are the types of active diffusion?
•What are the types of osmosis?
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What do diff cells look like?
Erythrocytes as seem with the SEM. The bottom image is human red blood cells, platelets and T-lymphocyte (erythrocytes = red; platelets = yellow; T-lymphocyte = light green) (SEM x 9,900). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at www.DennisKunkel.com, used with permission.
Adipocytes = fat cells
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Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system
Section 7-4
Levels of OrganizationSo you see why the levels of biological organization work?
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HOMEWORK!
Review your notes!
Finish any unfinished note-taking from last class.