2010 macromolecules
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MacromoleculesMacromolecules
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Carbon (C)Carbon (C) CarbonCarbon has 4 electrons4 electrons in outershell.
CarbonCarbon can form covalent bondscovalent bondswith as many as 44 other atoms(elements).
Usually with C, H, O or NC, H, O or N.
Example:Example: CHCH44 (Methane)(Methane)
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Answer:Answer: Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis
Also called condensation reactioncondensation reaction
Forms polymerspolymers by combining
monomersmonomers by removing waterremoving water.
HO H
HO HO HH
H2O
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Question:Question:How areHow are
MacromoleculesMacromoleculesseparated orseparated or
digested?digested?
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Answer:Answer: HydrolysisHydrolysis
Separates monomersmonomers by addingadding
waterwater
HO HO HH
HO H
H2O
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
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Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Carbs consist of carbon, hydrogen, &oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio
Energy containing molecules Some provide structure
The MONOMER of a carbohydrate is
a monosaccharide (CH2O)n
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Carbs range in size from small, simplesugar molecules to large, complexlarge, complex
molecules that res
ult when many simplemolec
ules that res
ult when many simplesugars are bonded togethersugars are bonded together.
Three categories of carbohydrate:Three categories of carbohydrate:
A.A. monosaccharidemonosaccharideB.B. disaccharidedisaccharideC.C. polysaccharidepolysaccharide
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesMonosaccharides: Single loop, simpleMonosaccharides: Single loop, simplesugars. These are the MONOMER ofsugars. These are the MONOMER of
all carbohydrates.all carbohydrates.
Examples:Examples: glucose (glucose (C6H12O6)
deoxyribosedeoxyribose
riboseribose
FructoseFructose
GalactoseGalactose
glucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unitDisaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:Examples:
Sucrose (glucose+fructose)Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose)Lactose (glucose+galactose)
Maltose (glucose+glucose)Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
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CarbohydratesCarbohydratesPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsPolysaccharide: many sugar unitsExamples:Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
glucoseglucoseglucoseglucose
cellulosecellulose
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Important Polysaccharides:Cellulose
Composed ofglucose subunits
Structuralcomponent in plants
Cannot be digested
by humans
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Important
Polysaccharides: Chitin Glucose subunits Composes
exoskeletons ofinsects
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LipidsLipids
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LipidsLipids
General term for compoundswhich are not soluble in waternot soluble in water.They are hydrophobic.
Remember:Remember: store the moststore the mostenergyenergy
Composed ofCarbon,Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Greaterthan 2:1ratio ofH:O
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LipidsLipids
Triglycerides:Triglycerides:The MONOMER of lipids:The MONOMER of lipids:mademade of 1 glycerol1 glycerol and 33
fatty acidsfatty acids.
H
H-C----O
H-C----O
H-C----O
H
glycerol
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
fattyacids
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
OC-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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LipidsLipids
Examples of lipids:a. fats
b. phospholipids
c. oils
d. waxes
e. steroid hormones
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LipidsLipidsSix functions of lipids:Six functions of lipids:1.1. Long termLong term energy storageenergy storage2.2. Protection against heat lossProtection against heat loss
(insulation)(insulation)3.3. Protection against physical shockProtection against physical shock4.4. Protection against water lossProtection against water loss
5.5. Chemical messengers (hormones)Chemical messengers (hormones)6.6. Major component of membranesMajor component of membranes
(phospholipids)(phospholipids)
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Fatty AcidsFatty AcidsThere are two kinds of fatty acidsfatty acidsyou may see
these on food labels:
1.1. Saturated fatty acids:Saturated fatty acids: no double bondsno double bonds
(bad ~ solid at room temperature)(bad ~ solid at room temperature)
2.2. Unsaturated fatty acids:Unsaturated fatty acids: double bondsdouble bonds
(good ~ liquid at room temperature)(good ~ liquid at room temperature)
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3saturatedsaturated
O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CHunsaturated
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Proteins (Polypeptides)Proteins (Polypeptides) THE MONOMERS of proteins are Aminoacids.
There are 20 different kinds of aminoacids. Depending on what order they bondin, different types of proteins are made.
The amino acids are bonded together by
peptide bonds. So, sometimes proteins arepeptide bonds. So, sometimes proteins arecalled polypeptide chains.called polypeptide chains.
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ProteinsProteins
Six functions of proteins:Six functions of proteins:1.1. Storage:Storage: albumin (egg white)albumin (egg white)
2.2. Transport:Transport: hemoglobinhemoglobin
3.3. Regulatory:Regulatory: hormoneshormones
4.4. Movement:Movement: musclesmuscles
5.5. Structural:Structural: hair, nailshair, nails
6.6. Enzymes:Enzymes: cellular reactionscellular reactions
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Primary StructureAmino acids bonded togetherby peptide bonds (straightpeptide bonds (straightchains)chains)
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
Peptide Bonds
Amino Acids (aa)
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Secondary StructureSecondary Structure
3-dimensional folding arrangement of aprimary structureprimary structure into coilscoils and pleatspleatsheld together by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.
Two examples:Two examples:
AlphaHelixAlphaHelix
BetaPleated SheetBetaPleated Sheet
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
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Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure
Secondary structuresSecondary structures bentbent and foldedfoldedinto a more complex 3more complex 3--D arrangementD arrangementof linked polypeptides
Bonds: HBonds: H--bonds, ionic, disulfidebonds, ionic, disulfidebridges (Sbridges (S--S)S)
Call a subunit.subunit.
AlphaHelixAlphaHelix
BetaPleated SheetBetaPleated Sheet
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Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure
Composed of 2 or moresubunits Globular in shape
Form in Aqueous environments Example: enzymes (hemoglobin)enzymes (hemoglobin)
subunitssubunits
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NucleicNucleicAcidsAcids
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids The MONOMER of a Nucleic acid isThe MONOMER of a Nucleic acid isa NUCLEOTIDE.a NUCLEOTIDE.
Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include:
A phosphate groupA phosphate group
A pentose sugar (5A pentose sugar (5--carbon)carbon)A nitrogen bases:A nitrogen bases:
adenine (A)adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA onlythymine (T) DNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlyuracil (U) RNA onlycytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G)
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NucleotideNucleotide
O
O=P-OO
PhosphatePhosphate
GroupGroup
NNitrogenous baseNitrogenous base
(A, G, C, orT)(A, G, C, orT)
CH2
O
C1C4
C3 C2
5
SugarSugar
(deoxyribose)(deoxyribose)
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids There are two types of nucleic acids:There are two types of nucleic acids:
a.a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)--Gives hereditary information to
chromosomes, which is then passedfrom parent to offspring.
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-- Directs
the amino-acid sequence for makingcertain proteins.
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DNA vs RNA DNA
1- Deoxyribose sugar2- Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine,
Guanine
3- Double-stranded helix arrangement
RNA1- Ribose sugar2- Nitrogen Bases: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine,
Guanine3- Single stranded
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DNADNA -- double helixdouble helix
P
P
P
O
O
O
1
23
4
5
5
3
3
5
P
P
PO
O
O
1
2 3
4
5
5
3
5
3
G C
T A