homework on 11/25 and 28/14 1. the report on your survey is due next week 12/5 /14 f & 12/9/14...

HOMEWORK ON 11/25 AND 28/14

1. The report on your survey is due next week 12/5 /14 F & 12/9/14 T.

2. Finish reading Chapters 6 and 5. 3. Finish working on your outline- Due December 19

CLASS SURVEY

•You now have 4-5 minutes to pass out your survey to you classmate. You can collect your results after class.

DO YOUR SURVEY: 4-5 MINUTES

•Pass out your survey to 9-10 people in class to help you analyze your audience for the next speech. Know, this report is due next week.

TONGUE TWISTER: B AND BL

•A big black bug bit a big black bearand the big black bear bled blood.•This black bug bled blue-black blood

while the other black bug bled blue.

TONGUE TWISTER: S SH AND MIDDLE S

• Sister Suzy‘s sewing shirts for soldiersSuch skill at sewing shirts my shy young sister Suzy showsSome soldiers send epistles usuallySaying they’d sooner sleep on thistlesThan the short serge shirts for soldiers shy young sister Suzy sews usually.

TONGUE TWISTER: S SH AND MIDDLE S

•Sister Susie went to seaTo see the sea, you see.The sea she saw was a saucy sea,•Since she sells sea shells by the sea shoresA sort of saucy sea saw she.

LESSON 12 WEEK 13

CHAPTERS 5 & 6

PUBLIC SPEAKINGPROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR

12/2 -6/14

OBJECTIVE

• Today we will have a quiz, then finish evaluating the “Anti -Microbial Bubble” speech in more detail. Then we will finish unit 14 on building credibility, the three method of building credibility, evidence and reasoning. And then begin chapter 5 on audience analysis. Students will complete a survey in class. Speak for 1 minute: giving the introduction and conclusion of that speech. Watch a DVD on persuasion and then discuss their speech outline: the Main points and evidences in small group and do a class survey for their speeches.

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHYBook:

Lucas, SE (2009, March 3rd) The Art of Public Speaking (10th edition). Beijing: Mc Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. and Foreign Language Teaching Press.

Article:

Lucas, SE ( 2012, December 13) Speaking confidently and with power. Beijing Review: 52, 34-36

Website:

Lucas, SE (2013, January 2). Speaking ethically. Beijing: Rennin University Data base (page 12-15) retrieved from http://www.Ruc.edu/index html

If there is no author:

Beijing Reviews (2012, December 2013) Speaking confidently and with power. Retrieved from www.beijing reviews.com/index.html.

http://www.ruc.edu/index

http://www.beijing/

INTRODUCTION

A. Attention getter:B. Relevance to audience/why listen:C. Establish credibility:D. Preview the speech/statement:

CONCLUSION:

1. Restate the main point or central Idea, then

2. End with a quote or Make a dramatic statement or Refer to the introduction

(for policy speech on passive agreement: You don’t have to appeal, but if you do , it is okay)

For the Motivated Sequence

1. Restate the main point or central idea

2. Appeal and call to action and

3. Call to action!

SURVEY REPORT:

Speech delivery for 1.5 minutes

PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION

•Persuasion- is the process of creating , reinforcing and changing people’s mind (thinking), attitude, belief, or actions.•When you speak to persuade, you are

acting as an advocator. •Your goal is to convict, defend, or refute an

action or idea etc..

METHOD OF PERSUASION

In order to build your case you need to have a balance of these three elements in place:

1. Ethos: Credibility, your qualification, physical attractiveness, etc…2. Logos: The logical appeal:

using evidences (the supportive materials used ) reasoning (Drawing sound conclusion from

evidences)3. Pathos: The emotional appeal

PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION

• It is a mental dialogue between the speaker and the listener.• Mental Dialogue: it is the mental give and take between

the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

BUILDING CREDIBILITY

• Factors of credibility• Enhancing your credibility• Use specific evidence• Use novel evidence• Use evidence from credible sources

THE TARGET AUDIENCE

• While focusing your target audience, you must not neglect the whole mass.• The target audience is the portion of the whole audience

the speaker want persuade the most. • Remember, you might not be able to convince your target

audience in one speech

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSUASION

• The listeners will check your credibility, delivery, supporting material and reasoning to draw conclusion about your speech. • They may respond, either positively or negatively.

So, anticipate and be prepared!


•Credibility is also known as Ethos•Ethos: the name used for credibility by

Aristotle. Aristotle is a classic rhetoric. His classic work on persuasive speech are still available today for appreciation and exploration. Htpp://classics.mit/edu/aristotle/rhetoric.mtml

THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY

• There are many factors that affect credibility (such as sociability, attractiveness, appearance, similarity between the speaker and audience-however, there are two main factors: They are competence and character)

•Two Main Factors of credibility:• Competence- Refers to intelligence, expertise,

knowledge• Character- Refers sincerity, trustworthiness, concern

THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY:

There are three ways to enhance your credibility:

1. Explain your competence2. Establish common ground with your

audience3. Deliver your speech fluently, expressively

and with conviction Video 14:3

THE ETHOS: BUILDING CREDIBILITY

• Explain your competenceKnowledgeExperienceExpertise page 206


Establish common ground with your audience• Stress common view on the problem, • Show appreciation and respect for their

value, opinions, etc… • Show your competence and let them know why

listen to you! page 209


Deliver your speech fluently, expressively and with convictionModerate speed Vocal variation & ArticulationVocal intonation /poised and dynamicUsing an outline Use non- verbal communication/gesturesStrong eye contact Facial gestures

How do you develop a positive spirit, enthusiasm and conviction about your

speech?

THE LOGOS: USING EVIDENCE & REASONING

According to Aristotle, evidence and reasoning are the two elements of Logos.

•Logos - is the logical appeal of the speaker! •The speaker must use evidence and

reasoning to make persuasive claims!

LOGOS: 1-USING EVIDENCE

• Evidence refers to supportive materials used to prove or disprove something.• Examples: Statistic, facts, examples, testimony• In order to convince your audience, you will need

to provide sufficient evidence from reliable sources

LOGOS: 1-EVIDENCES

•Are supporting materials that you use to prove, support or disprove your main points or key ideas.

LOGOS: 1-SUPPORTING EVIDENCES:

There are three kind of supporting evidences or materials:

1. Examples2. Statistics3. Testimonies

EXAMPLE:

• Is a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people ideas s or condition or an experience. •Helps to clarify, analyze and reinforce a speaker’s idea

EXAMPLE:

1. You can have a brief example - a specific case2. You can have an extended example - a long

story or a narrative.3. You can have a hypothetical example - an

imaginary or a fictitious situation.

TIPS FOR EXAMPLES

•Make it vivid•Add or combine statistics or testimony along with it.

See page 76

STATISTICS

•Are numerical data, usually from research or studies done by experts or professionals.•Help strengthened a speaker’s idea

VIDEO: 14.6

Putting a Break On Teenage Driving”

STATISTICS

1. Single statistics: Use in passing to help clarify a speaker’s idea

2. Multiple statistics: Multiple statistics used together to show the seriousness of an issue.

See page 76-77

TIPS FOR STATISTICS

• Use representative statistics: Use statistics with accurate claims from experts. Sample size must represent the target group in question well.• Identify the source of the statistic: tell the audience where you got

the information and who did the study.• Use statistics from reliable sources: reputable organization and from

professionals. Be aware of biases.• Round off complicated numbers. i.e: 1,228.03---1228.• Explain the statistic: you must interpret them to your audience.• Use visual aids to clarify the statistic: use graph or pie charts

TESTIMONIES

•Are Quotations, or paraphrases used to support your main points.•People’s personal experiences.

TESTIMONY

1. Expert testimony: from professionals , or authorities in that field of study or topic.

2. Peer testimony: from ordinary people’s opinion, first hand experiences on the topic.

See page 80-82

TIPS FOR TESTIMONIES

• Decide whether to quote or paraphrase: Word for word or you give a summary of what was said

• Quote or paraphrase accurately: Do not misquote, do not change the meaning of the statement, do not quote out of context.

• Use testimonies from qualified sources: Recognized experts /professionals on the subject

• Use testimonies from unbiased sources: Self interest sources, not credible, not authoritative.

• Tell the name of the people and qualification or title of the person you are quoting: Not the name of the magazine or book.

SAMPLE SPEECH:

“Problem with Pennies” Read page 83-85

Do the check list on pages 75, 79 & 82 for your evidences

MORE TIPS FOR GIVING EVIDENCE: CHAPTER 14, 208

There are 3 tips for evidences: 1.Use Specific evidence2.Use novel evidence 3.Use evidence from credible sources

USING EVIDENCE: USE SPECIFIC EVIDENCE

Use Specific Evidence means: • Give specific information rather the general

terms• Use specific facts, details, quotes and statistical

data with their sources.

USING EVIDENCE: USE NOVEL EVIDENCE

Use novel evidence means:• Give new or up to date information

/evidence• Go beyond what the audience already know

Doing a good research is crucial for this type of speech

USING EVIDENCE: FROM CREDIBLE SOURCES

Use evidence from credible sources:• Competent and credible sources• Expert’s views• They are usually from not biased, nonpartisan

and objective sources.

LOGOS: 2-REASONING

Reasoning, the other element of LogosWhat is it?

LOGOS: 2-REASONING:

- The process of drawing conclusion on the basis of evidence.•Make sure your reasoning is sound &• Be sure to get your audience to agree with your

reasoning.

LOGOS: REASONING

•Fallacies: Are errors made in reasoning. This is something every speaker must avoid!•There are four types

LOGOS--5 TYPES OF REASONING:

1. Specific instances2. Principle3. Causal reasoning4. Analogical reasoning: 5. Fallacies (errors): Red Herring, ad

hominem, bandwagon & slippery slope

SPECIFIC INSTANCE

• Reasoning from Specific Instances moves from one particular fact to general conclusion. Exceptions always exist. This is not foolproof. Avoid generalizing too hasty!• Hasty Generalization:

An error in reasoning , whereby a speaker jumps t general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. Reinforce your reasoning with enough examples, statistics and testimony.

PRINCIPLE REASON

• Is a type of reasoning that moves from

general to specific conclusion. Page 211•Be careful with general evidences – give

details, sound evidence to support your claims!

CAUSAL REASONING

Page 212

• A type of reason that seek to establish the relationship between cause and effects. Be careful because the cause and effects are not always clear. Avoid the following errors:

1.The fallacy of False cause – an error in causal reasoning in which the speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

2.Assuming Events have one cause: most have several causesBe careful not to attribute complex events to only one cause

ANALOGICAL REASONING

Page 212

Most common form for question of policy. It is a reasoning in which the speaker compares two similar cases and infer that what is true for the first is true for the second. The two must be essentially alike! Otherwise, it is an invalid analogy!

Invalid analogy - is analogy in which two cases are being compared but are not essentially alike.

REASONING: FALLACIES

Fallacy means an error in reasoning. You need to avoid fallacies in your speech. There are 125 fallacies:

Fallacies: besides false cause , hasty generalization, Invalid analogy, here are 4 more fallacies you should guard against at all costs: Red Herring, ad hominem, bandwagon, slippery slope

FALLACIES: RED HERRING

•Red Herring – A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

FALLACIES: AD HOMINEM

•Ad hominem – a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

FALLACIES: BANDWAGON

• Band wagon – a fallacy that assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct and desirable.

• Coke, coca- cola

FALLACIES: SLIPPERY SLOPE

• Slippery slope – a fallacy that assumes that taking the first step will lead to the subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

PATHOS: APPEALING TO EMOTIONS

Pathos is the word used by Aristotle for Emotional Appeal.When you appeal, try to appeal to the heart head the head a the same

time! When you call to action, realize that your reasoning should be based

on facts and logic.


Is intended to create all kinds of feelings the listener may feel either sad, angry, guilty, afraid, proud sympathetic, reverent and the like.

Page215


• These are normal reaction for the questions of or policy for immediate action.• Some emotions evoked by public speakers: • Fear: Compassion:• Pride: Anger:• Reverence:

Page215

SAMPLE SPEECH: WHAT TO OBSERVE FOR

• Speaker’s way of establishing /building credibility• How did she relate the topic to her audience• Speaker’s use of evidence• Speaker’s use of reasoning• Speaker’s use of emotional• Organizational order used

WHERE DO YOU PLACE YOUR EVIDENCES?

•Under your main points, specifically under your sub-points

BODY OF YOUR TALK

1. Main point 1 2. Main point 2 3. Main point 3

A. Supporting idea A. supporting idea A. supporting idea (explain. details)

1. Supporting evidences 1.Supporting evidences 1. Supporting evidences

( testimonies, statistics) (testimonies, statistics) (testimonies, statistics)

B. Supporting idea B. Supporting idea B. Supporting idea

1. Supporting evidences

(testimonies, statistics)

C. Supporting idea C. Supporting idea C. Supporting idea

1.Supporting evidences

(testimonies, statistics)

PERSUASIVE SPEECH:

Sample Speech with Commentary

“Making a Difference Through Special Olympic”

CD #14.4 Page 217

VIDEO SAMPLE:

Evaluate the use of the persuasive speech method: Appendix 7-8

Video 14:5 “Teenage Driving”

HOMEWORK FOR 12/5/14

1. Your clear Revised Persuasive Speech Preparation outline is due on 12/12/14 Tuesday and 12/19/14 for Friday

2. Read chapter 15-16.3. Be ready for your group oral presentation on the 19th.

LESSON 11 WEEK 13

CHAPTER 5

PUBLIC SPEAKINGPROF.: MS. K. CASIMIR

WEEK 13: 11/25/14

OBJECTIVE

During this session, each student will speak for I minute on a persuasive speech trying to sell something to your audience, do a class survey for the next speech. Review audience analysis and bibliography. We will discuss how to build credibility, Supporting evidences (the three types of evidences from chapter 6), methods of persuasion from chapter 14: building credibility, using evidences, reasoning, appealing to emotion. Then watch a sample speech “ Making a difference through special Olympic” Each student will conduct a survey in class for their next Speech.

WATCH SAMPLE SPEECH AT HOME: 14.6

“Bursting the Antibacterial Bubble”Then, Read The Analysis

BUILDING CREDIBILITY: ENHANCING CREDIBILITY

There are three ways to enhance your credibility:

1. Explain your competence2. Establish common ground with your

audience3. Deliver your speech fluently, expressively

and with conviction Video 14:3

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE

• Audience centeredness• The psychology of audiences• The factors in audiences analysis• Getting information about the audience• Adapting to the audience

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE

•Audience centeredness•The psychology of audiences•The factors in audiences analysis•Getting information about the audience•Adapting to the audience

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: AUDIENCE CENTEREDNESS

What does it mean to be audience centered?

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: AUDIENCE CENTEREDNESS

Keeping the audience in mind at every step of the way in your speech preparation and delivery!

You need to ask yourself questions as you prepare your speech!

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR

What is the psychology of the audience?

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AUDIENCE

• In the American culture, people are very much self - centered and individualistic!•Normally, people will not listen to something

that does not concern them, or that bears their values, interests, beliefs, and wellbeing. People tend to be very selective to what they listen to.

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE AUDIENCE

• People are generally, egocentric! They are interested in themselves!• Egocentrism means being concerned about themselves!

Their own value, belief, and wellbeing or interest or problem.• If you learn about your audience first, you will be better

prepared and make your idea more meaningful to them!

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: FACTORS

•What are the factors to consider in audiences analysis?

FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

There are six factors you must consider:1. Size2. Physical setting3. Demographic traits4. Disposition toward the topic (interest, knowledge, attitude)

5. Disposition to the speaker6. Disposition toward the occasion

#1 FACTORS IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

The size of the audience


The size of the audience: could be any sizes. The larger the audience, the more formal you need to be!


The Physical Setting


The Physical Setting: How your room is set up! Is it crowed, or relaxed, well lighted and spacious? Is it too cold or hot? Can they see your visual?


The Physical Setting: Ask question or take a tour to the site! Make adjustment as needed to take control of your setting.


The Demographic Traits


The Demographic Traits• Is the audience characteristic such as age, gender,

race, educational background, economic status, culture and the likes…

# 6 FACTOR: IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

The Disposition Toward the Occasion


The Disposition Toward the Topic


The Disposition Toward the Topic• Interest: get them interested or pick one

that suit them• Knowledge: see how much they know• Attitude: the most important in persuasive

speech. You need to take a special step to overcome skepticism /hostility.


The Disposition to the Speaker

#5 FACTOR: IN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

The Disposition to the Speaker: the more knowledgeable you are or competent, the more they will listen to you!


The Disposition Toward the Occasion: The occasion dictate what you say and how long you speak. Very important to never exceed your time!

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: GETTING INFO!

•How can you get information about the audience?

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: GETTING INFO!

• Observation• Conversation

• Survey / Audience analysis questionnaire

(Fixed alternative, open ended, and scale)

TIPS FOR SURVEYING YOUR AUDIENCE

• Plan the questionnaire carefully to get the precise answer you need for your speech• Be sure to use all three types of questions in your

survey: Fixed-alternative, scaled & open ended.• Make sure your questions are clear and not confusing• Keep the question are brief and concise

See the sample on page 64-66

ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE: ADAPTING

What does it mean to adapt to the audience ?

ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE

• You must adapt to the audience: before, during and after the speech

ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE:

One must adapt to the audience in three ways:• Before the speech:• During the speech:• After the speech:

ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: BEFORE

Before the speech:• Assess• Adjust• AnticipatePage 67-68

ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: DURING

During the speech:• Adjust• Keep strong eye contact• Explain and give example, clarify• Seek feedback from the audience

ADAPTING TO THE AUDIENCE: AFTER

After the speech:• Self - evaluate•Reflect on the speech on how you did• Survey/post speech analysis/evaluation• Journal your speech

VIDEO # A-2, PAGE 47

Analyze how has Barbara Bush adapted her speech to her audience:

Barbara Bush “Choices of Change”

SAMPLE SURVEY:

See the handout provided to your group

GROUP ACTIVITIES: 5 MINS.

•Team 1: Do exercise 1 on page 220•Team 2: DO exercise 2 on page 220•Team 3: Do exercise 3 on page 221•Team 4: Do exercise “Public speaking

your career” on page 221

EXERCISES FOR CRITICAL THINKING

•Team 5: Exercise 3 on page 71•Team 6: DO exercise “Public speaking your career” on page 72

HOMEWORK ON 12/05/141. The Project on 12/19/14 2. Outline is Due on 12/19/14

2. Finish reading Chapters 6 and 15

HOMEWORK FOR 12/5/14

1. Your final Typed Persuasive Speech Outline is due on 12/16/14 Tuesday and 12/19/14 for Friday

2. Your survey report is due next week. I need a typed copy and you will give an oral report as well for 1.5 minutes.

3. Read chapters 15-16

homework on 11/25 and 28/14 1. the report on your survey is due next week 12/5 /14 f & 12/9/14...

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