homestead act q and a

7/31/2019 Homestead Act Q and A

1/12

William Francis GalvinSecretary o the Commonwealth

updated 10/17/11

Massachusetts General Laws, Ch. 188, 1-10

The Homestead Act

Questionsand

Answers


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William Francis GalvinSecretary o the CommonwealthCitizen Inormation ServiceOne Ashburton Place, Room 1611Boston, MA 02108elephone: (617) 727-7030oll-ree: 1-800-392-6090 (in Mass. only)Y: (617) 878-3889Email: [email protected]: www.sec.state.ma.us/cis

Dear Homeowner,

Tis pamphlet has been designed to answer some

o the basic questions asked every day pertaining to

the Homestead Act. Any changes made by the new

Homestead reorm legislation, eective on March 16,

2011, are included. Tis inormation is not designed toprovide any legal advice or address the practical eect

o a estate o Homestead. As in all areas o the law, to

ully understand your rights, you should consult an

attorney o your choice.

I you have any urther questions or concerns about

how the Registry o Deeds can assist you in ling a

declaration o Homestead, please do not hesitate to

contact the Registry o Deeds oce directly. We are

here to serve you.

Sincerely,

William Francis Galvin

Secretary o the Commonwealth


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Te Homestead Act 1

What is a Declaration o

Homestead/Homestead Protection?

An estate o homestead is a type o protection or a

persons principal residence. Tere is an automatic

homestead protection o one hundred and twenty-ve

thousand dollars ($125,000) with respect to a homethat does not declare a homestead exemption with the

Registry o Deeds. Tis automatic protection may be

sucient to protect a deposit made upon the estate;

however, it is not likely to be sucient coverage to

protect the ull value o your home. In order or

homeowners in Massachusetts to protect the value o

their property up to ve hundred thousand dollars

($500,000) per residence, per amily, you must le a

document called a Declaration o Homestead. Te

orm is led at the Registry o Deeds in the county ordistrict where the property is located, reerencing the

title/deed to the property.

Who can le a Homestead protection?

Te owner or owners o a home who occupy or intend

to occupy the home as a principal residence may le

a homestead protection. A sole owner, joint tenant,

tenant by the entirety, tenant in common, lie estate

holder, or holder o a benecial interest in a trust may

all be regarded as owners. With respect to a home

owned by joint tenants or tenants by the entirety, the

homestead exemption remains whole and unallocated

between the owners. I there are more than two (2)

joint tenant owners, there is ability to add an additional

two hundred and ty thousand dollars ($250,000)

to the exemption amount or additional joint tenants

in certain cases. With respect to a home owned by

multiple owners as either tenants in common or as

trust beneciaries, the homestead exemption shall be

distributed among the owners in proportion to each

o their ownership interests. Manuactured or mobilehome owners are also eligible to declare homestead

protection under the provisions o the new statute.

My home is held in trust,

am I entitled to a Homestead protection?

Yes, eective March 16, 2011, a holder o a benecial

interest in trust is considered an owner, eligible or

an estate o homestead. I your home is owned in

trust, only the trustee shall execute a declaration o

homestead on behal o the trusts beneciaries. Te

trust declaration and or trustee certicates may also

need to be recorded at the Registry o Deeds. In the

declaration o homestead, the trustee must identiy eacho the beneciaries to the trust that occupy or intend

to occupy the premises as their principal residence.

Te spouses, i any, o any resident beneciary must

also be identied and each must state whether they

also occupy or intend to occupy the premises as their

principal residence.

Where do I le my Homestead?

Each homestead must be led in the county or district

Registry o Deeds in which the residence is located. o

acquire a homestead or a mobile home, also reerred to

as a manuactured home, you must le at the Registry

o Deeds in which the mobile home is located. Te

Registry o Deeds must le your manuactured home

declaration even though you do not have a deed on

record.

Homestead orms may be obtained at www.sec.state.

ma.us/rod and most Registries o Deeds. Links to

your county or districts website are also available.

Forms are also available at legal stationery stores oryour local attorneys oce. Be sure the orm is lled

out completely and has been properly notarized,

and remember to enclose a check or the thirty ve

dollar ($35.00) recording ee when sending in your

completed orm. Checks should be made payable to

the Commonwealth o Massachusetts.

How am I protected?

Te real property or manuactured home which serves

as an individuals principal residence upon ling a

declaration o homestead shall be protected. A principal

residence is considered to be the primary dwelling

where an owner, and their amily i applicable, reside

or intend to reside. Te declared estate o homestead

shall protect against attachment, seizure, execution on

judgment, levy or sale or the payment o debts to the

extent o ve hundred thousand dollars ($500,000)

per residence, per amily.


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Te Homestead Act 2

Te declaration o homestead shall benet each owner

named on the homestead and each o the owners amily

members who occupy or intend to occupy the home

as their primary residence. Each amily member shall

have the right to use, occupy and enjoy the home. Te

new law provides additional protections to spouses thatare not listed as owners in their principal residences.

For example, protection extends automatically to a

new spouse where an unmarried person declared a

homestead and later marries. Also, divorcing spouses

are protected against the loss o homestead through

termination or divorce. Neither divorce nor remarriage

will aect the homestead o the spouse who stil l

primarily resides in the home.

How am I protected

i I am 62 or older, or disabled?

Te real property or manuactured home o persons

sixty-two (62) years o age or older or o a disabled

person, regardless o age, shall be protected against

attachment, seizure, execution on judgment, levy or

sale or the payment o debts.

Real property or manuactured homes must serve as

an individuals principal residence and each individual

ling as either elderly or disabled will be eligible or

protection up to a maximum amount o ve hundredthousand dollars ($500,000) regardless o whether

such declaration is led individually or jointly with one

another. Elderly persons, regardless o marital status,

will be personally exempt up to ve hundred thousand

dollars ($500,000) each. I two (2) owners qualiy

or the elderly or disabled homestead protection, the

aggregate protection on the home shall be one million

dollars ($1,000,000).

ake note, each elderly or disabled homestead

protection shall terminate upon the persons death. Ithere are multiple owners and only one qualies or

an elderly or disabled homestead protection, it may be

advisable to le one homestead declaration per owner

in order to protect the amilys right to use, occupy and

enjoy the home. Additionally, i there are dependent

minor children, under the age o 21, living with all

elderly or disabled homeowners, you may wish to

consult an attorney in order to adequately protect the

childrens right to use, occupy and enjoy the home. Be

sure to use the proper homestead orm when you le.

What does the Homestead law

mean by a disabled person?A disabled person is dened as an individual who

has any medically determinable permanent physical

or mental impairment that meets the disability

requirement o supplemental social security income. In

most cases, an individual is considered disabled or

the purpose o this law i he or she cannot engage in

any gainul activity as a result o the physical or mental

impairment.

I you are declaring a homestead to benet a disabled

person, either an original or certied copy o thedisability award letter issued by the United States

Social Security Administration, or a certiication

letter signed by a licensed physician registered with

the Massachusetts Board o Registration in Medicine

must be attached to the homestead orm. Disabled

persons must meet the disability requirements stated

in 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(A) and 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)

(3)(C) as in eect at the time o recording.

Are my spouse and children

covered, should I pass away?

Yes. Should the parent who declares the homestead die,

the law protects the amilys right to use, occupy and

enjoy the home. Married persons, regardless o whether

they both own the home, unmarried individuals and

any minor children under the age o 21 shall all be

protected by the homestead. Te homestead protection

shall continue despite the remarriage o a surviving or

ormer spouse.

I I am over 62 and my spouse isunder 62, should we both le?

Yes. Pursuant to M.G.L. Chapter 188, Section 2(b), an

elderly homestead protection or the individual over

the age o 62 is personal to the qualiying individual

and will terminate upon the transer o their ownership

interest, subsequent declaration o homestead on

another property, abandonment or death. In order


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Te Homestead Act 3

to ensure that the homestead protection does not

terminate unexpectedly or the spouse that is under

the age o 62, one homestead should be led per

owner. Tis is a noteworthy change under the new law.

Under the ormer statute, ling a new declaration o

homestead voided any earlier homestead which couldhave opened up a claim period or previous creditors,

leaving homeowners unprotected or a period o

time. Eective March 16, 2011, a second homestead

declaration shall relate back to the rst declaration,

thereby ensuring that the homeowners maintain their

homestead protection.

When your spouse turns 62 and qualiies or an

elderly homestead protection, you may also consider

iling another elderly homestead on their behal.

I and when you and your spouse both qualiy aselderly, you may aggregate each personal ve hundred

thousand dollar ($500,000) protection to one million

dollar ($1,000,000). In all cases, you may want to

consult an attorney to take any personal matters into

consideration.

Will my Homestead declaration protect my

home rom being taken i I go into a nursing

home?

Liens imposed by the Massachusetts Department o

ransitional Assistance (ormerly Public Welare), as a

result o the payment o Medicaid benets, are exempt

rom the homestead protection. However, as o the

printing o this pamphlet, as long as the recipient, or

the spouse o the recipient, is alive, the Commonwealth

will not look to the residence or reimbursement o

Medicaid benets. I the surviving spouse is also the

recipient o Medicaid benets, the Commonwealth

will le a claim or reimbursement rom the estate or

the entire amount o Medicaid benets paid, once the

surviving recipient has died. Te rules and regulations

regarding Medicaid are complicated and constantly

changing. You should consult an attorney to address

your specic concerns regarding Medicaid.

Is there anything I will not be protected rom?

Te ollowing are exempt rom the homestead law:

a sale or ederal, state and local taxes,

assessments, claims, and liens;

a mortgage on the home;

an execution issued rom the Probate Court

to enorce its judgment that a spouse pay or

the support o a spouse, ormer spouse or

minor children;

where buildings on land not owned by the

owner o a homestead estate are attached,

levied upon or sold or the ground rent o the

lot where they stand;

upon an execution issued rom a court o

competent jurisdiction to enorce its judgment

based upon raud, mistake, duress, undue

infuence or lack o capacity;

a lien on the home recorded prior to the

creation o the homestead.

What happens to my Homestead i I should

re-mortgage or take out a second mortgage or

home equity loan?

An es tate o homestead shal l be automatically

subordinate to a mortgage on the home that is executed

by all o the homes owners. For homeowners that have

previously executed a mortgage that included a waivero the homestead protection, the new law applies to the

existing homestead. Tis waiver shall be treated as a

subordination and the previously recorded homestead

shall be in ull orce and eect. As a result, there is no

immediate need to le a new homestead declaration

ater you renance, take out a second mortgage or a

home equity loan. Although it is not necessary, it may

be advisable in certain circumstances. Under the new

law, you can le a new declaration without injury

because the subsequent declaration shall relate back

to the previous declaration.

Where there are multiple owners, i a mortgage is

executed by ewer than all o the owners it shall still

be subject to the estate o homestead and shall be

considered superior only to the homestead estate o

those owners who are parties to the new mortgage,

their spouses and minor children, i any. Te homestead


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Te Homestead Act 4

protections o those owners who were not parties to

the new mortgage shall remain intact.

I I divide my time equally between my winter

and summer residences, can I declare a

Homestead on both?

No. A homestead can be declared only on an applicants

principal residence. A person can have more than one

residence but the statute only allows the protection on

ones primary dwelling. Tere is no legislative intent to

allow the exemption to apply to a vacation home that is

not principal residence. For example, a husband cannot

declare a homestead exemption on one residence while

his wie declares the exemption on another amily

residence, unless each can prove that the residence is

their principal residence. I a homestead declaration is

led or a vacation home and it is not your principal

residence or you do not intend to reside in it as your

primary dwelling, no protections shall apply. Also,

the subsequent homestead on the vacation home shall

terminate a prior homestead on an actual principal

residence.

Does the Homestead protection

take the place o home insurance?

Absolutely not! Te homestead protection is not a

substitute or home insurance or any other type oliability insurance. Tese are separate and distinct

types o protection. Te homestead protection will

be eective ater any liability insurance is used to pay

or any judgments that are related to liability incurred

under that particular insurance policy (e.g. home,

automobile, etc.).

What i my home is sold or damaged?

I the home is sold, the sale proceeds shall be protected

by the homestead or one (1) year ater the date o thesale or on the date when a new home is purchased

with the proceeds, which ever is earlier. I the home is

damaged by a re, or example, the insurance proceeds

are protected or two (2) years ater the date o the re

or on the date when the home is reconstructed or a

new home is purchased, which ever is earlier. Pursuant

to M.G.L. Chapter 188, Section 11(b), temporary

occupation o a trailer, manuactured home or other

temporary housing shall not be considered a principal

residency during the reconstruction or replacement

o the home. Proceeds do not need to be kept in an

escrow account in order to be aorded a homestead

protection, although, it is advisable to consult with anattorney as escrow may provide other advantages. Any

excess proceeds shall lose their homestead protection

ater reconstruction or when a new home is purchased.

How does the Homestead declaration help

protect a home against unsecured creditors in

bankruptcy proceedings?

Remember that the homestead declaration protects

a homeowner rom unsecured creditors and certain

other debts or attachments. It will not oer protection

rom rst or second mortgage lenders and/or equity

lenders who possess a security interest in a home. I

payments are not current on these types o secured

credit, a homeowner runs the risk o losing the home

to oreclosure proceedings.

In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, or asset liquidation

proceeding, a homeowner is allowed to claim certain

exemptions which unction as asset protection

allowances. I a homestead declaration is in place,

and the state homestead exemptions are claimed, a

homeowner would be allowed to retain a much greater

portion o the proceeds rom a liquidations sale o

the home than s/he would be allowed to keep under

ederal bankruptcy law exemptions. Tis actor in turn

decreases, or perhaps even eliminates, the possibility

that the homeowner would be required to sell his/her

home as part o Chapter 7 proceedings.

In all Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings, the court

will require a homeowner to repay some or all o the

unsecured debt over a three- to ve-year period. Youwill be required to repay a percentage o that debt

at least equal to that which the unsecured creditors

would receive were a homeowner required to proceed

under Chapter 7 liquidation regulations. By increasing

the amount o the homes exemption, the homestead

declaration decreases the proceeds which would

become available or repaying unsecured creditors


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Te Homestead Act 5

through the Chapter 7 alternative. Tis may decrease

the percentage o the unsecured debt the homeowner

would be required to repay through a Chapter 13

proposal.

Where can additional inormation be obtainedabout bankruptcy issues as they apply to

Homestead protection?

his inormation can be discussed with qualiied

counselors rom the Consumer Credit Counseling

Service, a private non-prot agency with chapters

nationwide. In Massachusetts, contact the Consumer

Credit Counseling Service o Southern New England

(CCCS/SNE) at: (800) 208-2227. CCCS/SNE is a

part o Money Management International and makes

up the largest non prot, ull service credit counseling

agency in the United States. Since 1958, they have

helped consumers nd the tools and solutions they

need to achieve nancial independence. You can also

visit their website at: www.moneymanagement.org.

Is the Homestead orm difcult

to understand and ll out?

No. It simply asks or basic inormation. I your

home is held in trust, the trustee(s) must ll out the

orm entitled Declaration o Homestead or Homes

Owned by rustee(s). For all other owners, or naturalpersons, please ll out the orm entitled Declaration

o Homestead or Homes Owned by Natural Persons.

Be careul when writing the book and page number or

certicate o title number o your deed or title. I you

need assistance locating your deed to determine this

inormation, please contact the Registry o Deeds. We

are here to serve you.

Can my Homestead be terminated?

Yes, the estate o homestead may be terminated by anyo the ollowing methods:

i the home is conveyed by deed to a non-

amily member and the deed is signed by the

owner and i applicable, a non-owner spouse

or ormer spouse residing in the home as a

principal residence at the time the deed is

drated;

a recorded release o the homestead is signed

and acknowledged by the owner and i

applicable, a non-owner spouse or ormer

spouse residing in the home at the time o

the release;

abandonment o the home as a principalresidence by the owner, owners spouse, ormer

spouse or minor children, only as they apply

to rights o the persons who abandoned the

home. Military service shall not be considered

abandonment;

i the deed is held in trust, either the trustee or

a benecial owner identied in the homestead

declaration records a termination on the

property held in trust.; or

i a subsequent homestead declaration is made

on another home, such as a vacation home, it

shall terminate a prior homestead on an actual

principal residence.

Please note, there are a number o transers that do not

terminate an already declared homestead. Any transer

o the property between spouses, ormer spouses,

co-owners, a trustee and a beneciary or a lie tenant

and a remainderman will not terminate a previously

declared homestead. Also, i a conveyance or release ismade without the signature and acknowledgement o

a non-owner spouse or ormer spouse who is residing

in the home at the time the principal residence is

conveyed or released by an owner, it shall not aect the

homestead o the spouse who ailed to sign.

What is the ling ee?

Te cost o ling the Declaration o Homestead is

thirty ve dollars ($35.00). Checks should be made

payable to the Commonwealth o Massachusetts. Each

owner, whether or not they qualiy or an elderly or

disabled exemption, must sign and acknowledge the

document under the penalties o perjury beore a

notary public. I the home is owned by two spouses,

the declaration must be executed by both spouses. I

the home is owned by one spouse independently, only

that spouse needs to sign the declaration, however,


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Te Homestead Act 6

they must declare their spouse and state the spouses

name. I there is more than one owner, given that

the tenancy may change, it may be advisable to le

a separate declaration or each tenant. You may wish

to consult an attorney i you have numerous owners.

How can I tell i my real property

is recorded or registered land?

In the large majority o cases your real property is

recorded land. Your evidence o title will be a quitclaim

deed that has a book and page number assigned by the

Registry o Deeds.

I your property is registered land, you will have a

certicate o title number perhaps in addition to a

land registration oce book and page. Instead o a

quitclaim deed, you may have received a certied copy

o your certicate o title. Prior to April 9, 1997, a

large document called an owners duplicate certicate

o title was issued instead. I you are not sure whether

your real property is recorded or registered, contact the

Registry o Deeds.

Chapter 395 o the Acts o 2010 states that all existing

estates o homestead in eect on the eective date o this

Act, March 16, 2011, shall continue in ull orce and eect

notwithstanding the repeal o any law under which they

were created. Additionally, all existing estates o homestead

shall now be governed by this new statute even though the

execution o each does not comply with the new M.G.L.

Chapter 188, Section 5.


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The Commonwealth of MassachusettsWilliam Francis Galvin, Secretary o the Commonwealth

Declaration o Homestead or Homes Ownedby Natural Persons (General Laws Chapter 188)In situations where the home is owned by multiple owners, each owner may

be best served to complete a separate declaration o homestead.

1. I, _______________________________________________________________, (insert name o owner)

We, ______________________________________________________________, (insert name o owners)

_________________________________________________________________,

_________________________________________________________________,

hereby declare homestead pursuant to M.G.L. c.188 and state that I/we own the homedescribed below and occupy or intend to occupy the home as my/our principal residence.

Owner Inormation2. Check all the apply:

I/we, _____________________________________________________________________ am elderly (62 years o age or older) (insert name (s))

I/we, _________________________________________________________________________________________________(insert name (s))

am/are disabled (have a physical or mental impairment that meets the disability requirements or Supplemental Security Incomeunder 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(A) and 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(C). One o the ollowing must be attached: 1) an original or certiedcopy o a disability award letter issued to the person by the United States Social Security Administration, or 2) a letter signed by aphysician registered with the board o registration in medicine certiying that each person meets the disability requirements statedin 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(A) and 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(C).

I am married to _________________________________________________________________________________________ ,who is not a co-owner o the home but who occupies or intends to occupy the home as his/her principal residence.

Home Inormation

3. Address: ______________________________________________________________________________________ , Massachusetts(street number and name, city/town)

4. Select ONE o the ollowing:

Deed is recorded in __________________________________ Registry o Deeds in ______________ and _______________

(district/county) (book) (page)Certicate o itle _________________ registered in the Land Registration Oce ______________ and _______________

(number) (book) (page)

Inheritance rom _________________________________________________________________________ , Docket number(name o previous owner)

_______________________________________________ in ________________________________________________.(number) (county)

For manuactured homes, license number __________________________________________________________________(number)

Filing Fee $35

(over)Declaration of Homestead for Homes Owned by Natural Persons - Page 1 of 2


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5. I/we, whose names are signed on this document, acknowledge that I/we sign it voluntarily or its stated purpose.

To be signed by Applicant(s) in ront o Notary Public.

Signed under pains and penalties o perjury this

_______________________________________________day o _____________________________________________ , 20 ______.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

For Use by Notary Public Only:

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

_______________________________________________, ss.

________________________________________, 20 ______ , beore me, the undersigned notary public, personally appeared

____________________________________________________________________________________________________,(name(s) o the document signer(s))

proved to me through satisactory evidence o identication, which were ___________________________________________ ,(drivers license, passport, etc.)

to be the person(s) who signed the preceding or attached document in my presence, and who swore or armed to me that the contents othe document are truthul and accurate to the best o (his) (her) (their) knowledge and belie.

Notary Public: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

My commission expires: _____________________________________________________________________________________

Declaration of Homestead for Homes Owned by Natural Persons - Page 2 of 2


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The Commonwealth of MassachusettsWilliam Francis Galvin, Secretary o the Commonwealth

Declaration o Homestead or Homes Ownedby Trustee(s) (General Laws Chapter 188)

1. I, ________________________________________________________ , rustee (insert name o owner)

We, ______________________________________________________________,

(insert name o owners)

__________________________________________________________, rustees

o certain trust _____________________________________________________ (trust name)

_________________________________________________________________,

dated _______________ and recorded________________and________________ (date) (book) (page)

hereby declare homestead pursuant to M.G.L. c.188 and state that I/we own the homedescribed below and which the beneciaries listed herein occupy or intend to occupyas his/her/their principal residence:

Benefciary Inormation2. Enter beneciary name(s): _____________________________________________________________________________________

(insert benefciary name(s))3. Check all that apply and enter beneciary name(s):

________________________________________________________________________is/are elderly (62 years o age or older) (insert benefciary name(s))

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________(insert benefciary name(s))

is/are disabled (have a physical or mental impairment that meets the disability requirements or Supplemental Security Incomeunder 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(A) and 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(C). One o the ollowing must be attached: 1) an original or certiedcopy o a disability award letter issued to the person by the United States Social Security Administration, or 2) a letter signed by a

physician registered with the board o registration in medicine certiying that each person meets the disability requirements statedin 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(A) and 42 U.S.C. 1382c(a)(3)(C).

4. For each applicable beneciary, complete one statement. Attach additional page(s) as necessary.

__________________________________________ is married to ________________________________________________who is not a co-owner o the home but who occupies or intends to occupy the home as his/her principal residence.

__________________________________________ is married to ________________________________________________who is not a co-owner o the home but who occupies or intends to occupy the home as his/her principal residence.

Home Inormation

5. Address: ______________________________________________________________________________________ , Massachusetts

(street number and name, city/town)6. Select ONE o the ollowing:

Deed is recorded in __________________________________ Registry o Deeds in ______________ and _______________(district/county) (book) (page)

Certicate o itle _________________ registered in the Land Registration Oce ______________ and _______________(number) (book) (page)

Inheritance rom _________________________________________________________________________ , Docket number(name o previous owner)

_______________________________________________ in ________________________________________________.(number) (county)

For manuactured homes, license number __________________________________________________________________(number)

Filing Fee $35

(over)Declaration of Homestead for Homes Owned by Trustee(s) - Page 1 of 2


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7. I/we, the trustee(s) whose name(s) are signed on this document, acknowledge that I/we sign it voluntarily or its stated purpose.

To be signed by Applicant(s) in ront o Notary Public.

Signed under pains and penalties o perjury this

_______________________________________________day o _____________________________________________ , 20 ______.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

For Use by Notary Public Only:

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS

_______________________________________________, ss.

________________________________________, 20 ______ , beore me, the undersigned notary public, personally appeared

____________________________________________________________________________________________________,(name(s) o the document signer(s))

proved to me through satisactory evidence o identication, which were ___________________________________________ ,(drivers license, passport, etc.)

to be the person(s) who signed the preceding or attached document in my presence, and who swore or armed to me that the contents othe document are truthul and accurate to the best o (his) (her) (their) knowledge and belie.

Notary Public: ____________________________________________________________________________________________

My commission expires: _____________________________________________________________________________________

D l ti f H t d f H O d b T t ( ) P 2 f 2

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