Transforming the WestFederal Land Grants, Homestead Act, Exodusters

Review: Reservations, Attempts at Assimilation, Dawes General Allotment Act

Indian Removal Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal

Act of 1830 into law in order to remove Native Americans from east of the Mississippi River to the west.

Trail of Tears and the Five Civilized Tribes Cherokees and Seminole resist removal as long

as possible President promises they will have “land of their

own, which they shall possess as long as Grass grows or water runs. [He] will protect them and be their friend and father.” Empty promises

Things begin to change in Indian territory

As had happened in Georgia prior to Indian Removal, Gold was discovered in Indian Territory

By the late 1860s, Native Americans were forced on reservations—they were no longer free to roam

New Settlers come to Indian Territory

As the restrictions on white settlement were lifted or ignored Native Americans fought to keep their land

The government waged war against the Sioux

Sand Creek Massacre, 1864 Colorado militia killed Cheyenne and Arapaho tribe

members, including women and children

What does it take for peace?

Red Cloud and some of his followers ambushed troops from the U.S. army

Public was shocked by the loss of life and the inhumanity of these events

Government’s Indian policy was being questioned by reformers and humanitarians Did not want another Trail of Tears

Indian Peace Commission

Thought the best solution was for Native Americans to settle on farms and adapt to white culture

Many Native Americans signed treaties agreeing to stay on reservations

After a while, the confinement became too much The area was fraught with disease and poverty More broken promises led to frustration and violence

Battle of Little Big Horn

The Black Hills God Rush in 1875 attracted prospectors to Sioux hunting grounds

Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull tried to drive out the prospectors when the U.S. Army sent troops in—George Custer and his troops arrived ahead of the other U.S. forces They were greatly outnumbered by the Sioux

and were all killed

The Ghost Dance It is a religious revival ritual that hoped to get rid of the

white settlers and restore the buffalo to the Plains

As government officials heard about the movement, they became concerned

They arrested Sitting Bull—he was killed along with several others

A fight broke out at Wounded Knee, South Dakota Unarmed Native Americans were slaughtered by cavalry This event sealed the fate of most Native Americans

A Century of Dishonor Helen Hunt Jackson, 1881

“There is not among these three hundred bands of Indians one which has not suffered cruelly at the hands either of the Government or of white settlers. The poorer, the more insignificant, the more helpless the band, the more certain the cruelty and outrage to which they have been subjected…it makes little difference where one opens the record of the history of the Indians; every page and every year has its dark stain…”

Forced Assimilation Has the result of making sure the Native

Americans belong to neither culture

By taking on white cultural behaviors and values, they could become alien to their own people

Likewise from the white perspective, the assimilated Native Americans still were not White

Dawes Act This act replaces the reservation system

with an allotment system Each family was granted 160 acres for farming Generally, with the dry climate of the West,

this allotment was not big enough to support a family

Families could not sell or transfer their land for 25 years in the hopes that younger Native Americans would eventually take up farming

Railroads and Open-Range

The railroads tied the nation together and stimulated the growth of towns and cities The railroads also increase white greed for

Native American lands

The railroads also provided the means to move meat to eastern markets

Open-range system means the land isn’t fenced, ranchers knew their own boundaries and branded their livestock

Cattle drives Cows were rounded up after the

winter and the railroads took them east

These men worked long hours and combed thousands of acres on trained horses Bands of men often included former

slaves and Mexicans among whites

The invention of barbed wire helped to end open-range ranching as did the excess in supply of beef Not enough demand

Homestead act, 1862 The government offered plots for

farms to people willing to live on the farm for five years as well as build a road and dig a well

The Great Plains were the last part of the country to be heavily settled because it was viewed as too dry--“if the trees don’t grow, neither will the crops” was the mindset

Some former slaves called Exodusters looked to Oklahoma and Kansas as the promised land

Life on the Plains is different

Many can’t afford lumber so houses are

made out of sodPeople constantly battled drought,

windstorms, locusts and harsh winters

Many headed back to the east