This is an important booklet to support your studies and revision. You will need to know all of the information in the revision guide and the examples and case studies in here. On each page you will find the example or case study information and some practice questions.

For each example and case study there are some facts and figures you need to be aware of and learn and use in exam answers.

It is important to note:

The words ‘example’ and ‘case study’ are important. In the booklet if it is called an ‘example’ then that is the wording that will be used in exam questions. So you must use the correct example.

In the booklet if it is called a ‘case study’ then that is the wording that will be used in exam questions. So you must use the correct case study.

Paper 1 – Physical GeographyExamples Case studyTectonic hazards – Earthquakes – Poor country - Haiti

Ecosystems – Tropical Rainforest – Amazon, South America

Tectonic hazards – Earthquakes – Rich country – New Zealand

Cold Environments – Alaska, USA

Weather hazards – Tropical storms – Typhoon HaiyanWeather Hazards – UK weather event – floods in CumbriaEcosystems – a small scale ecosystem – a hedgerowCoastal landscapes – a section of the UK coastline – DorsetCoastal landscapes – a management scheme in the UK – Lyme RegisRiver landscapes – river valley in the UK – River TeesRiver landscapes – Flood management scheme in the UK – River Tees

Topic: Natural hazards – tectonic hazards Context: Earthquake in a rich countryLocation:

New Zealand An earthquake struck New Zealand’s

South Island on 22nd February 2011 at 12.51pm

Epicentre was near the centre of Christchurch

Cause: The plate boundary moves in two ways-

destructive and conservative The earthquake was magnitude 6.3 on

the Richter scale

Primary effects: Approximately 2000 people were

treated for minor injuries Road and bridges were severely

damaged in places Over half of deaths occurred in the 6-

storey Canterbury Television (CTV) building when it collapsed and caught fire.

181 people were killed in total Gas pipes burst

Secondary effects: Building damage was widespread

because the 2010 earthquake had already weakened building structures

Land that was damaged by liquefaction cannot be built on again

Landslides in some suburbs caused serious damage to buildings

Gas caught fire

Immediate responses: The Australian Government donated

NZ$6 .7 million to the Red Cross appeal Bottled water was provided as water

supplies were cut off The Australian police joined forces with

New Zealand police to enforce cordons, organise evacuations, help with search and rescue, traffic control and prevention of looting

The New Zealand Red Cross launched an appeal to raise funds to help victims

Electricity companies worked around the clock to restore power to areas that were cut off

Long-term responses: Review of all building codes to make

buildings stronger Greater emphasis has been placed

education of school children and the general population over what to do in an earthquake

New more detailed evacuation plans

Example questions:Using figure 5 to what extent are primary effects worse than secondary effects – 9 marks & 3 for SPaGAssess the assertion that earthquakes in poorer countries have worse effects than in rich countries - 9 marks & 3 for SPaGExplain why the responses in rich countries are better than poor countries 9 marks & 3 for SPaG

Topic: Natural hazards – tectonic hazards Context: Earthquake in a poor countryLocation:

Haiti, Caribbean The epicentre was 25 miles to the east

of Port-au-Prince The earthquake occurred on 12th

January 2010 at 16:53:10 local time The earthquake measured 7.0 on the

Richter scale

Cause: Haiti lies on a conservative plate

boundary The plate get stuck due to friction and

pressure built up The pressure became too much and the

plates slid past each other

Primary effects: Major damage to buildings like schools

and Parliament buildings Over 230,000 people died 300,000 people made homeless The major hospital in Port-au-Prince

collapsed killing many of the 150 doctors

Secondary effects: Phone and Mobile networks stopped

working so people could not contact each other

Roads are blocked meaning aid cannot get to survivors who need it the most

Aid vehicles have been hijacked and survivors have been rioting over delays in aid reaching them

Cholera has spread in camps due to contaminated water supplies

Immediate responses: China and other nations sent rescue

teams to help dig out survivors The USA has sent 10,000 soldiers to

maintain order and security and to help survivors

Many survivors who need medical care have been taken by ship to the USA

The Dominican Republic opened up their border to help with healthcare

Many people are having to sleep in the streets in makeshift shelters and shanty towns

Barrack Obama has promised $100 million of aid and Gordon Brown has pledged over £6 million

Long-term responses: Rebuilding of schools and hospitals Rebuild houses to replace homeless

camps Seaport and airport to be rebuilt

Example questions:Using figure 5 to what extent are primary effects worse than secondary effects – 9 marks & 3 for SPaGAssess the assertion that earthquakes in poorer countries have worse effects than in rich countries - 9 marks & 3 for SPaGExplain why the responses in rich countries are better than poor countries 9 marks & 3 for SPaG

Topic: Natural hazards – Weather Hazards Context: Effects and responses to a tropical storm

Location: Haiyan, The Philippines Started in the north-west Pacific Ocean

The nature of the tropical storm: Wind speeds of up to 314 km per hour 8th November 2013 at 4:40am A category 5 typhoon

Primary effects: 6,190 people died 90% of Tacloban was destroyed 1.1 million houses damaged (half of

them destroyed) 4.1 million people made homeless

Secondary effects: Looting was rife as survivors fought for

food and supplies Several million tonnes of crops

destroyed – due to the storm surge and salty water

Storm surges destroyed coconut and rice crops. 12.7% if GDP hit

Oil barge ran aground at Estancia causing an 800,000 litre oil leak - 10 hectares of mangrove swamps killed by the oil

Eight deaths reported in a stampede for rice supplies

The flooding caused surface and groundwater to be contaminated with seawater, chemicals from industry and agriculture and sewage systems

Immediate responses: 1 million food packs and 250,000 litres

of water Power was restored in a week The government supplied equipment

and medical supplies Put out a televised warning Most emergency aid and supplies

arrived three days later

Long-term responses: Mangrove swamps replanted which can

protect the coast from flooding A new storm surge warning system A ‘no build zone’ along the coast in

Eastern Visayas Plans to build the Tacloban-Palo-

Tanauan Road Dike – this will reduce the impact of future storm surges

Example questions:Assess the extent to which prediction is the most important factor in reducing the effects of tropical storms – 9 marks & 3 SPaGDiscuss the responses to a tropical storm you have studied – 9 marks & 3 SPaGUsing an example you have studied describe the effects of a tropical storm – 6 marks

Topic: Natural hazards – Weather Hazards

Context: An extreme weather event in the UK

Location: Cumbria, the UK

Cause: A deep Atlantic depression (a large storm)

arrived 6AM Thursday 19th November 2009 Cumbria had already received a month’s

worth of average rainfall before the extreme event 17-20 November 2009

The rain flowed straight down the steep slopes of the Lake District in its river for 36 hours

By 20th November, the River Derwent was 10 metres wider than during normal conditions

Water was flowing at a rate of 25 times higher than the normal average

Social impacts: Police officer Bill Barker was

killed when a bridge in Workington collapsed

Lots of people injured 1,500 homes were flooded

causing great distress The rebuilt town centre now

looks smarter than before

Economic impacts: The regional economy was instantly hit Many businesses closed and did not reopen

until long afterwards Debris transported by the river destroyed six

important regional bridges – lorries could not transport goods

The floods caused £100 million damages – including insurance claims, business losses and the costs of rebuilding roads and bridges

Many businesses took the opportunity to improve their shop fronts

Environmental impacts: At its peak flow, water erosion by

the River Derwent triggered landslides along its banks

The river tore loose and carried away hundreds of trees, damaging local ecosystems and habitats

River water contaminated with sewage brought health risks

Ways of reducing the hazard in the future: Protection

o New flood defences have been built at a cost of £4.5 million; funded by central government and the local community

o A mobile wall was built which could rise up during floods and shrink down so not to ruin the towns tourist appeal

Planningo The Environment agency (EA)

provided sandbags and gave out flood warnings

o The EA sends messages to the residents phones about potential floods

Predictiono Warning systems are being

developed to give people warning in the future

o Using satellites to track storms across the Atlantic and give warnings to local councils

Example questions:The weather in the UK is becoming more extreme.’ Use evidence to support this statement. 6 marksUsing an example explain the cause of one extreme weather event in the UK – 6 marksAssess the impacts of an extreme weather event on the UK. Use an example – 6 marks

Topic: Ecosystems Context: A small-scale ecosystem Basic information:

A hedgerow ecosystem includeso the plants that make up the hedgerowo the organisms that live in it and feed on ito the soil in the areao the rainfall and sunshine it receives

The producers include hawthorn bushes and blackberry bushes The consumers include song thrushes, ladybirds, spiders, greenfly, sparrows and

sparrowhawksExample questions:Explain how changes to an ecosystem can influence all organisms – 6 marks

Example food chain:

Ladybird ------------------------ Sparrow -------------------------------------- Sparrowhawk

Example food web:

Changes to an ecosystem

A change in one part of an ecosystem has an impact on other parts

Hot, dry summer

Reduce plant growth

Fewer berries for birds in winter

Fewer birds for sparrowhawks to hunt, so numbers of sparrowhawks falls

No. of sparrows and thrushes fall

Hedgerow trimmed

Fewer habitats for ladybirds, greenfly and spiders so number fall

Fewer birds for sparrowhawks to hunt, so number of sparrowhawks falls

Sparrows and thrushes have less to eat so numbers fall

Topic: Coastal landscapes Context: The major landforms of a UK coastlineLocation and map:

Durdle Door:Durdle Door is a great example of an arch – erosion by waves opened up a crack in the limestone headland, which become a cave and then developed into an arch.

Lulworth Cove:Lulworth Cove is a small bay formed after a gap was eroded in a band of limestone. Behind the limestone is a band of clay which has been eroded away to form the bay. The same is not starting to happen at Stair Hole further west along the coast.

Chesil Beach:Chesil Beach is a tombolo (a type of bar) formed by longshore drift. It joins the Isle of Portland to the mainland. Behind Chesil Beach is a shallow lagoon called the fleet lagoon

Swanage Bay, The Foreland and Studland Bay:There are two bays with beaches called Swanage Bay and Studland Bay. They’re areas of softer rock (sandstone and clay). In between them is a headland called the Foreland made from a band of harder rock (chalk).The end of the headland has been eroded to become a stack called Old Harry and a stump (a collapsed stack) called Old Harry’s Wife.

Example questions:Using an example describe the features of a UK coastline – 6 marks

Topic: Coastal landscape Context: A coastal management scheme in the UKBackground information:

Erosion is causing the cliffs to collapse along the Holderness coastline. The cliffs are made from soft, easily eroded boulder clay.

The prevailing winds mean that the eroded material is moved south along the coast by longshore drift instead of staying in the place it came from, exposing a new area of cliff to erosion and causing the coastline to retreat

About 1.8m of land is lost to the sea every year – in some places e.g. Great Cowden the rate of erosion has been over 10m per year in recent years. Farms, businesses and homes are threatened by the erosion.

Over 11km of the Holderness coastline is managed using hard engineering strategies:

There are towns and villages like Hornsea (pop 8000), Withernsea (pop 6000) and Mappleton where people live

There is important infrastructure like the B1242 road which links many of the towns and businesses along the coast

The gas terminal at Easington supplies 25% of the UK’s gas and is right on the edge of the cliff.

Map of the Holderness Coastline:

Management strategy:In 1991, 450m of coastline around Mappleton had to be protected at a cost of £2 million using over 61,000 tonnes of rockCoastal management at Mappleton involved two types of hard engineering:

Placing rock armour (granite boulders) along the base of the cliff to absorb the power of the waves.

Building two rock groynes to trap sand and create a beach to absorb the power of the waves

There are also defences at Hornsea (where there is a sea wall and some groynes), and at Withernsea (where there is a sea wall, groynes and rock armour).Conflicts caused:The scheme was successful – the village of Mappleton and the B1242 road are no longer at risk from erosion.However the management strategy have caused conflicts. The rock groynes prevented sediment moving south along the coast by longshore drift. This has caused increased erosion south of Mappleton and led to:

Loss of land to the south of Mappleton – especially around Great Cowden’s farms and caravan park

The operation of coastguard and lifeboat services from Spurn Head are under threat from erosion

A loss of habitat for wildlife on Spurn Head – lesson material is coming down the coast to collect at Spurn Head, so it is at risk of being washed away

In 1999, a 1km stretch of coast near the gas terminal as Easington have to be protected by rock armour – at a cost of £6.6 million

Bays forming between the protected areas and the protected areas becoming headlands Maintaining the defences in the protected areas is becoming more expensive and may

cause conflict The conflicts focus on the loss of jobs and homes in the non-protected areas. The people

living on the protected areas are happy as their jobs and home are protected

Example questions:Describe how one coastline in the UK is being managed. Use an example. 6 marksUsing an example, assess the conflicts that may arise from coastal management. 6 marks.

Topic: River landscapes Context: Landforms in a UK river valleyLocation and map:The River Tees, north-east England

Upper course:Source: this is found to the west of the mouth. It starts at Cross Fell – it is 893 metres above sea level. The river flows east to its mouthThe valley is v-shaped and the river is turbulent and clearWater fall at High Force with a gorge and rapids. The gorge is formed from the waterfall retreating and the water fall is 21 metres high.

Middle course:The gradient is less steep here and the river begins to erode sideways rather than downwards. The river gets wider and river valley gets wider and meanders begin to form.Meanders:This is a bend in the river. As the bends get bigger their erode across the flood plain and make a large U-shaped valleyLower course:Very large meanders at Yarm – this has led to the formation of ox-bow lakesFlooding has caused Levees to formThe lateral erosion (sideways) by the meanders and the occasional floods build up a wide, flat flood plain on either side of the River. Here the valley is a broad U-shape with quite gentle sidesThe mouth the River Tees is an estuary – this is a river valley in a lowland area that has been flooded. It is very wide and has mudflats and sandbank. It is an important wildlife area and some areas are Special Sites of Scientific Interest (SSSI’s)Example questions:Describe how a river valley in the UK changes downstream – 6 marks

Topic: River landscapes Context: Flood management on a UK riverLocation:The River Tees, north-east England

Why is the scheme needed? To reduce flooding – lots of serious flooding at Yarm To improve water supply To improve water quality To improve navigation To provide more opportunities for recreation

Management strategies Cow Green Reservoir – this was built in the upper course to store water for the growing

areas of population. The reservoir holds a lot of water and slows down the amount of water entering the river reducing its discharge and making flooding less likely

At Yarm – discouraging building on the floodplain, improve flood warning systems with the Met Office, the police and other emergency services. They built reinforced concrete walls with metal flood gates for access by people and vehicles, Earth embankments, Gabions to protect wall and embankment from erosion.

The Tees Barrage – (a man-made barrier across a river) – the aim of the Tees Barrage was to improve the water quality and recreational value of 22km of the lower Tees. It reduces the risking of flooding at high tides or during a storm surge.

The effectsSocial impacts/effects Economic impacts/effects Environmental impacts/effects

The flood defences at Yarm means people do not fear

flooding anymore. People can leave their house and it will be in the same condition as they

left it.

The defences cost £56.1 million. This is far too much. The money should be used for schools, hospitals and to fix potholes in the roads.

The dredging of the river removes the bed which is so important for a range of insects and fish. The insects live here and are food for the fish. The fish in turn lay their eggs on the bed. Removing the bed ill see a reduction in fish numbers which is bad for otters and fishermen.

The area around the barrage has been regenerated. There are new cafes and kayaking course which provides jobs and another source of income for local people. There are new footpaths which are wheelchair accessible so everyone can enjoy the river.

The cost is justified when it stops houses and businesses kept getting flooded. With global warming it is predicted that there will be more floods in the future. The cost of repairing the houses will go up so the flood defence scheme will stop this.

The dredging of the river removes the bed which is so important for a range of insects and fish. The insects live here and are food for the fish. The fish in turn lay their eggs on the bed. Removing the bed ill see a reduction in fish numbers which is bad for otters and fishermen.

Conflicts:There are numerous conflicts. The main ones are between the environmentalists and the flood management engineers. Dredging of the river destroys habitats for endangered species. Fishermen and the Environment Agency are in conflict as the dredging removes habitat for salmon which the fishermen like to catch.Example questions:Using an example assess the impacts of a flood management scheme on a UK river – 6 marks

Topic: Ecosystems Context: Tropical rainforest – causes, impacts/effects and management

Location: The Amazon is the largest rainforest on Earth – covering an area of around 8 million KM

squared, including parts of Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana

Deforestation – Causes: Since 1978, over 750,000 km squared (more than three times the size of the UK) has been

destroyed by deforestation There are lots of causes – for example between 2000 and 2005:

o 65-70% was caused by commercial (cattle) ranchingo 20-25% was caused by small-scale subsistence farming

Many farmers have been settled by the Brazilian governmento 5-10% was caused by other commercial farming – mostly soy farming, but rice,

corn and sugar cane are also growno 2-3% was caused by logging, including lots of illegal logging. New roads have

opened up areas of forest that were previously too hard to get too 1-2% was caused by other activities such as mineral extraction (e.g. gold mining),

road building, energy development and building new settlements Population growth and migration to the area is also putting pressure on the Amazon

rainforest, especially as the Brazilian government offer land in the rainforest to poor people from overcrowded cities.

There are many more small-scale subsistence farmers now, and people who have no land or whore land has become unproductive are opening up more areas of the forest.

Deforestation – impacts/effects:Environmental:

The Amazon stores around 100 billion tonnes of carbon – deforestation will release some of this as carbon dioxide, which causes global warming

Brazil is losing 55 million tons of topsoil every year because of soil erosion caused by soy farming

Pollution of rivers from the chemicals used in mining Loss of many plant and animal species and a reduction in biodiversity

Deforestation – impacts/effects:Economic:

Economic development as brought wealth to countries that were very poor Farming makes a lot of money for countries in the rainforest, e.g. in 2008, Brazil made

$6.9 billion from trading cattle. It is also the world’s second biggest exporter of soy beans The mining industry creates jobs for lots of people, e.g. the Buenaventura mining

company in Peru employs over 3100 people

Logging contributes a huge amount to Brazil’s economy Local Brazilian rubber tappers who extract natural rubber from rubber trees have lost

their livelihoods as trees have been cut down

Sustainable management in the Rainforest:Method What is it?

Selective logging

Only some trees (e.g. just the older or inferior ones) are felled - most tress are left standing

This is less damaging to the forest than felling all of the trees in an area. If only a few trees are taken from each area the overall forest structure is kept – the canopy’s still there and the soil exposed. This means the forest will be able to regenerate so it can be used in the future

The least damaging forms are ‘horse logging’ and helicopter logging’ – dragging felled trees out of the forest using horses or removing them with helicopters instead of huge trucks

Replanting This is when new trees are planted to replace the ones that are cut down

This means there will be trees for people to use in the future It’s important that the same types of tree are planted that were cut

down, so that the variety of trees is kept for the future

Education Education of the international community about the impacts of deforestation can encourage people to buy products that are certified from sustainable managed sources

Some local people don’t know what the environmental impacts of deforestation are. Local people try to make money in the short-term (e.g. by illegal logging) to overcome their own poverty

Educating local people about the impacts of deforestation and ways to reduce the impacts decreases damage to the rainforest environment

Also, educating local people about alternative ways to make money that don’t damage the environment as much, e.g. ecotourism, means they aren’t dependent on unsustainable options in order to make a living

Conservation Many countries have set up national parks and nature reserves within rainforests. In these areas damaging activities, e.g. logging are restricted. However, a lack of funds can make it difficult to police the restrictions

As a result, some countries have set up funds which overseas governments and businesses can invest in. The countries get the money in exchange for rainforest conservation.

The money can be used to enforce restrictions on damaging activities and to promote sustainable use of the rainforests.

Example questions:Using a case study explain the effects of deforestation – 6 marksAssess the strategies used to sustainable manage a tropical rainforest. Use a case study. 6 marks

Topic: Cold environments Context: Development opportunities, challenges and management in Alaska, USA

Example questionsFor a hot desert or cold environment you have studied, to what extent does that environment provide both opportunities and challenges for development? 9 marksFor a hot desert or a cold environment you have studied, assess the importance of management strategies used to reduce the risk of environmental damage. 9 marks