hoa-15th november 2014
TRANSCRIPT
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In this particular module
Your primary focus should be on:
1. Development of building technology in each area- materials and ways of
construction.
2. Characteristics of the community which resulted in the settlement- lifestyle,
religious practices, geographical location.
History Of Architecture - S1S2Module-1
Prehistoric Architecture of Near-East
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Source: http://www.pinterest.com/pin/436567757602430549/
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Neolithic Period
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian lowlands and Transcaucasia
5. Mesopotamia and Egypt.(Refer Map on Pg1)
Types of buildings:
1. Shrines * -precursors of temple architecture in Mesopotamia and funerary
architecture in Egypt.
2. Residential buildings.
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General Architectural character of permanent buildings in
Ancient Near East (Middle Mesolithic to Neolithic periods):
1. Single-cell type, Beehive shaped, round or oval, multi-celled collection ofrectangular rooms.
Source: Sir Banister Fletchers History of Architecture
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Beehive Huthttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/A/ARC/architecture-005.html
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2. Evolution:
Semi-subterranean dry stone huts
Circular or oval individual huts inmud or stone.
Rectangular houses in tauf (loaf-
shaped bricks of mud and straw)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-
house#mediaviewer/File:Pithouse_at_Step_House
_Mesa_Verde_1.jpg
Source: Sir Banister Fletchers History of Architecture
Source: Sir Banister Fletchers History of Architecture
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General Architectural character of permanent buildings in
Ancient Near East (Middle Mesolithic to Neolithic periods):
3. Tellsof Neolithic period: houses superimposed one above the other.
4. Four developments:
a. Construction and planning-multi-roomed, thin walled houses of mud brick
b. Non-residential buildings for work, storage and ritual purposes
c. Open forms of village layout.
d. Widespread construction of fortification walls.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell#mediaviewer/File:Citadel_of_Aleppo.jpg
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia
5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
KEY POINTS:
1. Architecture - residential , shrines, workshops and
storage buildings.
2. Natufian construction tradition- dry stone and semi
subterranean.
3. Stone wall or fortification around the settlement.
4. Round or oval shaped houses later changed into
rectangular plans which are oneroomed.
5. Light timber superstructure.
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AIN MALLAHA(9000 -8000 B.C)
1. Located in Israel, north of sea of Galilee.
2. Circular, Semi-subterranean, rocklined; built of
drystone.
3. 3m to 9m in diameter.
4. Beehive forms were constructed of reeds or matting
and supported on posts.
Materials:
Stone paved floors.Wall finished with lime plaster painted with red ochre
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
Source: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/eyna/hd_eyna.htm
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AIN MALLAHA(9000 -8000 B.C)
1. Located in Israel, north of sea of Galilee.
2. Circular, Semi-subterranean, rocklined; built of drystone.
3. 3m to 9m in diameter.
4. Beehive forms were constructed of reeds or matting and
supported on posts.
Materials:
Stone paved floors.Wall finished with lime plaster painted with red ochre
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
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AIN MALLAHA(9000 -8000 B.C)
.
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
http://people.wku.edu/darlene.applegate/oldworld/webnotes/3neareast/
early.html
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Source:http://www.lime.org.uk/products/boards-and-backgrounds/reed-mat/
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
TELL-ES-SULTAN / JERICHO
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
TELL-ES-SULTAN / JERICHO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tell_es-sultan.jpg
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TELL-ES-SULTAN / JERICHO
1. Spread over 10 acres (4 ha).
2. Each house was about 5m in diameter, evolved fromNatufiandry stone tradition.
3. Closely packed housesabsence of street.
The walls of Jericho.
1. The settlement enclosed by a fortification wall3mthick, 4m high and over 700 m in circumference.
2. Cisterns and storage spaces with roof entry set against
the base of an apsidal tower.
Materials and Expression.1. Highly burnished lime plaster floors laid on gravel and
stained red, pink or orange, and plastered walls with
red painted dados.
2. Walls decorated with geometric designs.
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
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BEIDHA
1. Curvilinear huts in the Natufian tradition- semi
subterranean2. 4m diameter .
3. Dwellings and store rooms were grouped in clusters
within walled courtyards, and the whole village
surrounded by stone wall.
4. In, Neolithic period ,this post house style- accompaniedby free-standing polygonal houses.
5. Followed by rectangular stone houses-clusters of stone
built houses and work shops.
6. Each room -7m X 9m
7. L-shaped courtyard and several workshop -8m long.
Material and Expression
1. Floors and walls of white burnished plaster decorated
with a red stripe at floor level.
1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
http://www.drshirley.org/geog/geog03.html
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Ain Mallaha
B. Jericho
C. Beidha
Stage-1
Stage-2
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Jarmo
B. Tal-i-Iblis
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Large multi-roomed settlements.
Mainly residential-no ritual.
JARMO
20-30rectangularmud houses.
Built of tauf with mud floors laid on reeds.
Each house- open courtyard + rectangular rooms.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Jarmo
B. Tal-i-Iblis
TAL-I-IBLIS
Thickwalled, heavily buttressed storerooms a the centre and surrounded
by larger living rooms.
Red plaster floors.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
KEY POINTS:
1. Architecture-residential and ritual
2. High standards of planning and construction
3. Square and rectangular mud brick units with lighter
upper floors.
4. Densely packed and contiguous.
5. Fortification wall around.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
HACILAR:7500-600 B.C
1. Rectangular dwellings
2. Built of mud briks on stone foundation
3. Multi-roomed,plastered internally and painted in cream
and red bands.
4. Closely packed with access by way of roofs.
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http://alaudun8.blogspot.in/2012_04_01_archive.html
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
HACILAR:5400 B.C
1. More substantial rectangular mud-brick houses
2. Walls over a meter thick .
3. Vestibules flanked by leanto work areas.
4. Inbuilt cupboard.
5. Ceilings- Timber beams supported on a pair of centre
posts and were reinforced at the corners by cross-
bracing.
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5400B.C
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
HACILAR:5400B.C -5000B.C
1. Fortification made around which enclosed an area of
70m x35m.
2. Houses consisted of houses , granary, a guard house,
potters wokshops and shrines.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
CAN HASAN:
1. Closely packed square or rectangular buildings.
2. Later buildings were thick walled and built of mud-brick
reinforced with timber
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Catal Hayouk
B. Hacilar
C. Can HasanD. Mersin.
CATAL HAYOUK:
Houses:
1. At the foot of the Taurus mountain
2. Single- roomed rectangular 25 sq.m each3. Plastered walls and floors.
4. Densely packed and contiguous
5. Floors were covered with straw mat and walls
were decorated
6. Access through roofs.
Shrines:
1. Richly decorated buildings.
2. Decorated with paintings , reliefs and engravings
on themes connected with fertility and death.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Djetun
DJETUN.
Built in sun dried brick tempered
with straw.
Rectangular plan buildings-one
room.
Concept of open space in the
settlement.
Shrines were also made.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra
Cultures that existed :
1. Hassuna2. Samarra
3. Halaf
4. Ubaid
https://www.flickr.com/photos/historyfiles/4198067029/27
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra
UMM DABAGHIYAH (6200 -5750 B.C)
1. Pre-Hassuna Period.2. Pre-historic site in the Jazira in present northernIraq, 100 km south-west of Mosul.
3. Specialised settlement and trading post.
4. Four levels of occupation excavated.
5. Double or triple rows of small, well-built, rectilinear
compartments used for storage.6. Irregular one to three roomed houses.
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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/03-026-F1-2-3-Origines-Levant-Mesopotamie-archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard.jpg 1
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra UMM DABAGHIYAH.
1. Single dwelling-multiple rooms.
2. Constructed in tauf- with stone foundation.
3. Arches were used to span the roof.
4. Internally treated with plaster and red paint.
5. Single storey- roof of branches and reeds surfaced
with plaster.
6. Plastered steps in the upper walls and the absence of
doorways suggest entry from the roof.
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra
TELL-ES-SAWWAN (5600-5000 B.C)
1. Sammaran settlement- farming village- covered an area of
220m X 110m.2. Large empty rooms, possibly granaries.
3. Stone foundations for dwellings
4. Constructed of moulded mud bricks
5. Externally buttressed walls.
6. Roof of reed and clay
7. The whole settlement surrounded by a 3m wide moat.
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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/04-026-F4-Origines-Levant-
Mesopotamie-archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard-architecture.jpg1
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra
ERIDU (circa 5000 B.C)
1. Ubaid period.
2. No evidence of dwellings.
3. Temple structures one over the other
4. Sophisticated planning- symmetry-central cellae,
entered via vestibules flanked by rows of small rooms. 1
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http://jqjacobs.net/blog/gobekli_tepe.html
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell-es-Sawwan
C. EriduD. Tepe Gawra
TEPE GAWRA
1. Belonged toUbaid period.
2. A tell( mound) located 18 miles north-east of Mosul.
3. Transport link in trade-Lies between the Tigris river andfoothills of Zagros mountains- near the entrance to the
historical pass into Iranian Plateau.
4. 21 Levels of stratified villages and towns
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http://www.theoriesensorielle.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/06c-028-4F-Origines-Levant-Mesopotamie-
archeologie-revolution_neolithique-Philippe_Roi-Tristan_Girard.jpg1
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1. The Levant region
2. Zargos region
3. Anatolia
4. The transcaspian
lowlands and
Transcaucasia5. Mesopotamia
6. Egypt.
A. Um Dabaghiya
B. Tell Hassuna
C. Tell-es-SawwanD. Eridu
E. Tepe Gawra
TEPE GAWRA
1. No evidence of dwellings found.
2. Templebuildings: Circular building with multiple rooms.
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UMM DABAGHIYA
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PRE-HARAPPAN CULTURE- B.C.5500-B.C.3500 (Neolithic)
MEHRGARH
Mehrgarh Period 1 -7000-5500 B.CMehrgarh Period 2-5500-4800 B.C
Mehrgarh Period 3-4800-3500 B.C
KILE GUL MOHAMMAD.
NAUSHARO
KOT DIJI
AMRI
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http://media-cache- 1
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http://www.pinterest.com/offsite/?token=10-
824&url=http%3A%2F%2Fasszociaciok.blogter.hu%2Ftag%2Fmehrgarh&pin=409123947372671175 1
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MEHRGARH
Multi roomed structures
Four different plan-types have been recorded: two-roomed, four-roomed, six-
roomed and ten-roomed.
Walls two rows of hand-moulded mud bricks longitudinally arranged.
The four roomed-dwelling and six roomed storage.
Walls were plastered inside and outside with a 2cm thick clay mortar.
Traces of red ochre found on walls
Floors made of packed and rammed earth were also covered with red ochre.Roofing- chaff tempered mud with impressions of fibrous stems of reeds.
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http://media-cache-