History Quick FactHelped in the French Revolution.Made himself Emperor after victory. Was exiled to an island.Escaped from exile- went back to France and took over again.Lost another battle and was exiled again where he died.Didn’t like his wife’s name (Rose) so he changed it to Josephine (and she went along with it)

Election of 1800

John Adams v. Thomas JeffersonFederalist

w/Charles C. Pinckney (Pinckney’s Treaty)-Ruled by wealthy class-Strong Federal Gov’t.-Emphasis on manufacturing-Loose interpretation of Constitution-British Alliance

Democratic/Republicanw/ Aaron Burr-Rule by the People-Strong State Gov’t-Emphasis on Agriculture-Strict interpretation of Constitution-French Alliance

Election

of 1800Election Results:Jefferson – 73 votes

Burr – 73 votesAdams – 65 votes

Pinckney – 63 votes

• Peaceful change of political power from one party to another• The tied race led to the Twelfth Amendment (1804 –separate ballot for president and vice-president.)

• House of Representative held 36 votes until finally Jefferson was elected.

3rd President of the United States: Thomas Jefferson

Jefferson’s Policies-Less formal-Wanted to limit the powers of government

Inaugural Address: - Tried to reassure his political opponents

“Let us, then, fellow citizens, unite…We are all republicans, we are all federalists”- Protection of civil liberties

“Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another…”- Limited Government- Was integral in creation of a federal city, independent of the interests of any one state… Washington D.C.

Jefferson in Office• Alien & Sedition Acts were allowed to expire• Lowered military spending/reduced size of army &

navy

• Wanted to get rid of Domestic Taxes• Kept the National Bank even though he had fought

against it.

Local

Marbury v. Madison

First decision by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional (1803).

• This was the first time the Supreme Court struck down a law because it was unconstitutional. It was the beginning of the practice of "judicial review.“ – court’s authority to review & approve or nullify laws & acts.

Violated the constitution

Stop and Think• What do you know about Louisiana?• What have we learned about

Louisiana so far? (Hint: think about the Pickney Treaty)

• Why was this area so important to us?

• Was Louisiana a state at this point in time?

American Settlers on the move

Settlers start moving West of the Appalachian Mountains toward the Mississippi River – rely heavily on the Miss. River for transporting goods, etc.

Spain’s frustrations:

Spanish realize it will be impossible to keep the colonist out of their territory!

Spain’s solution:

Sell Louisiana to the French and close the port of New Orleans to American shipping

France was led by Napoleon Bonaparte and through his leadership France conquered most of Europe.

France controlled Haiti and hoped that by taking control of New Orleans/Louisiana they could begin to expand into North America.

However, when the slaves in Haiti revolted and the French army was defeated, their hopes of expansion were ruined.

Although he unofficially led

the nation politically during the revolution, Toussaint

L'Ouverture is considered the father of Haiti.

Considered one of the only successful slave uprisings in

history

Jefferson sends Robert Livingston & James Monroe to France to try to buy New Orleans. They meet with minister Charles Talleyrand (XYZ)

•When they offered to purchase New Orleans… they were surprisingly offered all of Louisiana. •Napoleon needed $$ to fund his war in Europe and hoped that a larger US would be a threat to Great Britain•They accepted the offer to buy Louisiana for $15 million

Jefferson’s ConcernsJefferson was worried about the deal. The Constitution did not mention the purchase of foreign lands. He had a strict interpretation of the Constitution and did not want to stray from it.

Senate’s Response:

Jefferson asked the Senate for permission and they agreed.

The Louisiana Purchase

On October 20, 1801 the Louisiana Territory was bought- doubling the size of the U.S.

States that were a part of the Louisiana Purchase:

Lewis & ClarkPresident Jefferson asked Congress to fund an expedition to explore the West.He chose former army captain Meriwether Lewis as leader, who then chose William Clark to be co-leader

HISTORY QUICK FACT: Francis Scott Key

• Wrote the national anthem “The Star-Spangled Banner”

• Wrote it after witnessing the Battle of Baltimore during the War of 1812

The Coming of War

US had to briefly go to war to stop the Barbary pirates of North Africa from holding their ships for ransom

USS Constitution, a large warship was sent over to stop the pirates

Violations of Neutrality

VS

Great Britain and France were at war - each side wanted to stop the US from giving goods to the other.

British ships began to practice IMPRESSMENT capture US citizens claiming were British Navy sailors trying to escape.

Forcing people to serve in the army

or navy

Jefferson is easily reelected in 1804Jefferson is easily reelected in 1804

US Reacts:The Embargo Act:

•Banned trade with all foreign countries

•Effect: lost a lot of money $$ in trade

Non-Intercourse Act: banned trade only with Britain and France

Citizens were

furious. Congress responds:

Conflict in the West

British agents from armed the Native Americans to slow down westward expansion

Colonists were angry and scared

Tecumseh vs. Harrison

• A Native American leader emerged Tecumseh• Governor of the Indian Territory- William

Henry Harrison- was worried

Battle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh said “white people had no right to take land”Tecumseh tried to band tribes together and form a confederation

Harrison told Tecumseh to “follow the treaty signed which gave the land to the Americans”

Harrison attacked while he was trying to do so, Tecumseh was defeated

Tecumseh fled to Canada

A political league for offense and defense, sometimes formed by two

or more tribes

Cause for War?• Impressments• Interference with American

shipping• British military aid to Native

Americans

Call for WAR!War Hawks- members of Congress who wanted to go to war against Britain

1. Invade Canada 2. Stop British influence on Native

Americans

Led by:

John Calhoun (SC)Henry Clay (KY) Felix Grundy (TN)

Against WarNew England Federalists•It would hurt trade (lose $$$)

Others •U.S. was not ready for a war with Britain •Army/navy too small & poorly equipped

Election of 1808James Madison – 4th

President

To Battle or not to Battle

President Madison decided that Congress must vote on war.

• He blasted Great Britain’s conduct• Congress voted, the War Hawks won!

• First time Congress had declared war!

EARLY BATTLES: AT SEA• Americans had many victories

at sea against the British• The British Navy was bigger but

was scattered around the world

War of 1812

USS Constitution ~ (Old Ironsides)Naval victories raised American moraleEventually British ships blockaded America’s seaports

Battles on BorderWHERE BATTLE TOOK PLACE

BATTLE DETAILS OUTCOME

DETROIT British led by Tecumseh captured Fort Detroit

Failure

NIAGRA FALLS State militia refused to cross into Canada to fight: they argued they did not have to fight in a foreign country

Failure

MONTREAL Failure

Our Luck Changes: The Battle of Lake Erie 1813

• British surrender

• U.S. gains control of lake, now can march into Canada

• Tecumseh dies during a battle on Canadian land

Battle of the Thames River October 1813

•General William Henry Harrison marched his army into Canada•He defeated combined forces of British troops and Native Americans•Ended British power in the NW•Death of Tecumseh

Creek War aka Redsticks rebellion

•Creek Indians were angry at settlers for pushing onto their land•A large force attacked Fort Mims; destroying the fort and killing close to 250.•Andrew Jackson, commander of Tennessee militia, gathered 2000 troops and moved against the Creek.•Jackson won the famous “Battle of Horseshoe Bend.”•Treaty of Fort Jackson signed late in 1814 ended the Creek War and forced the Creek nation to give up millions of acres of land

The British Fight Back• The British defeat the French (1814)• now able to send more troops to fight

the Americans

British Attack Washington,

D.C. • Capital attacked• President Madison forced to flee• British set fire to the White

House and Capitol

August 24, 1814 ~ Pres Madison & a helper (prob Sec. of War John Armstrong) carry papers as they flee. The burning of Washington was retaliation for US forces burning Toronto in April 1813. Brigadier General William Winder sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and torched the Capitol.

Washington burned by the British

Fort McHenry• British sail to Baltimore, Maryland• They shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours• Americans refused to surrender• British retreated; US flag was still waving• Francis Scott Key witnessed this battle

and was inspired to write the national anthem

Battle of New Orleans• If British capture New Orleans they would

control the Mississippi River• Jackson was sent to stop this attack• His troops:

– soldiers, free African Americans, Native Americans, state militia and pirates

•Jackson led a surprise attack•Caught in an open field, the British were defeated•This battle made Andrew Jackson a hero (>2000 British soldiers killed or wounded)

The Treaty of Ghent• Ended the War of 1812• Signed BEFORE the Battle of New Orleans!• Everyone gave back all territory they had

conquered.

•Impressment of American sailors•Interference with American shipping•British military aid to Native Americans

•Increased sense of national pride•American manufacturing boosted•Native American resistance weakened