history of the old testament united monarchy 1, 2 samuel 1 kings 1-11 1 chronicles 2 chronicles 1-9
TRANSCRIPT
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History of the Old Testament
United Monarchy
1, 2 Samuel • 1 Kings 1-11
1 Chronicles • 2 Chronicles 1-9
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Introduction:
Tribal League ended/national crisis ...
• in southwest Canaan,
• the Sea Peoples, a new population
from the Aegean
• powerful military aristocracy in 5 cities
• The Philistines (Palestine)
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Philistine Control• gained control of …
– the Negev– some areas of the mountains– the Plain of Esdraelon
• destroyed …– Shiloh & – captured Ark of the Covenant (1 Sa. 4:1-11)
• deployed forces … – key border locations (1 Sa. 10:5; 13:3)
• destroyed … – metal industry (1 Sa. 13:19-22)
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• leadership of Eli & Samuel – seriously weakened – due to the degeneracy of sons
(1 Sa. 2:12-17, 22-25; 8:1-5)
• on the verge of collapse – external threats & internal degeneracy– asked Samuel for a monarchy
(Ge. 17:6, 16; Dt. 17:14-20)
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Theological History Continued
• lives out the code of
• kings evaluated by
to the covenant
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Theological History:
• first history: 1, 2 Samuel & 1, 2 Kings
• second history: 1, 2 Chronicles
• 1 Samuel (stands alone)
2 Samuel roughly parallels 1 Chronicles
1 & 2 Kings roughly parallels
2 Chronicles
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1st Samuel
2nd Samuel
1st Kings
2nd Kings
………………………………………
……………. 1st Chronicles
2nd Chronicles……………….
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Birth of the Monarchy (1 Samuel 1-8)
• Samuel: – transitional figure
[Tribal League & Monarchy]
• Last of the judges, – presided over crowning of the first king
(1 Sa. 7:15-16)
• Apprentice to EliEli– judge & priest at Shiloh, in Ephraim, – Tent of Meeting (1 Sa. 1-2)
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Shiloh Destroyed• Eli & both of his sons
died– vacuum in leadership
(1 Sa. 4)
– until Samuel stepped up (1 Sa. 7:6)
• Yahweh: “loss of Shiloh = divine judgment upon the nation for covenant breaking” (1 Sa. 3; cf. 7:2-4)
• the nation began the process of rebuilding from the Philistine invasion (1 Sa. 7)
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• still seriously hampered by the encroachment of Philistine garrisons (1 Sa. 10:5; 13:3)
• loss of metal industry (1 Sa. 13:19-22)
• a serious military threat from the Ammonites (1 Sa. 12:12)
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Saul's Kingship (1 Samuel 9-31; 1Chronicles 1-10)
• Samuel helped the nation establish a monarchy with Yahweh's permission (1 Sa. 8:6-18).
• Saul of Benjamin, the first king (1 Sa. 9-10)
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Saul's Kingship (1 Samuel 9-31; 1Chronicles 1-10)
• Samuel helped the nation establish a monarchy with Yahweh's permission (1 Sa. 8:6-18).
• Saul of Benjamin, the first king (1 Sa. 9-10)
• begins w/a victorious campaign vs. Ammonites (1 Sa. 11); Samuel stepped aside to allow the new king to have full political control (1 Sa. 12)
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Mistake Reference#1
10:8; cf. Dt. 20:2-4; 1 Sa. 13
#21 Sa. 14; 15:2-3; Dt. 7:1-2, 16;13:12-16; 20:16-18; Nu. 21:1-3
Result Reference#1
1 Samuel 15
#21 Samuel 16
Philistine Threat & Saul’s Serious Mistakes
Usurped priestly role
Incomplete extermination
Kingship w/end
Rejected by God
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Driven to Insanity
• David … – joined the military service– distinguished himself in the battle with Goliath (1
Sa. 17)
– Saul extremely jealous (1 Sa. 18)
• Saul's suspicion … – David was to be his replacement – attacked him (1 Sa. 19)– D. forced to become an outlaw (1 Sa. 20-30)
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• various disenfranchised Israelites joined him (1 Sa. 22), forming a private army (1 Sa. 27)
• Saul's life twice spared: David refused to exact personal vengeance (1 Sa. 24, 26).
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Philistine Invasion
• turned to a witch for spiritual direction (1 Sa. 28)
• 3 oldest sons killed(battle at Mt. Gilboa)
• committed suicide (1 Sa. 31; 1 Chr. 10)
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Kingship of David (2 Sam. 1-24; 1 Kgs 1-2; 1 Chron. 11-29)
• political vacuum left by death of Saul
• Leaders during the period of the judges chosen by divine appointment
• most monarchies: transition of power went to the son
• without a formal policy for the transition of power: civil war
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Political Vacuum (continued)
• Judah: David ... divinely chosen, like the judges and Saul, the first king
• other clans: Esh-Baal, like traditional pattern (2 Sa. 1-2)
• 7-Year Struggle for control
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• Finally ... – Gen. Abner defected to David
• Esh-Baal assassinated ...• the full twelve clans of Israel
united under David's kingship (2 Sa. 3-4)
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Consolidation
• A Very Low Ebb … threatened by the encroaching
Canaanite nations ... exhausted during the period of
Saul's insanity and the civil war following his death
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• captured Jebus (Jerusalem); – capital of the united kingdom
• drove the Philistines back onto the south coastal plain (2 Sa. 5; 1 Chr. 11-12)
• brought the Ark of the Covenant back to Jerusalem (2 Sa. 6; 1 Chr. 13-16)
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Permanent Place for Worship
• Prophet Nathan: “your son will build the temple” (2 Sa. 7:12-13; 1 Chr. 17:11-12)
• Davidic Covenant: divine guarantee of a perpetual dynasty & the safety of the people in the land forever (2 Sa. 7; 1 Chr. 17).
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Conquest of Canaan Completed
• Just as God had promised Abraham so many centuries before, the whole land of Canaan now belonged to his descendents.– The monarchy was secure!
– The permanent place of worship was soon to be built!
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• expanded the territories of Israel to the north, east & south (2 Sa. 8-10; 1 Chr. 18-20)
• Then, at the height of his power, David tragically sinned ...
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David’s Tragic Sin (2 Sa. 11)
• during the final stages of the campaign against the Ammonites
• army sent to Rabbah to finish the campaign, but David stayed in the capital ... committed adultery with the wife of one of his soldiers (2 Sa. 11)
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David’s Sin (cont.)
• coverup: had the man killed• 2 Sa. 11:27... “But the thing David
had done displeased the LORD.”• Nathan confronts ... David
acknowledges his sin with deep repentance and humility before God (2 Sa. 12; cf. Ps. 51) ... God forgives
• But, the aftermath ...
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Close of David's Reign (2 Sa. 21-23)
• conducted a complete military census (2 Sa. 24; 1 Chr. 21) ... displeased God, who responded with severe judgment
• occupied his remaining days in preparing for the new temple (1 Chr. 22-29)
• managed to have Solomon safely installed (1 Kg. 1)
• final charge to Solomon ...
... David died (1 Kg. 2)
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Solomon's Kingship (1 Kings 3-11; 2 Chronicles 1-9)
• left with a considerable empire to administrate ... requested wisdom (1 Kg. 3-4; 2 Chr. 1)
• two massive building projects:
the temple
the royal palace
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• temple: 7 years using combined Israelite & Phoenician artisans (1 Kg. 5; 2 Chr. 2) ... palace: 13 years
• similar to the Tent of Meeting with considerable development of supporting architectural features (1 Kg. 6-7; 2 Chr. 3-4)
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Solomon’s Temple966 B.C. – 586 B.C.
Zerubbabel’s Temple520 B.C. – 63 B.C.
Herod’s Temple20 B.C. – 70 A.D
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Reaffirmation of the Deuteronomic Code (1 Kg. 9:1-
9)
Danger SignsDanger Signs
Political alliance
Foreign-born wives
Building altars
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Disastrous Steps (cont.)
• By the end of his reign ... a nation on the brink of political rupture ... policies of forced labor for citizens and heavy taxation
• Jeroboam informed by a prophet: the kingdom will split, dynasty of David will be left with only two tribes (1 Kg. 11)
• Solomon's own policies & religious deviations set in motion forces of disintegration.