history of the modern world nationalism in 19 th century europe: part 2 italy austria-hungary...
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History of the Modern WorldHistory of the Modern WorldNationalism
In 19th Century Europe: Part 2
Italy
Austria-HungaryOttomans
Russia
Italy
Austria-HungaryOttomans
Russia
Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 3: Unifying Italy, pp 700-704
Witness History Audio: Stirrings of Nationalism
Note Taking Transparency 140
Obstacles to Italian Unity
At the Congress of Vienna, Austria was given much of northern Italy, while the Hapsburgs and a
French Bourbon ruler controlled other Italian states. Giuseppe Mazzini and other nationalists
wanted to unite the peninsula and its people, who spoke the same language.
Objectives:
1. List the key obstacles to Italian Unification
2. Understand the roles played by Cavour and Garibaldi in this struggle
3. Describe the challenges faced by the new Italian nation
The Struggle for Italy
Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia wanted to enlarge his kingdom. His prime minister, Count Camillo
Cavour, got Napoleon III to agree to aid Sardinia in any war with Austria, and then Cavour
provoked the war. France helped Sardinia defeat Austria and annex the province of Lombardy.
Other provinces soon also joined Sardinia and with the help of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a nationalist
leader in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Victor Emmanuel II became king of Italy.
Section 3: Unifying Italy
Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last
Challenges Facing the New Nation
Italy’s unification was not a smooth process. The industrial north and the agricultural south were
difficult to bring together. The Catholic Church asked its members to stand against the
government that did away with the Papal States. Leftist radicals also fought against what they
saw as a government that was too conservative.
Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 3: Unifying Italy
QuickTake Section Quiz
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History Interactive: Unifying Italy
Note Taking Transparency 140
Color Transparency 133: Right Leg in the Boot at Last
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The Hapsburg Empire Declines
The Austrian Hapsburgs tried to stifle nationalist activity in their lands, but the people were too diverse
to coexist under one government. The Hungarians were especially determined to become
independent.
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires, pp705-709
Witness History Audio: Balkan Nationalism
Formation of the Dual Monarchy
Hungarian leader Ferene Deák worked out a compromise with Austria that gave Hungary status as
a separate state with its own constitution. However, Francis Joseph still ruled both Austria and
Hungary. This made other subject peoples more determined to have their own states.
Objectives:
1. Describe how nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg Empire.
2. List the main characteristics of the Dual Monarchy.
3. Understand how the growth of nationalism affected the Ottoman Empire.
Section 4: Nationalism Threatens Old Empires
QuickTake Section Quiz
Note Taking Transparency 141
Geography Interactive: Major Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 1800-1914
Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg
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Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
The Ottoman Empire Collapses
During the 1800s, various peoples ruled by the Ottomans staged revolts. Other European countries
seized the opportunity to try to take control of Ottoman lands. One of the most contentious regions
was the Balkans, where an event would help to start World War I.
Color Transparency 135: Court Ball at the Hofburg
Note Taking Transparency 141
Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
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Conditions in Russia
Russia was the largest nation in Europe. Its social structure gave much power to landowning
nobles, who did nothing to improve industry. Most Russians were serfs, who served the
landowners. Landowners actions were governed only by the Tsar, who ruled with absolute power.
Nationalism Triumphs in EuropeSection 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction, pp. 710-715
Witness History Audio: Plight of the Serfs
Note Taking Transparency 142
Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs
Objectives:
1. Describe major obstacles to progress in Russia.
2. Explain why tsars followed a cycle of absolutism, reform, and reaction.
3. Understand why the problems of industrialization contributed to the outbreak of revolution.
Emancipation and Stirrings of Revolution
After losing the Crimean War, Russian leader Alexander II was forced to free the serfs. Many
serfs moved to cities to work in industry. The tsar also allowed some forms of localized
government and introduced legal reforms. When the tsar moved back toward policies of
repression, he was assassinated by terrorists. His son then brought more harshness to the
throne—increasing the power of the secret police and suppressing non-Russian cultures. Many
peoples were persecuted, especially the Jews.
Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction
The Drive to Industrialize
The revolutionary ideas of Karl Marx got a boost from the discontent of workers as industrialization
took hold. Peasants who moved to cities found dangerous jobs, low pay, and slums.
Turning Point: Crisis and Revolution
Military disasters in a war with Japan drove workers to strike and protesters to fill the streets.
When the tsar’s troops fired on peaceful protestors, the revolution of 1905 gained power. Tsar
Nicholas II agreed to summon a Duma to approve all laws. He quickly dissolved the Duma,
however, after its leaders criticized his rule. Nicholas then appointed conservative Peter Stolypin
as prime minister. He was assassinated in 1911.
Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction
QuickTake Section Quiz
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QuickTake Chapter Test
Witness History Video: Crisis and Revolution in Russia
Color Transparency 136: Gambling with the Lives of Serfs
Note Taking Transparency 142
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