SOCIAL SCIENCESTANDARD SEVEN

TERM I

[PfrSTORY1,THE NORTH INDIAN KINGDOMS-THE RAJPUTS

The history of every countryis long and complex. Hence tounderstand history in a very easyand convenient manner, thehistorians have divided it intodifferent periods such as theAncient Period, the MedievalPeriodand the ModernPeriod.

The period of history, that youare about to learn is the Medievalperiod of Indian History. This periodlies between the 8th and the 18thcenturyA.D. and isclassifiedas TheEarly Medieval period (8lh-12lhcentury A.O.) and the LaterMedieval period (1S*1*"! 81h century)

In the forthcoming chapters youwill be learning about the historicalevents that took place during thisperiod in both Northand South India.This chapter deals with the Rajputswho belonged to the earlymedievalperiod.

The Ancient Indian historycame to an end with therule of Harsha and Pulakesin II.From the death of Harsha to the 12thcentury, the destiny of India wasmostly in the hands of variousRajputdynasties.

Scholars have different theoriesabout the origin of the Rajputs.

The populartheoriesare,

i) They are the descendants ofLord Rama (Surya vamsa) orLord Krishna (Chandra vamsa)or the Herowho sprang from thesacrificial fire (Agni Kulatheory),

ii) They belong to the ancientKshatriyafamilies,

iii) They are foreigners.

There were nearly 36 Rajput'clans. The majorclanswereThe PratiharasofAvanti.ThePalasof Bengal.The Chauhans of Delhi and AjmerThe Tomars of DelhiThe Rathorsof KanaujThe Guhilasor Sisodiyasof MewarThe Chandellasof BundelkhandThe Paramarasof MalwaThe Senasof BengalThe Solankisof Gujarat._jStruggle for Supremacy

During the Rajput period therewere nearly 36 Rajput clans rulingover North India. Afew of themwerethe Pratiharas, Palas, Chauhans,Tomars, Chandelasand Paramaras.There was no strong central

TheRajputPeriod(647A.D-1200A.D.)

204

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

authority.The Rajputs lacked unityandstruggled with one another. Theyalso neglected the frontiers of Indiaand gave way for the Muslims toinvade Indiaata later period.The Pratiharas 8th-!1th Century A.D.

The Pratiharaswere also knownas Gurjara Pratiharas as theybelongedto the Gurjara race.

They ruled over northern andwestern India from the 8th to the 11thcenturyA.D.

Nagabhatta I (725-740.A.D.)was the founder of the Pratiharadynasty with Kanauj as his capital.He defeated the Arabs of Sind. Healso captured Kathiawar, Malwa,Gujarat and several parts of theRajputana.

Among his successors,Vatsaraja and Nagabhatta II playeda vital role in consolidating theempire. Mihirabhoja was the mostpowerful Pratihara king. During hisperiod, the empire extended fromKashmir to Narmada and fromKathiawar to Bihar. He was able tostop the Muslim invasion underJunaid of Sind. Mahendrapala (885-908 A.D.) son of Mihirabhoja, wasalso a powerful ruler. He extendedhis control over Magadha and northBengal.

Declineof the PratiharasRajyapalawas the last Pratihara

king. During his period the vastempire was reduced to Kanauj. ThePratihara power began to declineafter Mahmud of Ghazni attackedthe kingdom in 1018 A.D. After thedecline of the Prathiharas theirfeudatories Palas, Tomars,Chauhans, Rathors, Chandellas,Guhilas and Paramaras becameindependent rulers.The Palas (8th -12th CenturyA.D.)

There was complete anarchy inBengal between 750-760A.D. Thechieftains of Bengal selectedGopala as the King of Bengal andBihar in order to put an end toanarchy.

Gopala (765-769.A.D.) soonrestored order and founded the Paladynasty. Gopala extended his powerover Magadha and the Pala dynastyruled over northern and easternIndia.

Dharmapala (769-815 A.D.) theson of Gopala, succeeded him. Hebrought Kanauj, Bengal and Biharunder his control and became themaster of Northern India afterdefeating the Pratiharas. He was astaunch Buddhist and foundedseveral monasteriesand the famousVikramasila University. He alsorenovated the Nalanda University.

Dharmapala's son Devapala(815-855 A.D.) who succeeded himkept the Pala territories intact. Healso captured Assam and Orissa.His successors were weak. Duringthe reign of (998-1038.A.D.) the Palas becamepowerfulagain.

/ \Pratiharas-A bulwark

The Pratiharas stood as abulwark of India's defence againstthe aggression of the Muslims fromthe days of Junaid of Sind(725.A.D.) to that of Mahmud ofGhazni.

V_/

205

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlightKathiwar- gujrat

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

The Pala dynasty starteddeclining after the death ofMahipala. The last Pala king wasGovinda Pala. By the middle of the12th century the Pala kingdom gaveway to the risingpowerof the Senas.Tripartite Strugglefor Kanauj

The Pratiharas of Central India,the Palas of Bengal and theRashtrakutas of Deccan wanted toestablish their supremacy overKanauj and the fertile GangeticValley. Their Tripartite strugglelasted nearly 200 years andweakened all of them and enabledthe Turks to overthrow them.TheTomars of Delhi

The Tomars were thefeudatories of the Pratiharas. Theyroseto powerandfounded the cityofDelhi in 736 A.D. In 1043 A.D.,Mahipala Tomar capturedThaneshwar, Hansiand Nagarkot.

The Tomars became thefeudatories of the Chauhans whenDelhi was captured by them inmiddleof the 12th century.The Chauhans of DelhiandAjmer

The Chauhans who were thefeudatories of the Pratiharasdeclared their independence in the1101 century atAjmer. Inthe early partof the 12th century they capturedUjjainfrom the Paramaras of Malwaand Delhi from the Tomars. Thusthey shifted their capital to Delhi.The most important ruler of thisdynasty was PrithvtrajChauhan.

Rathorsof Kanauj(1090-1194A.D.)

There was a lot of confusionafter the decline of the Pratiharas.Ultimately, the Rathors establishedthemselves on the throne of Kanaujfrom 1090 to 1194 A.D. Jaichandwas the last great ruler of thisdynasty. Hewas killed inthe battleofChandwar in 1194A.D. byMuhammadofGhori.The Chandellas of Bundelkhand

The Chandellas of Bundelkhandestablished themselves in the 9thcentury. The Chandella ChiefYasovarman had his capital atMahoba.

Kanderiya Mahadeva Temple

Kalinjar was their important fort.The Chandellas built a number ofbeautiful temples at Khajuraho, themost famous being the KandariyaMahadeva Temple (1050 A.D.).Qutb-ud-din Aibak defeated,Paramal the last Chandella ruler in1203A.D.The Guhllas or Slsodlyas ofMewar

The Rajput ruler Bapa Rawatwas the founder of the Guhila or theSisodiya dynasty with its capital atChittor During the period of RanaRatan Singh of Mewar, Ala-ud-din

206

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

khilji invaded his territory anddefeated him in 1307 A.D. RanaRatan Singh's wife Queen Padminiperformed Jauhar. The Sisodiyarulers- Rana Sangha and: MaharanaPratap gave a tough fight to theMughal rulersof India.The Paramaras of Malwa

The Paramaras were also thefeudatories of Pratiharas. Theyasserted their independence in the10thcentury and their capital was atDhara. Raja Bhoja (1018-1069) wasthe most famous ruler of this period.He constructed a beautiful lake(More than 250 sq. miles) near Bhopal.He set up a college at Dhara for thestudy of Sanskrit Literature. Thereign of the Paramaras came to anend with the invasion of Ala-ud-dinKhilji.Natureofthe Rajputs

The Rajputswere great warriorsand chivalrous by nature. Theybelieved in protecting the womenand the weak. The women preferreddeath to dishonour. They wereeducated and were highly honouredin society. They took part in publiclife and wars. Child marriage andpolygamy were in practice. Womenperformed Sati and Jauhar toprotect themselves from the handsof the enemies and to avoiddishonour.Religion

The Rajputs were staunchfollowers of Hinduism. They alsopatronized Buddhism and Jainism.It was during their period that theBhaktiCult started.

GovernmentThe Rajput government was

feudal in character. Each kingdomwas divided into a large number ofJagirs held by the Jagirdars. TheJagidars collected revenue from theallocated villages and gave a shareof it to the king. They also offeredmilitaryassistance to their kings.Contributionofthe Rajputs

The Rajputs have contributedremarkably to the development oflanguage, literature, art andarchitecture of India.Languageand Literature

During the Rajput period,regional languages like Marathi,Gujarati and Bengali were welldeveloped. The Bhakti saints andthe folk singers played a major rolein the development of regionallanguages.r

Lingaraja Temple

Some of the literaryworks of thisperiod are Kalhana's Rajatarangini,Jayadeva's Gita Govindam andSomadeva's Kathasaritasagar.Chand Bardai, the court poet ofPrithviraj Chauhan, wrote PrithvirajRaso in which he refers to themilitary exploits of PrithvirajChauhan. Bhaskara Charya wroteSiddhanta Shinomani, a book on

207

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlightRespect and honor towards women

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

North Indian Kingdoms

/NalandChandellas

Paramarai BundelkhaiVd

ionark

Arabian SeaBay of Bengal

Indian Ocean

208

astronomy. Rajasekhara was thecourt poet of Mahendrapala andMahipala.r

Sun Temple - Konark

His best known works wereKarpuramanjari and BalaRamayana.ArtandArchitecture

Mural paintings and Miniaturepaintings became popular duringthis period.

Udaipur Palace

The Khajuraho group oftemples, the Lingaraja Temple at

Bhubaneshwar, the Sun Temple atKonark and the Dilwara Temple atMountAbu are the fine specimens oftemple architecture of theRajputs.

Dilwara Temple

The Khajuraho temples attracttourists from India and abroad. ThePalaces at Jaipur and Udaipur andthe forts at Jaisalmar, Chittor,Mandu, Jodhpur and Gwalior arefine examples of Rajputarchitecture.Endof the RajputPower

During the Rajput period therewas nostrong military power in Indiato keep the warring princes in checkand to co-ordinate their activitiesagainst foreign invasions.Thispolitical situation enabled the Turksto establish their control over India.

Sati :Self-immolationofawidow on herhusband'sfuneral pyre.Jauhar:Amass suicide ofwomen inorder toescapedefilementatthe handsofforeignvictors.The Rajput Literature - Gita Govindam: 'Song of the cowherd' Rajatarangini -'River of Kings',Kathasaritasagara-Oceanoftales'.Khajuraho temples: The Khajuraho temples were built by the Chandellas between the 10th and12thcenturiesA.D.They are regarded as divine poetry on stone.These temples were actually lostas theywere overrun byanearbyjungle till the early ig"1centuryandwere found .Therearearound30 temples inthe area inand around Bundelkhand.The exterior and the interior of these templeshavevery finesculptures

209

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

EXERCISEI)Choosethe correct answer.

I.The Middle Period or the medieval period extended from the_century.a) 8th -18th b) 1-8th c)18th-Present

2.The founder of the Pratiharadynasty was_.a) Mahendrapala b) Mihirabhoja c) Nagabhatta I

3. Dharmapalafounded the famous Universityat_.a)Nalanda b)Taxila c)Vikramasila

4. The most important ruler of the Chauhan dynasty wasChauhana)Jayapala b)Mahipala c)Prithviraj

5.The capital of the Paramaraswas at_.a) Delhi b)Malwa c)Dhara

II)Fill inthe blanks.1.The Pratiharaswere also knownas_.2. Gopalaextended hispower over_.3. The Nalanda Universitywas renovated by_4. Raja Bhojaconstructed a beautiful lake near_5. Bhaskaracharyawrote SiddhantaShiromani, a bookon_.

Ill) Matchthe following.1. Khajuraho Temples

-MountAbu

2. Chand Bardai - Chandellas3. Rajasekara - Prithviraj Raso4. SunTemple - Karpuramanjari5. DilwaraTemple - Konark

IV) Answer the following questions briefly.1. How isthe Medieval Periodof IndianHistoryclassified?2. Nameany four RajputClanswhich ruledover North India.3. Write a noteon the nature of the Rajputs.4. Whatwas the contribution of the Chandellas to temple architecture?5. Who was the founder of Guhila dynasty? Where was its

capital?V)Answer indetail.

1. Write a detailed account of the Pratiharas.2. Whatwere the contributionsof the Rajputs invarious fields?

210

FormativeAssessment

I. Rearrange the jumbled words:1.Founderof the Guhiladynasty2.Chandellachief3. Last Pratihara king4. Last Chandella ruler5. Mostfamous Paramara ruler

-WABAPARAL- RYAANOSVAM-ALPAYAARJ-MPLARAA-JAHABAORJ

II. WHO AM I ?1. I renovated the Nalanda University - Who am I?2. I constructed a beautiful lake near Bhopal -Who am I?3. Iwas the last great ruler of Rathor dynasty -Who am I?4. Iwrote the book Rajatarangini -Who am I?5. I am the son of Mihira Bhoja -Who am I?

III. Cross Word:1 6

7 8

2

3

4

5

Across:1. The last Pala ruler.2. The ruler who strengthened the Pala dynasty.3. The Prathihara ruler who extended his kingdom upto the Magadha Empire.4. The ruler who consolidated the Prathihara Empire.5. The most powerful ruler of the Prathiharas.Down:6. The founder of the Vikramasila University.7. The son of Dharmapala.8. The founder of the Pala dynasty.

211

IV. Mind Mapping :Write a paragraph on the Prathiharas using the given hints.

Location y >period Important

rulersRace

PrathiharasInvasions

Declinereasons Contributions

Group Activity:Write the names of all the rulers belonging to different clans on the board oron the flash cards.

2. Draw the following tabular column on the board.3. Divide the class into groups and ask a child from each group to pick a name of the

ruler,and fill it inthe relevantcolumn.Prathiharas Palas Tomars Chauhans Rathors Chandelas Guhilas Paramaras

VI. Things to do:1. Mark the following places on the outline map of India.

Ajmer, Nalanda, Kanauj, Bundelkhand, Indraprastha.2. Enact a skit on the theme - 'United we stand and divided we fall' keeping

in mind the political conditions during the Rajput Period.

212

PriyanshuHighlight

2. THE KINGDOMS OF THE DECCAN

The southern part of India iscalled the Deccan or theDakshinapatha. The Deccan wasseparated from Northern India bythe Vindhya and Satpuramountains, the Narmada and Taptiand the dense forests. Hence, thesouthern region was not affectedmuch by the historical happenings inNorth India. The medieval periodwitnessed the rise of the Chalukyasand the Rashtrakutas in the Deccan.With the decline of the Chalukyastheir feudatories namely theHoysalas, Kakatiyas and Yadavasasserted their independence. Thisperiod also saw the extension of theDelhi Sultanate namely the Khiljisand the Tughluqs intoSouth India.The Chalukyas(6th -12th centuryA.D.)

The Chalukyaswere a dominantpower in the Deccan.Their period isdivided as follows: the EarlyWestern Chalukyas - 6,h-8,h centuryA.D., the Later Western Chalukyas10th-12th century A.D. and theEastern Chalukyas-7th-12thcentury.A.D.Early Western Chalukyas (6th"#centuryA.D.)

The Chalukyas rose to power inKarnataka in the 6th century A.D.Their capital was Vatapi, (modernBadami)in the Bijapur district. TheChalukya power had a humblebeginning under Jayasimha andRamaraya. Pulakesin-I (543-566.A.D) was the realfounder of the

Early Western Chalukyas.Pulakesin II (610-642 A.D.) was thegreatest ruler of this dynasty. Hedefeated Gangas, Malavas andGurjaras. He successfully opposedHarsha's attack in the north anddefeated him in637A.D. Inthe southhe was constantly struggling withthe Pallavas. Pulakesin II defeatedthe Pallava King Mahendravarma Iafter which he crossed the Cauveryand made friendly alliances with theCholas, Cheras and Pandyas. In642.A.D., Narasimhavarman Iinvaded the Chalukya kingdom.Pulakesin II lost his life during thewar.

Vikramaditya-I, Vijayaditya andVikramaditya-ll were the otherimportant rulers of this dynasty.They had to struggle with thePallavas and the Rashtrakutas.Dantidurga, founder of theRashtrakuta Empire overthrewKirtivarman-ll, the last of theChalukya Kings of Badami. TheChalukyas were not very significantfor well over two centuries.Later Western Chalukyas ofKalyani (10* -12th centuryA.D)

The Chalukyas rose to poweragain at Kalyani during the secondhalf of the 10th Century andcontinued to rule till the end of the12th Century A.D. Tailapa II (973-997A.D) the founder of this dynastybrought the Rashtrakuta rule to anend. The important rulers ofthis dynasty were Someshwara-ll,Jayasimha-ll and Vikramaditya-VI.

213

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

YADAVA|Ellol fathigumpha

iTIYASAKUTASWaranaa

)ian Sea

Dwgrasamurichi Bay of Bengal

yMamallapuram

Indian Ocean

Deccan Kingdoms

214

Someswara IVwas the last ruler of

Vishnu Vardhana, a brother ofPulakesin-ll, was the founder of theEastern Chalukya Empire of Vengi.The Eastern Chalukyas outlived themain Badami dynasty by manygenerations. They had matrimonialalliance with the later ImperialCholas.

One of their descendantsnamely Kulothunga Chola (1071-1122 A.D.) was enthroned as aChola ruler. He merged theChalukya kingdom with the CholaEmpire and started the Chalukya-Chola lineof rulers.

Contributionsofthe ChalukyasThe Chalukya kings were the

followers of Hinduism. They alsopatronized Jainism. Ravikirti, thecourt poet of Pulakesin-ll whocomposed the Aihole Inscriptionwas a Jain. The Chalukyas weregreat patrons of architecture. Theyhadbuiltaround 70 Vishnu templesin Aihole. Hence Aihole has beencalled the 'Cradle of Indian Templearchitecture". Other importanttemples of this period are theVirupaksha temple at Pattadakaland the group of temples at Badami.Pattadakal: It was a historical place knowneven to the ancient Greeks and Romans.Thereare as many as 10 temples at Pattadakalbelongingto the Chalukya rulers.The Virupaksha temple: This temple was builtby Lokamahadevi.the queen of Vikramaditya11.In front of the Hall of the Priests or Antaralathere is a pillared Mandapam or a meetingplacefor the people.

The Virupaksha temple is built onthe model of the Kailasanathatemple at Kancheepuram.

Telugu literature developedduringthis period.

Temple at Aihole

Pattadakal group of Temples

The Rashtrakutas(8th -10* centuryA.D.)

The period of the Rashtrakutaascendancy (753-975A.D.)constitutes perhaps the mostbrilliant chapter in the history of theDeccan.The Rashtrakutaswere thedescendants of the Rathors of theNorth. Kannada was the mothertongueof the Rashtrakutas.

The term "Rashtrakutas"means designated officers-in-charge of territorial divisions calledRashtras. The members of thefamilywere district officers undertheearly Chalukyas of Badami.

this dynasty.EasternChalukyasofVengi(7u,-12lhcenturyA.D)

215

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlightoutlived- rule/lived more

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

The greatness of theRashtrakutas started withDantidurga. He occupied Ellora in742 AD and became a feudatory ofKirtivarman of Badami. He capturedMaharastra, Gujarat and most of thedistricts of central and northernMadhya Pradesh. He subjugatedthe Cholas of Srisailam country(Kurnool) and then besieged Kanchiin 750 A.D. He entered intomatrimonial alliance withNandivarman II Pallavamalla ofKanchiandgave hisdaughter Reva inmarriage to him.After strengtheninghis power, Dantidurga attacked hissuzerain Kirtivarman-ll andproclaimed himself the paramountruler of the Deccan in 753A.D.Rashtrakuta territory extendedaround Nasik in the NorthernDeccanwith Malkhedas itscapital.

Dantidurga died in 756A.D. andwas succeeded by his uncleKrishna-I (756-775A.D.). He madeSilharas as his feudatory. He alsoinvaded Gangavadi. Govinda-ll(775- 780A.D.), the son of Krishna Iinvaded the kingdom of Vengi andentered into alliances withthe rulers of Gangavadi, Kanchi,Vengi and Malwa

Dhurva (780-792 A.D.) whosucceeded Govinda-ll, was an ableruler. Heannexed Malwa and madeChakrayudha of Kanauj to accepthis overlordship. He defeated thePallava ruler Dantivarman. The kingof Ceylon also accepted hissuzerainty. He defeatedVijayaditya-llof Vengi and supportedBhima, the half brother ofVijayaditya-ll. Thus the Rashtrakuta

power became invincible during histime.

Govinda-ll (792-814A.D.) wassucceeded by his fourteen year oldson Amoghavarsha-I (814-880 A.D). His cousin Karkadefeated Vijayaditya-ll of Vengi andthe Ganga ruler Rajamalla-I.Krishna ! (936-968 A.D.) was thenext famous ruler. He defeated theCholas at Takkolam and capturedTanjore. He went as far asRameshwaram. Karka-ll (972-973.A.D.), the last ruler of theRashtrakutas was defeated byTailapa-ll, the Chalukya ruler ofKalyani.This marked the downfall ofthe Rashtrakutas.Significanceof the Rashtrakutas

The Rashtrakuta rulers inflictedsevere defeats on many northIndian rulersand changed the wholecourse of the history of northIndia.They subjugated thePalas,Pratiharas,EasternChalukyas,and Cholas andadvanced as far as Rameswaram.

Ellora:The Ellora caves wereexcavated during the reign of theChalukyas and later by theRashtrakuta Kings.Hindu .Buddhistand Jain deities are found in thesecave temples. The Kailasanathatemple found here is the world' slargest temple hewn out of a singleblock of rock and is the mostimposing.Contributions

The Rashtrakutas were greatpatrons of art and architecture.Krishna-I built the magnificent

216

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlightGained control by force

PriyanshuHighlightsurround a place with force to gain control

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Kailasanatha temple at Ellora. TheElephanta caves near Mumbaiwerecompleted by the Rashtrakutas.Amoghavarsha was a great patronof literature. He wroteMarga inthe Kannada language. Histeacher Jinasena wroteParsavaudaya, a biography ofParsava.

The Hoysalas were originallyfeudatories of the later WesternChalukyas of Kalyani. Vinayaditya(1006 -1022A.D.) carved out a pettyprincipality of Mysore and ruled overit with Sosavir as his capital.Vishnuvardhana was the firstdistinguished ruler of Vinayaditya'sfamily. He shifted his capital toDwarasamudra. He capturedGangavadifromKulothunga Chola.

Gangavadi served as a bufferstate between the Chalukyas andthe Chola Empire. The nextimportant ruler /ira Ballala-ll (1173-1220 A.D.) defeated Billama V ofthe Yadava Dynasty. He assertedthe independenceof the Hoysalas.

Narasimhan-ll (1220-1235A.D.)lost the territory between Krishnaand Tungabhadra to Singhana, aYadava ruler. But he defeatedMaravarman Sundara Pandya andrestored Rajaraja-lll to the Cholathrone and he erected the pillar ofvictory at Rameshwaram.

Ballala I! (1291-1342 A.D) wasthe last great ruler of this dynasty. In1310A.D. he was defeated by MalikKafur. He struggled hard against the

Turkish garrison. He fell a victim tothe Sultans of Madurai in 1342A.D.His son Ballala continued hisstruggle with the Muslims. With hisdeath the Hoysala Kingdomcame toend.Contributions

The Hoysalas paved the way forthe rise of Mysore into a bigKingdom. The Hoysalas were greatpartons of art, architecture andliterature. They constructed anumber of temples atDwarasamudra and Belur. Scenesfrom Ramayana and Mahabharatawere depicted in those temples.Hoysalas encouraged Karmadaliterature. Nayachandra, Kanti,Raghavanka and Nemichandrawere the greatwriters of this period.The KakatiyasofWarangal(12,h -14th CenturyA.D.)

The Kakatiyas were thefeudatories of the Later WesternChalukyas of Kalyani. Prola-ll (1110-1158 A.D.) the Kakatiya rulercaptured the territory between theKrishna and the Godavari from theChalukyas and ruled over it withHanumakonda as his capital. Hisson Prataparudra-I (1158-1196.A.D.) shifted the capital toWarangal. The next remarkableruler was Ganapathi (1199-1261.A.D.). He captured territoriesupto Kanchi from the Cholas. Heinvaded Kalinga and WesternAndhra. Ganapati was succeededby his daughter Rudram (1261-1291.A.D.). Peace and prosperityprevailed in the country during herreign.

The Hoysalasof Dwarasamudra(11th -14,hCenturyA.D.)

217

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

She abdicated the throne infavour of her grandsonPrataparudhra-ll (1291-1326 A.D.).During his rule Malik Kafur invadedWarangal in 1309A.D. After offeringa stiff resistance, Prataparudra-llyielded and paid him an immensebooty.

Ulugh Khan, the son of Ghias-ud-din Tughluq captured Warangalin 1323A.D. and sent PrataparudraIIto Delhi. Missuccessors continuedtheir struggle with the rulers of theTughluq dynasty. In 1327A.D.Mohammad-bin-Tughluq capturedWarangal. Vinayakadeva the lastnominal ruler of this dynasty was putto death by Muhammad Shah I, theBahmani Sultan in 1362 A.D. Afterhis death, the Kakatiya dynastycame to anend.

The famous Kohinoor Diamondwhich was unearthed in Kollur onthe banks of the Krishna riverbelongedto the Kakatiyas.

_

ContributionsThe Kakatiyas encouraged

literature, art and architecture. Thethousand Pillar temple atHanumakonda stands as aneverlasting contribution of theKakatiyas.

The Thousand Pffiar tempfe at Hanumakonda

THEYADAVAS OFDEVAGIRI(12-14* CenturyA.D.)

The Yadavas of Devagiriclaimed their descent from the epichero Lord Krishna. They wereknown as Sevunas because theyruled over Sevuna, the region fromNasik to Devagiri(Daulatabad).Their ancestors were the vassals ofthe Rashtrakutas and the LaterWestern Chalukyasof Kalyani.

BhjUama-V (1175-1190A.D.) theYadava ruler took advantage of thedeclining powerof the LaterWesternChalukyas of Kalyani, defeatedSomeswara-IV and declared hisindependence. He also came intoconflict with Vira Balalla-ll (1173-1220A.D.),a Hoysala ruler. In thebattle of Lakkundi, Bhillama V losthis life.

BhillamaV was succeeded byhisson Jaitrapala (1191-1210 A.D.) Hedefeated Kalachuris, Gurjaras andKakatiyas. Jaitrapala wassucceeded by his son Singhana(1210-1247A.D.) who defeatedMahadeva, a Kakatiya ruler.Singhana was the mostdistinguished ruler of this dynasty.He defeated Vira Ballala-ll theHoysala ruler and extended hisdominion beyond the River Krishna.He invaded Gujarat many times andannexed Kolhapur which belongedto Silharadynasty.

Singhana was succeeded by hisgrandson Krishna (1247-1260 A.D).He was succeeded by his brotherMahadeva (1260-1271 A.D) whoannexed north Konkan and put anend to the Silhara dynasty. He also

218

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

defeated the Kakatiyas and theHoysalas.

Ramachandra Deva (1271-1309A.D.) was the last great ruler ofthis dynasty. Ala-ud-din-Khiljidefeated him and made him as avassal of the Delhi Sultanate.Sankara Deva (1309 - 1312 A.D.)the son and successor ofRamachandra Deva failed to payhisarrears. So, Malik Kafurdefeatedand killed him in 1312 A.D.Harapala, brother-in-law of SankaraDeva raised the flag against theKhiljis. Mubarak, son of Ala-ud-dinKhilji defeated and killed Harapala.Thus the Yadava dynasty came toan end.

Contributionof theYadavasTheDevagiri was builtduring

the reign of the Yadavas. It was oneof the strongest forts in India. TheDelhi Sultans later added a JumaMasjid and Chand Minar inside it.The Yadavas also patronized thestudy of science and astronomy.Endof the DeccanKingdoms

The constant struggle amongthe rulers of the Deccan kingdomsweakened their rule. Further theattacks on them by the Sultans ofDelhi ever since the rule of Ala-ud-din Khilji ledto their decline.

The Elephanta Caves : The Elephanta Caves were hewn out of rocks bythe Rashtrakuta Kings. They are located on a small island nearMumbai.The Portuguese named it so as they discovered a huge elephantsculpture here. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and contains manysculptures of gods and goddesses.

EXERCISEI)Choosethe bestanswer.

1.The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of the_temple.a) Kailasanatha b) Brihadeeswara c) Hoysaleswara

2.The Rashtrakuta power became invincible during the time of

a) Dandidurga b) Govinda c) Dhurva3. Vishnuvardhana the Hoysala ruler shifted his capital from Sosavir to

a) Dwarasamudra b)Warangal c)Devagiri4.The Kakatiya dynasty came to an end with the death of

a)Prataparudra-ll b)Vinayakadeva c)Rudramba

219

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

5.The mostdistinguishedYadhava rulerwas_.a)Jaitrapala b)Singhana c) Krishna

II) Fill inthe blanks.I.The greatest king of the Early Western Chalukyas was

2. Kulothunga Chola merged the Chalukyan Kingdom withthe_Empire.

3. The descendants of the Rathorsof the Northwere the_.4. Krishna Ibuilt the_temple at Ellora.5. Ballala IIIwas the lastgreat rulerof_dynasty.

Ill) Matchthe following.1. Pulakesin I2. Virupaksha Temple3. Hoysalas4. Kakatiyas5. Yadavas

- Devagiri- Dwara samudra- Warangal- EarlyWestern Chalukyas- Pattadakal

IV) Answer the following questions briefly.1. What separated Deccanfrom North India?2. Why dowe say that the Chalukyaswere great patronsof architecture?3. Write a short noteon Dhurva,the Rashtrakuta ruler?4. What doyou know about the architecture of the Hoysala period?5. What ledto the end of Deccan Kingdom?

V)Answerthe following in detail.1. Given an account of the early western Chalukyas.2. Givea detailed account of Dantidurga,the Rastrakuta ruler?

220

FormativeAssessment

I. Test your memory arid fill in the blanks.1. The capital of the early western Chalukyas _ at _ p2. Founder of the Rashtrakuta empire D_n_id_r_a.3. The court poet of Pulakesin II Ra _ iki

__

i.4. The Cradle of Indian temple Architecture A_h

__

e.5. One of the strongest forts of Yadavas D_va_i_i fort.

II. Prepare an album on Art, Architecture and paintings belonging to the DeccanKingdoms.

III. Conduct a debate on "Our Dynasty is the best".Dividethe class intogroups as Chalukyas/ Rashtrakutas/ Hoysalas/ Kakatiyas/Yadavas. Two students from each group can participate and claim that theirdynasty isthe best.

IV. Preparea poster:Preparea posteronany one of the Deccanrulerswhom you think isthe best.

V. Group activity:Know more about the topic

1. Write the name of the Ruler/ Book / Author/ monument on small strips of paper.Foldand keep it ina container.

2. Ask a child from each group to come forward, pick a chit and say a few wordsabout the topic.

VI. Things to do:Onthe outline mapof Indiamarkthe following places.Vatapi, Vengi, Kalyani, Dwarasamudra, Malkhed.Aihole, Ellora,Warangal.

221

3. THE SOUTH INDIAN KINGDOMS

The ancient Tamizhagam wasdivided into three political unitsunder the Cheras, Cholas and thePandyas. Their period of existenceis known as the Sangam Age. TheKalabhraswho rose to power duringthis period ruled nearly for threecenturies from 300-600 A.D. In thischapter we will study in detail aboutthe Later Pallava dynasty, ImperialCholasand the Pandyas.

There isa controversy overtheoriginof the Pallavas. Some of the viewsare-they were of Persian origin orthe feudatories of the Satavahanasor the natives of Tondaimandalam.There were two branches ofPallavas namely, the early and laterPallavas.LATERPALLAVAS(570-903A.D.)

Simhavishnu was the first rulerof the later Pallava dynasty. Hedestroyed the Kalabhras and firmlyestablished the Pallava rule inTondaimandalam with his capital atKanchi. Heseized the regionsof theCholas. His kingdom extended fromAndhra Kingdom, Vishnukundin upto the river Cauvery. He assumedthe title 'Avanisimha' or the "Lion ofthe Earth'.

MAHENDRAVARMAN-I(600-630A.D.)

Mahendravarman-I was the sonof Simhavishnu. Conflicts arosebetween the Chalukyas and thePallavas during this period.He lost the northern parts of thePallava Kingdom to Pulakesin II.

Though a follower of Jainism, heembraced Saivism due to SaintAppar's influence. He was aversatile scholar. Hetook up the titleslike Chitrakarapuli and VichitraChitta for his excellence in building,painting and music. He constructedthe cities of Mahendramangalamand Mahendravadi.NARASIMHAVARMAN-I(630-668A.D.)

Narasimhavarman-Iwas the firstson of Mahendravarman I. He wasknown as Mamalla which means agreat wrestler. He assumed the titleVatapi Kondan for destroying theChalukya capitalVatapi. Hesent twoexpeditions to Ceylon, to restore hisfriend Manavarman to the throne ofCeylon. During his period HieunTsang visited the Pallava capitalKanchipuram. Narasimhavarmanwas a great builder. The monolithicrathas at Mamallapuram standtestimony to his architectural skill.

O Hieun Tsang: Hieun Tsang visited the Pallava capital Kanchipuram. According to him Kanchiwas about 6 miles in circumference. There were more than one hundred Buddhist monasteriesand manyJain temples here. Kanchiwas the greatest centreof education inthe south.

O Vatsyayana was a panditof Kanchi. Dharmapalawent from Kanchi to Nalanda. Dandithe authorof "Dandialangaram" a poetfrom North Indialived in Kanchi.

THE PALLAVASPoliticalHistory

222

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

RAJASIMHA ORNARASIMHAVARMAN- II(691-728A.D.)

Narasimhavarman II, the son ofParameswaran I was one of themost famous rulers of the Pallavas.His reign was marked by peace andprosperity. He built several finetemples including the Kailasanatha

iKailasanatha Temple-Kanchi

A Pallava Coin

temple at Kanchi, the Shore templeat Mamallapuram and theTalagirisvara temple at Panamalai.The famous Sanskrit scholarDandin, author of Dandialankaram(Sanskrit Grammar work) spentmany years in his court. Traderelations was established evenwithChina.

Parameswaran-ll(728-73 1A. D.),the son ofNarasimhavarman - II came topower in 728 A.D. He was defeatedby the Chalukya rulerVikramaditya-ll. Hedied ina battlewith the Gangas. The Simhavishnuline of rule came to an end with thedeath of Parameswaram-ll as hisson did notsucceed him.

Nandivarman-ll Pallavamalla(731-796 A.D.) was the son ofSimhavishnu's brotherHiranyavarman. He was chosen bythe Pallava ministers, the membersof ghatika (college of learning) andthe common peopie to succeedParameswaran-ll. Nandivarman IIwas aworshipper of Vishnu. He builtthe Vaikunta Perumal temple atKanchi. The great Vaishnava SaintThirumangai Alwar was hiscontemporary.Declineof the Pallavas

The successors of Nandivarman -II were not very strong andpowerful. They had to face Pandyaaggressions. The last Pallava rulerAparajitha (885-903 A.D.) wasdefeated by Aditya-I , a Chola ruler.The Pallava rule atTondaimandalam thus came to anend with hisdownfall.Administrationof the Pallavas

The Pallavas had a wellorganized system of administration.The Pallava region was divided intofour divisions namely the Rashtrasor Mandalams, Vishayas orKottams, Nadus and Urs. The Kingwas the head of the Centraladministration.

223

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

He was assisted by Ministersand Secretaries. There were civiland criminal courts.

Thevillage was the lowestunitofadministration. The Uravai or thevillageAssemblies were in charge ofthe village Administration. Variousvariyams played an important role intaking care of the needs in thevillages. There were 20 variams likethe Erivariyam, Thottavariyam, andKovilvariametc.

Variyams were Executivecommittees._J

The Pallavaswere great patronsof learning. Mahendravamnan-lwrote Mattavilasa Prahasana andBhagavadviugam. Bharavi wroteKiratharjunyam. Avantl SundariKathasana was written by Dandin.The works of Alwars andNayanmars belong to this period.Nandi Kaiambhagam andPerundevanar's Bharatavenbawere the other books which

The Pallava rulers beganthe Dravidian style of templearchitecture. Itsdevelopment can be

Monolithic Rathas- Mamaliapuram

seen in four styles. The first stylewas the Rockcut temple which wasintroduced by Mahendravarman I.

This style of temples wereexcavated at places likeMahendravadi, Mammandur,Dalavanur, Thiruchirappali,Siyamangalam, Thirukazhukundram,etc.

The second style is representedby the Monolithic rathas andmandapas found at Mamaliapuram.The third style is the structuraltemple in the Rajasimha style. Eg.Kailsanatha temple at Kanchi, theShore temple at Mamaliapuram,etc.The last style is also the Structuraltemples continued by the laterPallavas.Eg. Vaikundaperumaltemple, the Muktheeswara temple,etc.

The Pallava rulers also paidconsiderable attention to the finearts like music and painting.Mahendravarman assumed the titleof Sankirtanajati for hismastery inmusic. Exquisite paintings of thePallavas are found in theKailasanatha temple at Kanchi.The Chotas

The Cholas were an antiqueruling family. References to theCholas are made in theMahabharata, the inscriptions ofAsoka and the works ofMegastheneseand Ptolemy.

Durina the Sanoam Aqe, the- "w' 3 ' '

Cholas ruled Tiruchi and Tanjoreregion. Their capital was Uraiyur.Tiger was their emblem. Theirgreatest ruler Karikala built Kallanaiacross the riverCauvery nearTrichy.

Contributionsof the PallavasLiterature

belongedto this period.Pallavaartandarchitecture

224

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

The Chola rule declined as theybecame feudatories of the rulers ofUraiyur.LaterCholas or Imperial Cholas

The Cholas who emerged topower in the middle of the ninthcentury were known as later Cholasor ImperialCholas.Theywere calledas Imperial Cholas because theirkingdomextended to a major portionof south India, Srilanka andKadaram (including Sumatra andMalaya).

Vijayalaya (850-871 A.D) laidthe foundation for the rise of laterCholas.

Aditya I (871-907 A.D) son ofVijayalaya became the ruler ofTondaimandalam as well asCholamandalam. He defeatedGangas and Kongu country.Parantaka-I, son of Aditya-Idefeated the Pandya ruler and tookup the title-Maduraikondan. He wasdefeated by the Rashtrakuta rulerKrishna-Ill in the battle of Takkolam.Parantakadied in 955A.D.r Successors of Parantaka-I >

1.Gandaraditya 949 -957A.D.2.Arinjaya 956- 957A.D.3. Parantaka-II 956 -973A.D.4.Aditya 956-966A.D.5. Uttama Chola 965-985 A.D.

v >

QThe later Cholas were well-versed in maintaining andauditing of accounts.

QFree hospitals called 'Aathularsalai' were setup at Thanjavurand many more places.

\___/

Rajaraja-I (985-1014A.D.)Rajaraja-I was the most

powerful ruler of the Chola Empire.He was a great conqueror. Hedefeated the Cheras, Pandyas andthe Chalukyas. He defeatedMahinda-V of Ceylon and built aSiva temple at Anuradhapuram. Heeven conquered Maldives. Thus thepower of Cholas extended beyondSouth India.

Rajaraja I defeated the Cheraruler Bhaskaravarman atKanthalursaalai (Trivandrum) andSathyasraya, ruler of Kalyani andrestored the throne of Vengi toSakthivarman. He gave hisdaughter in marriage toVimaladitya, brother ofSakthivarman. He capturedGangavadi,Adigaipadi, Nolambadi,in the Mysore region and RaichurDoab.

Rajaraja-I assumed the titlesMummudiChola, Jayamkondan andSivapadasekara. He was a followerof Saivism. Devaram was collectedand codified only during his period.He constructed the BrahadeeswaraTemple at Tanjore in 1010 A.D. Hediedin1014A.D._Varipotthagam

The Varipotthagam was a bookcontaining all revenue records.During Rajaraja's reign a revenuesurvey was undertaken in 1001A.D. by Senathipati Kuravan, arevenueofficer._Rajendran-I(1012-1044A.D.)

Rajendran further expandedand consolidated the empire.

225

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

He captured Idaidurainadu (RaichurDoab),Vanavasi (Kadamba capital),Kollipakkai (areas in Hyderabad)andMannai Kadakkam (Malkhed).

Brahadeeswana Temple-

TsnjoreHeconquered the whole of Ceylon(llamandalam). He also defeatedthe Pandyas, the Cheras and theWestern Chalukyas. Rajendran - 1defeated Mahipala, ruler of Bengaland in memoryof hisexpedition, he-founded the city 'GangaikondaCholapuram'. His greatestachievement was his conquest ofSrivijaya, Kadaram and the placesbetweenthe Nicobar Islandsand theMalaya Peninsula. He earned thetitles Gangaikondan, PandithaCholan and Kadaram Kondan. TheChola Empire reached its zenith ofglory under Rajendra I.

Immediate successors ofRajenrfra-JRajadhiraja IRajendra IIRajamahendraVirarajendraAdirajendra

1018-1054A.D.1056-1064A.D.1060-1063A.D.1063-1070A.D.1067-1070A.D.

Kulottunga-I(1071-1122A.D.)Kulottunga-I who was born to

Ammangadevi, the daughter ofRajendra-I and Rajaraja of Vengistarted the Chalukya Chola line ofrulers. He united Vengi Kingdomwith the Chola Empire.

Kulottunga-Idefeated thewesternChalukyas. He also capturedKalinga. During his reign Srilankadeclared its independence. He hadvery close relationshipwith Srivijayaand sent trade missions to their landin 1077A.D.

Kulottunga-I was a greatadministrator. He measured thelands and regulated land revenue.As he removedexcise duties hewascalled as 'Sungam ThavirthaCholan'. He patronized great literaryscholars like Jeyamkontfan,Ottakkuthar, Pugazhendi andKambar.Disintegrationof the Cholas

The Chola Empire began todisintegrate due to the rise offeudatories like the Kadavarayasand the emergence of the PandyaEmpire. Rajendra-I11 (1246-1279A.D.) was the last Chola ruler. TheChola Kingdom was annexed to thePandya Empire with the defeat ofRajendra-lll by JatavarmanSundarapandya-ll.Chola

The Cholas set up a highlyefficient system of administration.The empire was divided intoprovinces called Mandalams. TheMandalamswere further divided intoKottams, Districts called Nadu orValanadu andVillages called Urs.

The Utharamerur inscription of

226

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Parantaka-I gives a detailedaccount of the villageadministration. Each village had aVillageAssembly called UrorSabha,which looked after theadministrationof the village.

The members of the villageAssembly were elected by theKudavolai System. The names ofthe eligible personswere written onpalm leaves and put into a pot.A boyor a girl would pick up thirty names.The chosen persons were declaredelected.

There were Variyams such asSamvatsara Variyam, Eri variyam,Thotta variyam, Pancha variyam,Pon variyam and Puravuvarivariyam to carry out the differentfunctions of the village. It'smembers were called asVariyaperumakkal. The number ofVariyams and it's members variedfrom village tovillage.

There were many castes andsub-castes in the Chola society. Thepractice of Sati and Devadasisystem were prevalent. The womenwere in the habit of saving moneycalled 'Sirupadu'.

The weaving industry and metalworks were developed. Guilds wereprevalent. Commercial contactswere established with China,Sumatra, Java andArabia.

The Chola kingswere patrons ofSaivism.They were tolerant towardsother religions likeVaishnavism andBuddhism. Temples and Mattswere

the centres of learning. Detailsabout these learning centres arefound in the inscriptions atEnnayiram, Thirumukkudal andThirubuvanam.LiteratureThe development of Tamil literaturereached its zenith during the Cholaperiod.The two master piecesof thisage are the Ramayana composedby Kambar and the Periyapuranamor Thiruttondarpuranam bySekizhar. Seevaka Chinthamaniwas written by Thiruthaka Devar.Nambiandar Nambi compiledPanniruthirumurai, a saivite work.Nalayiradivyaprabhandam aVishnavite work was compiled byNathamuni. Muvarula, KulothungaPillai Tamil, Thakayagaparani werewritten byOttakkuthar. Jeyamkondarwrote Kalingathuparani.Commentators like llampuranar,Nachinarkiniyar andParimelazhagar belonged to thisperiod.Art andArchitecture

The Dravidian style of art andarchitecture reached its perfectionunder the Cholas. The chief featureof the Chola Temples is the Vimana.More than seventy temples arefound in the regions between theLower Krishna and the Gulf ofMannar. Thiruchirappalli,Srirangam, Tanjore, Kumbakonam,Chidambaram, Thiruvannamalai,Trivandrum, Suchindram and Udipiare the chief centers of Chola art.

The Chola temples built at anearly stage were known for theirsimplicity. Example: VijayalayaCholeswaram temple atNarttamalai and Aivar koil temple atkodumbalur.

Socio-Economic Conditions

Religionand Education

227

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Gradually the temples becamemore imposing. The finestexamples are the BrahadeeswaraTemple at Tanjore and Siva templeat Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Theheight of the Vimana of theBrahadeeswara temple rises tonearly 216 ft. over the Garbagraha.Ithas 13tiers. The Subramanyatemple at Tanjore, Airavatesvaratemple at Darasuram and theKampahareswara orThirubhuvaneswara temple atThirubhuvanam inTanjore whichwere built later were more gracefuland less imposing.OWorld Heritage sites: The Brahadeeswara

temple at Tanjore,Siva temple atGangaikonda Cholapuram andAiravatesvara temple at Darasuram havebeen declared as World Heritage Sites bythe UNESCO.

SculpturesPortraits, icons and decorative

sculptures are the main features ofChola sculptures. The portraits arefull of grace and beauty.The iconsofRajaraja-I are remarkable. The

Nataraja-

Bronze Idol

sculptures of Shiva, Vishnu,Brahma, eight armed Durga in theShiva and Vishnu temples areafewexamples of Cholasculptures.

The Cholas are also well knownfor their bronze images. TheNataraja idol in the NageswaraTemple at Kumbakonam is thelargest and the finest .The bronzeidol of Arthanareeswarar is anotherimportant specimen of the Cholaperiod.Paintings

The Cholas are known for theirpaintings aswell as fine murals(paintings done directly on walls).The paintings of the Chola periodare found at Tanjore, Thirumayam,Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple andNarttamalaiVishnu Temple.MusicandDance

Music developed into a fine artunderthe Cholas.This developmentprovided the basis for the later dayCarnatic Music. Bharatanatyam as afine art also developed duringthis period.Impactof ImperialCholas

The Imperial Cholas who ruledfrom 850A.D. to 1279A.D. played asignificant role in the Tamil countryfor about 430 years. They havemade an impressive impact onPolity, Tamil literature, Templearchitecture, musicand dance.Theywere the only imperial power whofounded an overseas empire andspread the glories of the Tamilculturefar andwide.World HeritageDay:TheWorld Heritage Day

is celebrated every year on 18"* April.Thisday is intended to make people aware ortheir social and cultural Heritage.lt alsoinstills the value to care and preserveall theheritagesites.

228

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Important places of the Pallava period w

s

Vat

Pullalur I jMylaporeKanchipuram

Siyamangalam# MamallapuramTellarti

Palanimalai# /Arabian Sea Bay of BengalTrichy

Tan

Ceylon

Indian Ocean

229

Important places of the Chola period

Kalyani

KanchiUtharamerur

Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

gi Konda Cholapuram

CeylonIndian Ocean

230

The Pandya EmpireThe Pandyas occupied the regioncomprising of the modern districts ofMadurai and Tirunelvelli, part ofTrichy and sometimes even parts ofTranvancore. We come to know ofthe Pandyas from the writings ofMagasthenese, Pliny,the ancientTamilliterary works and the accounts ofHiuen-T-sang and Marco-polo.Thehistory of the Pandyas can bedivided as the Early Pandyas, FirstPandya Empireand Second PandyaEmpire.The early Pandyas

FirstPandya EmpireThe Pandya king Kadungon

restored the position of the Pandyasin the last quarter of the 6lhCentury.A.D. by overthrowing theKalabharas. The dynasty foundedby him is generally referred to as theFirst Pandya Kingdom (550-950.A.D.)

The most important rulers of thisperiod were Arikesari Maravarman,Ranadhiran, MaravarmanRajasimha-I, Varaguna-I andSrimara Srivallabha.

The Pandyaempire extended toTanjore, Tiruchirapalli, Coimbatoreand Salem.Decline of the First PandyaEmpire

The successors of SrimaraSrivallabha had to face theonslaught of the Pallavas and theCholas. In the 10th and the 11thcenturies the Pandyas madeseveral attempts to revive their pastglory. The opposition from thePallavas and the Cholas let to thedecline of the FirstPandya Empire.The SecondPandyaEmpire

From the 13th century onwardsthe Pandyas progressivelydetached themselves from theChola rule and reassertedtheir independence. Inthe civilwarwhich broke out betweenVikrama Pandya and Virapandya,Vikrama Pandya captured powerwith the support of Kulothunga-lllthe Chola Emperor.

Jatavarman Kulasekara-I (1190-1216 A.D.) succeeded his fatherVikrama Pandya. He ruled overMadurai, Ramanathapuram,Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari. Heappointed his brother, MaravarmanSundara Pandya as hissuccessor.

Maravarman Sundara Pandya-I(1216-1238 A.D.) defeatedKulottunga Chola-lll in 1219A.D. Asthe Hoysalas came to the support ofthe Cholas, he restoredthe throne tothe Chola ruler Rajaraja-lll andassumed the title 'SonaduValangiaruliya Sundara Pandya'.

The Early Pandyas belonged tothe Sangam Age. A remarkablefeature of this period was themaintenance of a flourishing TamilLiterary Academy or Sangam atMadurai.The capital of the Pandyaswas Madurai and their emblem wasfish. With the riseof the kalabhras,theSangamAge declined.

231

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuInserted Text

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Maravarman Sundara Pandya-ll(1238-1253 A.D.) recovered fromthe Chola ruler Rajendra-lll some ofthe territories which he had lostearlier.

Jatavarman SundaraPandya-I (1253-1268 A.D.)succeeded Maravarman SundaraPandya-ll. He extended the empirefrom Nellore and Cuddappahdistricts in the North to CapeComorin inthe South. Hetook upthetitles Emmandalamum KondaruliyaMaharajathiraja, Sri Paramesvaranand PonveinthaPerumal.

Jatavarman SundaraPandya-I's son MaravarmanKulasekaran-I (1268-1308 A.D.)enlarged his kingdom. He invadedCeylon and captured Kollam in theChera land. He assumed the titleKollam Konda Pandya. The powerof the Pandyas starteddecliningafterhim.Declineof the Pandyas

A war of succession broke outbetween Sundara Pandya and ViraPandya, the sons of MaravarmanKulasekaran-I. With the help of Ala-ud-din Khilji's commander MalikKafur, Sundara Pandya ascendedthe throne.

The Tughluqs who succeededthe Khiljis, extended their hold overSouth India and declared thePandya empire as a part of theTughluq Empire.

The decline of Tughluq powerled to the establishment of theSultans of Maduraiwhich ultimately

resulted in the complete decline ofthe Pandya EmpireAdministration

The Pandya Empire wascalled as Pandya Mandalam. TheMandalam was divided intoValanadu and further into Urs. TheKing was assisted by the Ariyans(Ministers) and the Army Chief.Special officers were appointed tocollect taxes and maintainaccounts.Localself Government

Village administration waslooked after by five Variyams,namelyAranilaya Variyam, NeernilaiVariyam, Nanaya Variyam,Varithandal Variyam and NeedhiVariyam.Occupation

Agriculture and Trade werethe main occupations of the people.The agriculturists were called asBoomiputirar. Many slaves wereemployed to carry on different tasks.The Pandyas were famous forpearl diving. The pearls of thePandya empire were famous allover the world. The famous ports ofthe Pandyas were Korkai andThondi.Literature

Manickavasagar's composedThiruvasagam, Andal's composedThiruppavai, Nammalvar'scomposedThiruppallandu, Villiputhurar wroteMahabharatha, AdhiveeraramaPandya wrote Naidadham,Srikaviraya wrote books namelySeyur Murugan ula and Rathingiriula. Thus the Pandyas contributedgreatly to the progressof literature.

232

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Important places of the Pandya period

Arabian Sea Trichjfc-Madurai Bay of Bengalarijore

Thewkasi[orkai

KanyakumariCeylon \D

Indian Ocean

Art and ArchitectureThe Pandya contribution to art

and architecture is noteworthy. Thespecial features of the Pandyatemple architecture are theGopuras, Prakaras, Vimanas,Garbagrahas and Gateways.

The Pandya period marked areawakening in the field of rock-cuttemples. More than 50 rock cuttemples were excavated in thePandya Kingdom at several placeslike Kunnakudi, Anaimalai,Sithannavasal, Thiruparankundram.Kalugumalai,Malaiyadikurichi.Thiruchirappalli,etc.,

Structural temples wereconstructed by the Pandya rulers atKovilpatty, Tiruppathur, Madurai,

Srivilliputhur and other places.Kulasekara Pandya builtarthamandapa, manimandapa andsannati in every temple of hisempire. Public meetings, socialgatherings, religious keerthans,recitalsand Katha-Natakawere heldinthe sabha mandapasof temples.Sculptures

The Pandya sculptures arebeautiful and ornamental. Thesculptures of Somaskandar, Durga,Ganapathy, Narasimha andNataraja are good specimens of thisperiod.

Many sculptures are also foundatKalugumalai,Thiruparankundram,Thirumalaipuram, Narttamalai andKunnakudi.

233

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PaintingsAmong the fine arts, painting

was greatly developed by thePandyas. The mural paintings ofSrimaran Srivallabha Pandyaof thefirst Pandya periodare seen in theSithannavasal cave temples. The

paintingsof lotus, bathing elephantsand playingfish are noteworthy.

The Pandya rulers have thus lefta unique and everlasting impact onthe Tamil society and South Indianhistory.

Sithanftavasal Cave Temple

Uttaramerur inscriptions: It laid down thequalifications for those who wished to becomea member of the Sabha. He must be honest, aland owner from which land revenue iscollected, in the age group 35 and 70 years,having a knowledge of the Vedas and wellversed in administrative matters. Members ofthe village if found guilty were punishedseverely. They could not take part in theelections.

The lostwax technique: The lostwax technique was used bythe Chola craftsmen to makebronze statues.First the image was made inwax.Then itwas covered in clay and allowed to dry.Atiny hole was made in the clay cover. Next.it was heated and the molten wax was drained outthrough the hole.Bronze (an alloy of copper and metal)was melted and poured into the claythrough the hole.Once the metal was coated and solidified the clay cover was carefully removedandthe imagewas cleanedandpolished.

EXERCISEI)Choosethe correct answer.

I.ThePallavas under_overthrew the Kalabhras andestablishedtheir supremacy overThondaimandalam.a) SimhaVishnu b) MahendravarmanI c) Narasimhavarman II

2. Narasimhavarman Iassumedthe title_.a)Vatapikondan b)Jayankondan c)Kadaramkondan

3.The Kallanaiacross river Cauvery was builtby_.a) Rajendra I b)KarikalaChola c)Rajaraja Chola

4. Parantaka I,the son ofAditya Idefeated the Pandya rulerand took upthe title_.a) MaduraiKondan b) Mudikondan c)KadaramKondan

5.The PandyaEmpirewas called Pandya_.a)Mandalam b)Valanadu c)Uravai

6.Andal composed_.a)Devaram b)Thiruppavai c)Ramayanam

234

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

.11) Fill inthe blanks.1.During the period of Narasimhavarman-I

__

visitedKanchipuram.

2. Monolithic Rathasare found at_.3._was called SungamThavirtha Cholan.

4.The Chola kingswere patronsof_.

5.Thiruvasagamwas composed by_.6.The paintingsof Srivallabha Pandyaare seen inthe_ cave

temples.Ill)Matchthe following.

1.Uravai - Sanskrit Grammarian2. ShoreTemple - Ramayana3. Kambar - Village Assembly4. BrihadeeswaraTemple - Greekwriter5. Megasthenese - Tanjore6. Katyayana - Mamallapuram

IV)Answer the following questions briefly.1.Write ashort noteon the originof the Pallavas.2.Write a noteonthe administrative divisionsof the Pallavas.3. Mentionthe sources of informationabout the Cholas.4. Which are the chief centres of the Cholaart and architecture?5.What doyou knowabout Jatavarman Kulasekara Pandya I?6. Namea few occupations of the Pandyas.

V) Answer indetail.1. Discuss the contributions of the Pallavas to art, architecture and fine

arts.2. Explain indetail about the Chola administration.3. Givean account of the Pandya contribution to temple architecture.

235

FormativeAssessment

I. Play and Learn:Onegroup of students can take the nameof each king.The other group can take upthe titles. Nowthe rulers can acquire their titles. (The name / title can be written onstrips of paper)Rulers (Group - 1 ) Titles (Group-2)Simha VishnuNarasimha VarmaParantakaRaja Raja IRajendra IKulothunga IJatavarman Sundara PandyanMaravarmari Kulasekaran I

MamallaMadurai KondanMummudi CholaKadaram KondanAvanisimhaPonveintha Perumal.Kollam Konda Pandya.Sungam Thavirtha Cholan.

II. Design a newspaper dating back to the rule of Pallava / Chola / Pandya.

HeadlinesLocal newsNeighbouring KingdomsEntertainment

Newspaper Format Literary activitiesShort storyAdministrationSports

111.Find the Author of the given work

Sekizhar Bharavi Dandi Ottakkuthar

Andal Jeyamkondar

Books Authors1. Dandi alankaram _2. Kiratharjunyam _3. Periyapuranam _4. Thiruppavai _5. Kalingathuparani _6. Muvar Ula

_

236

IV. Design an invitation card:Subject: Raja Raja I assumed the title 'Mummudi Chola'Details to be included in the card.

1. Date of the function.2. Venue.3. Chief Guest.4. Programme.5. Felicitation.

V. Things to do:1. Mark the following places on the outline map of India.

Mamallapuram, Tiruchirapalli, Kanchipuram, Tarijore and Madurai.

2. Collect pictures and prepare an album on the art and architecture of theSouth IndianKingdoms.

3. Request your school authorities to take you on a study tour to a historicalsite connectedwith Pallavsor Cholasor Pandyas.

237

SOCIAL SCIENCESTANDARD SEVEN

TERM II

135

J HISTORY L

1.ARAB AND TURKISH INVASIONS

The rise and growth of Islam hasbeen regarded as one of the mostimportant events in World history.Prophet Muhammad (570-632 A.D)was the founder of Islam. Islamgrewup in the deserts of Arabia. Its firstconverts were the Arabs. The Arabsmade Islam a powerful force in thepolitics of Asia. The Persiansstrengthened Islam and the Turksextended it both towards the Westand the Eastand made Islamas oneof the foremost religions of theWorld.Arab conquestof Sindand Multan712A.D.

Commercial contacts prevailedbetween India and Arabia for a longtime. There were many causes forthe conquest of Sind. The Arabswere attracted by the rich ports ofSind and so they wanted to extendtheir political and religious controlover it. They were angry with theruler of Sind who failed to check thepirateswho plunderedthem.

Muhammad-bin-Qasim wassent by Al-Hajjajj the Governor ofIraq with the permission of CaliphWalid to conquer Sind. He marchedagainst Dahir the ruler of Sind,defeated him in the Battle of Rewarand captured Sind. Healso capturedMultan. He got so much of wealthfrom Multan that he called MultanThe Cityof Gold.'.Administrative System

Muhammad-bin-Qasim dividedSind and Multan into a number of

Iqtas or districts. Arab militaryofficers were appointed as heads ofthe Iqtas. Local Hindu officers wereallowed to administer the subdivisions of the districts. The ArabsimposedJizya on non- muslims.Endof Muhammad-bin-Qasim

Caliph Sulaiman, succeededCaliph Walid after his death. Hewasan arch enemy of Al-Hajjaj, theGovernor of Iraq. He dismissedMuharrimad-bin Qasim as he wasthe son-in-law of Al-Hajjaj. He senthim as a prisoner to Mesopotamiaand tortured himto death.

Sind and Multan remained aspart of the Caliph's empire for morethan 150 years. Their powergradually declined.EffectsofArab Conquest

The conquest of Sind sowedthe seeds for the coming of Islaminto India.TheArabs learnt the art ofadministration, astronomy, music,painting, medicine and architecturefrom our land. Indian Philosophy,numerals and astronomy weretaken to Europe by the Arabs.

'-N

Qasim and hisDefence ForcesMuhammad-bin-Qasim had an

army of 25,000 troops including6000 Syrian horses, 6000 Camels,3000 Bactrian Camels, an artilleryforce of 2000 men with fivecatapults andadvancedguards. v

136

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Turkish InvasionThe ExpansionofTurks into India

The Turks got the upper handover the Caliphs of Baghdad in the8th and 9th centuries.They were moreaggressive than the Arabs. Theycompleted the work begun by theArabs and extended their dominionbeyondSindand Multan into India.Heroic DefenceofWomen

Rani Bai, the wife of Dahir andthe other women of Sind put up aheroic defence within the Fort ofRewar. When their attempt failedthey performed Jauhar to save theirchastity and escape from the handsof the invaders.Indianimpact

Brahma Siddhanta, a Sanskritwork of Brahma Gupta wastranslated into Arabic. Arabic worksmention the names of Indianscientists like Bhala, Manaka andSindbad. Dhanawas appointed as achief Medical officer in a hospital atBaghdad. Manaka, a physiciancured a serious disease of CaliphHarun-al-Rashid.

v___/Mahmudof Ghazni

Sabuktigin the ruler of Ghazniwas succeeded by Ismail. He wasdethroned in998A.D. by his brother,the famous Mahmud of Ghazni. Heinvaded India in 1000 A.D. He wasthe first Turkish invader. Mahmuddefeated Jaipala, the ruler of theHindu Shahi dynasty, Fateh Daud ofMultan and Anandpala of Nagarkot.Healso crushed theChandelas.therulers of Mathura, Kanauj andGwalior. After each expedition he

returned toGhazrii with enormouswealth.

Mahmud's important expeditionin Hindustan was against theSomnath temple in 1025A.D. whichwas situated on the coast ofKathiawar.As the ruler of Kathiawar,Raja Bhima Dev, and his followersfled from the place, he easilyplundered the temple and returnedto Ghazni with a rich booty whichexceeded twenty lakhdinars.Estimateof Mahmudof Ghazni

Mahmud of Ghazni was one ofthe greatest Muslim rulers of Asia.He was a great patron of art andletters and he patronised scholarslike FirdausiandAlberuni.c-*\Sir Henry Elliot in his book "TheHistory of India" refers to theseventeen expeditions ofMuhammad of Ghazni. He saysthat after every expeditionMuhammad returned to Ghazni withcountless wealth and enormousbooty beyondall calculations.

V_J

Endof Ghazni's rule inIndiaMahmud's successors were

weak. So Ala-ud-din Husain ofGhori invaded Ghazni, plunderedand burnt it. By 1186A.D. the powerof the House of Ghazni declined andthat of Ghori roseup.Muhammadof Ghori

Muhammad was the thirdimportant Muslim invader ofHindustan. He became the ruler ofGhori, a mountainous regionsituated between Ghazni and Herat.

137

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Hence, he was popularly known asMuhammadof Ghori.

As an ambitious andenterprising ruler, he started hisattacks on India in 1176 A.D. Hecaptured Multan and Uch. Hesubjugated lower Sind in 1182A.D.In 1185A.D., he invaded Punjab andcaptured the Fortress of Sialkot. In1186A.D. hebesieged Lahore.FirstBattleofTarain (1191A.D.)

In 1189 A.D. Muhammad ofGhori captured the fortress ofBhatinda and advanced into thekingdom of Prithviraj Chauhan, theRajput ruler. Prithviraj marchedagainst him with a large force anddefeated Muhammad of Ghori in theBattle of Tarain in 1191 A.D.Prithviraj also recovered Bhatinda,which was earlier occupied byMahmudofGhazni.SecondBattleofTarain(1192A.D.)

Muhammad of Ghori re-enforced himself and marchedagainst Prithvirajfor the second timein 1192 A.D. He gave a crushingdefeat to the combined forces of theRajput rulers under Prithviraj atTarain. Prithviraj was imprisonedand later put to death. The SecondBattle of Tarain marked thebeginning of the Turkish rule in theheartof Hindustanfor the first time inIndianhistory.

Muhammad of Ghori appointedQutb-ud-din Aibak as hiscommander.

_

Tactics of MuhammadMuhammad divided his army

into five divisions. Four armies weresent to attack the Rajput army on allsides. The fifth army was kept inreserve.The Rajputs fought withgreat gallantry.When they becameexhausted, the fifth army was sent.They attacked with vigour anddefeated the Rajputs._RajputUprisings

Between 1193 and 1198 A.D.there were many Rajput uprisings.Qutb-ud-din Aibak put them downand brought many of their territoriesunder his control. Delhi was madethe capital of Muhammad of Ghori'sterritory in India.Battleof Chandwar (1194A.D.)

Muhammad of Ghori marchedagainst Jaichandra, the greatestRajput ruler of Kanauj who washaving a vast part of Indian Territoryunder his control. In the Battle ofChandwar, Jaichand was struck inthe eye by an arrow and he waskilled by Muhammad of Ghori. Thevictory at Chandwar helpedMuhammad of Ghori to extendfurther into India.Conquestof Bengaland Bihar

Muhammad-bin-Baktiyar Khilji,one of the commanders ofMuhammad of Ghori, destroyedVikramasila and NalandaUniversities in 1202-1203A.D.

He also captured Nadia inBengaland partsof Bihar.

His invasions

138

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Deathof Muhammadof Ghori An EstimateMuhammad of Ghori went back

to Ghazrii in order to check hisCentral Asian enemies. While hewas engaged in evening prayer, hewas assassinated on 25th March1206A.D., by some Shia rebels andKhokhars.

Muhammad of Ghori wasconsidered to be the real founder ofthe Turkish Empire in India becauseof his various conquests andannexations of the Rajput territory inNorth India.

EXERCISEI)Choosethe bestanswer.

1.Muhammad-bin-Qasimwas sent to conquer_.a)Sind b) Delhi c) Ghori

2. Mahmud of Ghazni defeated_ the ruler of Hindu Shahidynasty.a)Jaichand b)Jaipala c) Rajya Pal

3. Somnath temple was plundered by Mahmud of Ghazni in

a) 1025A.D. b)1027A.D. c)1001A.D.4. In the First Battle of Tarain Muhammad of Ghori was defeated by

a)Sabuktigin b)Ghiyasuddin c) Prithiviraj5.The Commander of Muhammadof Ghori was_.

a) Qutb-ud-dinAibak b)Balban c)Nasir-ud-din

II)Fill inthe blanks.1. ProphetMuhammadwas the founder of_.2. Muhammad-bin-Qasim invaded Sind in_A.D.3. Inthe Second BattleofTarain Muhammadof Ghori killed_.4. Muhammad-bin-BaktiyarKhilji captured Nadia in_.5. Muhammad of Ghori was considered to be the real founder of a_Empire in India.

139

Ill)Matchthe following.1. Al-Hajjaj2. Multan3. Sabuktigin4. SomnathTemple5. Firdausi

City of GoldGovernor of IraqKathiawarScholarRulerofGhazni

IV)Answer the following questions briefly.1. Write a noteon the administrative system ofArabs in Sind?2. Who dismissed Muhammad-bin-Qasim and Why?3. Whowere the rulersdefeated by Mahmudof Ghazni?4. What were the regions invadedand captured by Muhammadof Ghori?5. Why was the Battleof Chandwar important inthe historyof India?

V)Answer indetail.1. Write indetail about theArab conquest of Sind and Multanand its effects

on India.2. Give an account of the Firstand Second BattleofTarain.

140

FORMATIVEASSESSMENT\__

1. Group Discussion:Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to discuss the topic."TheArabs made Islam-a powerful force in the politics ofAsia". Then achild from each group can comeforward to share what they discussed.

2. Findmore:Readabout Qasim and his defence forces and the tactics of Muhammadof Ghorigiven inyour lesson.Findout details of the presentday defence forces of India.i. Armyii. Navyiii. Air forceiv. Training centers

3. Oratoricalcompetition:Imagine yourself to be Muhammad of Ghori. Your soldiers have losthope after their defeat in the First battle of Tarain at the hands ofPrithviraj Chauhan. How would you instill confidence in them to fightagain?

The pupilwho is motivated best wins4. Debate:

Which of the conquests - Arab or Turkish had a lasting impact onmedieval History.

5. Preparecharts:The class can be divided intogroups. Eachgroup can preparea chart onthe following topics.i. Indian impacton theArabsii. Administrationiii. Astronomyiv. Musicv. Art andArchitecture

6. Things to do:Collect information about the foreigners who invaded India duringmedieval period.

141

2. SULTANATE OF DELHI

The period from 1206 A.D. to1526A.D. came to be known as theSultanate period. During this periodthe Mamaluk, Khilji,Tughluq, Sayyidand Lodi dynasties ruled over India.With the death of Muhammad ofGhori,his commander Qutb-ud-din-Aibak came to power and foundedthe Mamalukdynasty.MAMALUKDYNASTYQutb-ud-dinAibak(1206-1210A.D.)

The rule of Qutb-ud-din Aibak,the commander of Muhammad ofGhori marked the beginning of theMamaluk ruleand the establishmentof Sultanate period in India. Heassumed sovereign powers on 24thJune 1206 A.D. He did not issuecoins or readthe khutba in his name.He was the founder of the Turkishdominion in India.t >

The term Mamaluk was theQuranic term for a slave.

Task of SavinghisEmpireQutb-ud-din's immediate taskswere

to prevent Ala-ud-dinMuhammad, the Shah of Khwarizmfrom occupying Ghazni and Delhi.

to prevent the Rajputs fromrecoveringtheir principalities.

to put downAli Mardan KhanofBengal, Qubacha andYalduz.

In order to save his infantTurkish Empire, he made manymatrimonial alliances and shifted hiscapital to Lahore. He successfully

put down his enemies and firmlyestablished his holdover India.An Estimate

Qutb-ud-din Aibak was a piousMuslim. His administration waspurely based on his militarystrength. Local administration wasentrusted to native officers. He builtQuwat-ul-lslam mosque at Ajmerand Dhai DinkaJhonpara mosqueatDelhi. He started the construction ofQutb Minar at Delhi. He patronizedHassan Nizami and Fakhre Mudir.He was called as Lakh Baksh orGiver of Lakhs for his generosity. Hedied in November 1210A.D. after hefell from his horsewhile playing polo.Iltutmish(1211-1236A.D.)

Iltutmish was born in the llbaritribe of CentralAsia.As a boy hewassold asa slave to Qutb-ud-dinAibak.Aibak made him as his son-in-law.He killed Aram Shah, the son ofAibak and became king in 1211A.D.Conquest of Iltutmish

Iltutmish was surrounded byenemies on all sides. He put themdown and strengthened his position.As Yalduz considered himself to bethe successor of Muhammad ofGhori, Iltutmish defeated him andput himto death. He drove out Nasir-ud-din Qubacha, the ruler of Uchand Multanfrom Punjab in 1217A.D.He captured Bhakkar, whereQubacha took shelter. Bengal wasalso brought under his control.

142

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

MAMALUK DYNASTY J

Lahore

Devagiri

Bay of BengalArabian sea Dwarasamudra

|Mamaluk DynastyMai

Indian Ocean Srilanka

143

Iltutmish put down the revolt ofthe Khilji Maliks of Bengal in 1230A.D. Iltutmish refused to give shelterto Jalal-ud-din Mangabarni, theShah of Khwarizm who wasattacked by Mongols. This pleasedChengiz Khan and so he did notinvade India. In this way Iltutmishsaved Delhi from Mongol invasion.In Rajputana, Iltutmish recapturedRanthambore and Mandor. Hedefeated Udai Singh, the ruler ofJalor and made him a feudatory.Thangiri, Ajmer, Sambha, Nagur,Kalinjar and Gwalior were capturedby him.

Iltutmish re-established hisauthority over Badaun, Kanauj,Benaras and Katchar-the doabregion between the Ganga and theYamuna.

Qufb Minar

Qutb Minar was built in honourof Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutb-ud-dinBaktiyar kakiwho died in Delhi.Theconstruction started by Aibak wascompleted by Iltutmish

Endof IftutmishIltutmish undertook an

expedition against Bamiyan.Henominated his daughter Raziah ashis successor before his death. Hefell illand died in 1236AD.

AdministrationIltutmish set up Iqtas under

Iqtadars. The army was maintainedby 'A Corps of Forty' or Chahalgan.He was the first Turkish ruler tointroduceArabic coinage.

EstimateIltutmish was a successful

general and administrator. Hecompleted the work of Aibak. Hebuilt up the Turkish Kingdom inNorth India.

Coinsof iltutmishThe silver tanka of Iltutmish

weighed 175 mgs and had anArabic inscription on it. Iltutmishalso introducedcopperJital.

Sultana Raziah(1236-1240A.D.)Raziahwas the first woman ruler

of Sultanate period. She defeatedand killed Firoz Shah who ascendedthe throne after the death ofIltutmish. She successfully restoredthe prestige of the Turkish Kingdomin India. Her rule ended in 1240A.D.because of a conspiracy by theTurkish nobles. The successors ofRaziah were weak and henceBalban roseto power in 1265A.D.

Successorsof RaziahBahramShah 1240-1242A.D.Alaud-dinMasid 1242-1246A.D.Nasir-ud-dinMahmud 1246-1264A.D.Balban 1265-1287A.D.

Balban(1265-1207A.D.)Balban an llbari Turk became

the ruler in 1265A.D.after the deathof Nasir-ud-dinMahmud.

144

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

He believed in the Divine RightTheory of Kingship. He introduced

a form of salutation to theking by kissing hisfeet inthe court.S S

According to Lanepoole,"Balban, a slave, water carrier,huntsman, general, statesman andSultan-is one of the most strikingfigures among the notable men inJhe long lineof Kingsof Delhi".Internalpolicies

Balban curtailed and destroyedthe 'Corps of Forty' by giving themsevere punishments and promotingjuniors to important positions. Heintroduced a well organised spysystem.

A separate military departmentcalled Diwan-i-arz was established.Many military posts were set up atBhojapur, Patiali, Kampil andJalali.Balban suppressed TughrilKhan, who declared hisindependence and recoveredBengal.

Balban was a great patron oflearning. He patronized AmirKhusrau who iscalled as the 'Parrotof India' and Amir Hasan. Balbanwas the most successful ruleramong the slave kings.

Balban was shocked when his

son Mahmud was killed during anencounter with the Mongols.He never recovered from the sorrowand died in 1287A.D.Endof the Mamaluk Dynasty

Balban was succeeded byKaiqubad his grandson who wasvery incompetent. The nobles madeKayumar, the infant son of Kaiqubadas ruler. Jalal-ud-din Khilji, thecommander of Balban became theregent of the infant king. He killedKaiqubad and Kayumar andbecame the ruler of Delhi. ThusMamaluk Dynastywas brought to anend and the Khilji Dynasty wasfounded.KHILJIDYNASTYJalal-ud-din FirozKhilji(1290-1296A.D.)

In 1290 A.D. Jalal-ud-din FirozKhilji ascended the throne of Delhi.Hefollowed the policy of peace afterhe became the ruler. He wanted torule without bloodshed. Hence, hewas called as Clemency Jalal-ud-din.Domestic Policies

Jalal-ud-din suppressed a revoltby Malik Chhajju at Kara. Heappointed his nephew and son-in-lawAla-ud-din Khilji as the Governorof Kara. Theft and robbery becamecommon during his reign. Though anumber of thugs and robbers werearrested, Jala-ud-din forgave themand even set them free in Bengal.He arrested and killed Sidi Maula, areligious leader who tried to seizethe throne.

x-* >

DivinerightTheoryThe ruler was considered as a

representativeof Godon earth.

An Estimateof Balban

Endof Balban

145

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Mongol InvasionJalal-ud-din defeated and

arrested the Mongols who tried toadvance upto Sunam in 1292 A.D.He pardoned them as they sued forpeace. A few of the Mongols stayedback in Indiaafter the invasion.

Jalal-ud-din's policy of peacewas not liked by the young Khiljis.Ala-ud-din Khilji the son-in-law ofJalal-ud-din treacherouslymurdered him and came to powerafter his returnfrom Devagiri.

Ala-ud-din Khilji ascended thethrone in 1296A.D. He consolidatedhis hold over North India andinvadedSouth Indiaalso.

Ala-ud-din Khilji sent a strongarmy under hisgenerals Ulugh Khanand Nusrat Khan to conquer Gujaratand they succeeded in doing so.Ranthamborewas captured and itsruler Hamir Deva was killed. Chittor,Malwa, Mandu, Ujjain, Dhar,Chanderi, Marwar and Jalor werealso captured.

Ala-ud-din Khilji was the firstSultan who invaded South India. Hesent his most trustworthy general,Malik Kafur against the rulers of thesouth. Ramachandra Deva, theYadava ruler of Devagiri,Prataprudra-ll of Warangal and ViraBallala-lll, the Hoysala ruler weredefeated and madevassals of Delhi.

Malik Kafur helped SundaraPandya against his rival ViraPandya. He reached as far asRameswaram and built a mosquethere. The kingdoms of the southaccepted the overlordship ofAla-ud-din khilji and agreed to pay tribute tohim.The Mongol Invasion

Ala-ud-din successfully repelledthe Mongol invasion more than adozen times. He renovated theexisting forts and outposts. Heconstructed new forts and stronglygarrisoned them to strengthen hisfrontiers.Domestic Policies of Ala-ud-dinKhilji

Ala-ud-din believed in the DivineRight Theory of Kingship. Heintroduced four ordinances toprevent frequent rebellions. Heconfiscated religious endowmentsand free grants of lands,reorganized the spy system,prohibited social parties and use ofwine.

A permanent standing army wasorganized by Ala-ud-din. Heintroducedthe system of brandingofhorses and descriptive roll ofindividual soldiers to preventcorruption.

The prices of essentialcommodities were fixed which wasless than the usual market rates.Black marketing was strictlyprohibited. Revenue was collectedin kind and not in cash. He postedseveral horsemen and clerks in newposts. The postal system was good

EndofJalal-ud-din

Ala-ud-din Khilji(1296-1316A.D.)

Conquests inthe North

Conquest inthe South

146

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

PriyanshuHighlight

Empire of Ala-ud-din Khilji

Lahore

Delhi

Devagiri

Warangal

Bay of BengalArabian sea

Maqurai

Indian Ocean Srilanka

] Ala-ud-din Khilji's Kingdom

147

during his period. He followed aharsh policy towards the Hindus.Jizya, grazing tax and house taxwere imposedon them.

An EstimateAla-ud-din was the first to raisea

standing army, to regularize themarkets and to capture regionssouth of the Vindhyas. He built AlaiDarwaza, fort of Siri and the Palaceof a thousand pillars. He wasundoubtedly a great conqueror anda nobleadministrator. Hewas a manof determination.Endof the Dynasty

Ala-ud-din died in 1316A.D.Dueto weak successors like Qutb-ud-dinMubarak Shah (1316-1320 A.D.)and Nasir-ud-din Khusrav Shah(1320A.D.), the Khilji dynasty cameto an end. Finally in 1320 A.D. agroup of nobles led by Ghazi Malik,the Governor of Punjab, invadedDelhi and captured the throne.Ghazi Malik assumed the title ofGhiyas-ud-dinTughluq and foundeda new lineof rulersat Delhi knownasthe Tughluq Dynasty.

TUGHLUQ DYNASTYGhiyas-ud-din Tughluq(1320-1325 A.D.)

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq or GhaziMalikwas the founder of the Tughluqdynasty. From a humble origin heascended the throne by his abilityand hardwork in 1320A.D.Domesticand ForeignPolicies

Ghiyas-ud-din restored order inhis empire. Lot of importance wasgiven to agriculture, irrigation,judicial, police and postalarrangements. Warangal, Utkala orOrissa and Bengal were broughtunder his control. He captured andimprisoned the Mongol leaders whoinvaded North India.Endof his rule

While attending a reception forhis victories at Bengal the pavilionon which he stood gave way andGhiyas-ud-dinwas crushed to deathin 1325 A.D. The crown princeJunakhan succeeded him.Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq(1325-1361A.D.)

Princ