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Historical Events Timeline

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Ancient Events 2500-1200BC Crete: was the greatest ancient seafaring nation controlling the Eastern Mediterranian by the Minoans. The Minoans established many islands besides Crete such as Rhodes, and above all, Thera (Santorini). They traded primarily with Egypt. They navigated by the sun and stars.

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2210 BC Yu the Great First monumental flood control works, Yangtze River, ChinaDuring the reign of king Yao, the Chinese heartland was frequently plagued by floods that prevented further economic and social development. [13] Yu's father, Gun, was tasked with devising a system to control the flooding. He spent more than nine years building a series of dikes and dams along the riverbanks, but all of this was ineffective, despite (or because of) the great number and size of these dikes and the use of a special self-expanding soil. Yu made a system of irrigation canals which relieved floodwaters into the fields.Yaofloods [13]self-expanding soilirrigation canals

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2000-300BC Phoenicia Modern day Lebanon. Established many colonies: traders between Asia Minor and the West as far as Britain and the Baltic Sea

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Odyssey Was a poetic recount of Odysseus ten- year voyage home after the Trojan War

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484-425 BC Herodotus: The Father of History. published accurate map of Mediterranean region

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240 BC Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth to be 40,000 km. It actually is 40,032 km

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In the Middle Ages Vikings crossed the North Atlantic to colonize Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland using the North Star to determine latitude.

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970-1030 AD Erik the Red and later, his son Leif Eriksson sailed to Greenland then to Vinland (Newfoundland)

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The Age Of Discovery 1250-1750 1254-1324 Marco Polo was a Venetian; as a young man, he spent life with his uncle and father in Kublai Khans court. He inspired Columbus.

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1371-1435 Chinese: to influence and impress their neighbors Zeng He Greatest Chinese seafarer. Was a Muslim eunuch. Led fleets throughout the Indian Ocean, Arabia, Eastern Africa, Malacca and possibly the Atlantic Ocean

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1394-1460 Henry the Navigator Was a Portuguese prince and a patron of cartography; motivated by exploration to increase Portugals wealth; was a science sponsor and not a mapmaker

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1451-1500 Bartolomue Diaz Was the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488

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1451-1506 Columbus Sailed westward across the Atlantic to reach the Far East; Discovered the Caribbean Islands; 4 voyages; Claimed lands for Spain sponsored by Queen Isabella; promised wealth but died penniless

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1454-1512 Amerigo Vespucci Florentine observer for Portuguese; reported on South American voyages in letters; Waldseemullers map named America for him; was Chief Navigator of Spain; founded the School of Navigation; developed rudimentary longitude calculations; died of malaria

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1469-1524 Vasco de Gama Established sea route to India for trade and colonization by Portugal. Died of malaria

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1480-1521 Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese explorer killed in the Philippines; named the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean French; explored the St. Lawrence Seaway; claimed Canada for France 1491-1557 Jacques Cartier

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1540-1596 Sir Frances Drake First Englishman to sail around the world; the Golden Hind raided Spanish Ports

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1692-1776 John Harrison Invented the chronometer. Calculated longitude at sea

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18 th Century 1728-1779 Captain James Cook made 4 voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean looking for Antarctica. Was the first to use a chronometer. Discovered New Zealand; Killed in Hawaii Skilled in trig, algebra, Astronomy and navigation

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1706-1790 Benjamin Franklin Compiled data on ocean currents working with whaler cousin Folger; named and charted the Gulf Stream

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19 th Century The Modern Age 1806-1873 Lt. Matthew Maury Professor at Virginia Military Institute; called the Pathfinder of the Seas; Works included whaling, meteorology, sea lanes, abolition of slavery, first superintendent of US Naval Observatory; proposed the US Naval Academy in Annapolis

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1831 Charles Darwin Voyage of the HMS Beagle which led to the origin of species. Developed the hypothesis on evolution of the species.

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1815-1854 Edward Forbes Developed the Azoic Theory. There is no life beyond 300 fathoms

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Sir Charles Wyville Thompson 1872 Scotsman: led HMS Challenger on a 3 year expedition that gathered more data in its time than all other data to date. Discovered deep ocean life, currents and variations like the Mid Atlantic Ridge and trenches. From the Univ. of Edinburgh

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Sir John Murry Was also on the HMS Challenger Father of Oceanography Finished the report after Thompsons death Worked at the Univ. of Edinburg

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1872-1876 HMS Challenger Expedition Was outfitted with chemistry and biological labs; logged over 70,000 nautical miles Identified over 4,000 new species First to measure the depth of the Marianas Trench by soundings.

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Charles William Beebe Along with Otis Barton descended to the record depth of 923 m in 1934 in a bathysphere Tropical ecology with the NY Zoological Society Tropical Research Station, Trinidad

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Alfred Wegener German, Humboldt Univ. Berlin; Meteorologist, geologist; proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912 Coined the term Pangaea

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Otis Barton A naturalist and inventor Invented the bathysphere

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Rear Adm. Harry Hess Chair of the Geology Dept, Princeton Captain of the USS Cape Johnson during WWII. Used sonar to map anomalies in the Pacific discovering flat-topped extinct volcanoes he called guyots Called seafloor spreading as plate tectonics

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Jacques Cousteau Co-developed the aqualung later to be called SCUBA Had the TV series The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau Leased the wood-hulled minesweeper Calypso

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Jacques Piccard Swiss engineer, designed the Trieste, a bathyscaphe Explored the Challenger Deep in the Marianas Trench The outer window cracked at 30,000

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The Challenger Expedition measured the depth of the Marianas Trench (~8185 m) in the Pacific Ocean about 200 miles SW of Guam.

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Robert Ballard Had a BS from UC Santa Barbara PhD in Marine Geology from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute; joined Piccard in the Ben Franklin. Was the first to see fumaroles Discovered the RMS Titanic, the Bismarck, the USS Yorktown and PT 109

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Inventions SONAR-Sound Navigation and Ranging for sea-floor mapping and underwater navigation Aqualung later called SCUBA, co- invented by Jacques Cousteau Alvin- submersible owned by USN; recovered the H-bomb from the Mediterranean Sea. Has a titanium hull

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JASON- satellite used to map ocean currents; named for the Greek hero Jason Joint operation between NASA and CNES ROV remote operated vehicle for underwater exploration MULTIBEAM SOUNDING INSTRUMENTS allow precision images produced from reflections of the seafloor. Includes SONAR, DOPPLER and LASER SEASAT Satellite used by NASA

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1985 - JASON Satellite that found and documented the wreck of the Titanic