Welcome to History 44

The Mexican-American in the History of the

United States II

Prof. Valadez

1

I. 1848-1900 the 1st Mexican-

American Generation

II. 1900-1929 Mexico Lindo Generation or Immigrant Gen.

III. 1930-1964 Mexican-American Generation

IV. 1965-1979 Chicano Generation

V. 1980-2000 Hispanic/Latino Gen.

2

Rock-and-Roll (1950s)

• Origins in rhythm & blues, country, & Jazz

• Elvis Presley

– Heartbreak Hotel 1956

3

• Masking Mexican-American Identities

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/latinmusicusa/#/en/wat/03/02

• Origins of the Movement

– In the 1950s the United States was still a segregated and unequal society.

A segregated school

in West Memphis

7

• The Montgomery Bus Boycott

– Brown ensured that it would have the backing of the federal courts.

• Rosa Parks

• Bus boycott

10

Hernandez v. Texas 1954

• Pete Hernandez is found guilty of murder by all white jury in Texas.

• Lawyers argument was that his rights of equal protection under the 14th amendment were violated because he was not tried by a jury of his peers.

6

Identity

Indigenous

Mexican

Spanish

White

Who Is a Chicano?

Read & Discuss • Which article is a primary source?

• Which article is a secondary source?

• How does Salazar define a Chicano?

– How is the Chicano different from Mexican-Americans?

• How does Planas define a Chicano?

– With what do some people associate the term Chicano?

– Who is Francisco P. Ramirez?

• A Chicano is a Mexican-American with a non-Anglo image of himself

• Ruben Salazar

Yo Soy Joaquín 1967

• La raza!

Méjicano!

Español!

Latino!

Chicano!

Or whatever I call myself,

I look the same

I feel the same

I cry

And

Sing the same.

I am the masses of my people

and I refuse to be absorbed.

Who Is a Chicano?

1975 “Read Between the Lines” David Botello

Chicano Movement 1965-1974

1. Farm Workers

2. Land

3. Urban

4. Students

5. Chicanas (Women)

Farm Workers Struggle

• Cesar Chavez

• Dolores Huerta

– “Si Se Puede”

• United Farm Workers 1962

• Bracero Program 1942-1962

• 1965 Delano Strike

• 1975 Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA)

Tierra Amarilla Land Grant 1832

Land Grants

• Alianza Federal de

Mercedes1962

• Reies López Tijerina

• Tierra Amarilla Court House

Raid 1967

Urban Barrios

• Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales

– Crusade for Justice

• 1967 Yo Soy Joaquín

• 1968 El Plan de Barrio

• 1969 El Plan Espiritual de

Aztlan (See document)

I Am Joaquin by Rodolfo Corky Gonzales http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6aMugitAjQ&feature=related

Yo soy Joaquín, perdido en un mundo de confusión: I am Joaquín, lost in a world of confusion, caught up in the whirl of a gringo society, confused by the rules, scorned by attitudes, suppressed by manipulation, and destroyed by modern society. My fathers have lost the economic battle and won the struggle of cultural survival. And now! I must choose between the paradox of victory of the spirit, despite physical hunger, or to exist in the grasp of American social neurosis, sterilization of the soul and a full stomach. Yes, I have come a long way to nowhere, unwillingly dragged by that monstrous, technical, industrial giant called Progress and Anglo success.... I look at myself. I watch my brothers. I shed tears of sorrow. I sow seeds of hate. I withdraw to the safety within the circle of life -- MY OWN PEOPLE I am Cuauhtémoc, proud and noble,

East Los Angeles Walkouts 1968

• Student organizations such as MAYO and Brown Berets were involved in the walkouts

• More than 10,000 students participated in the walkouts in Garfield, Roosevelt, Lincoln, Wilson, Belmont

• Sal Castro, an influential Chicano teacher

The Aztec Migration from Aztlan to

Tenochtitlan (Mexico City)

The Boturini Codex was painted by an unknown Aztec author some time between 1530 and 1541. Lorenzo Boturini Benaducci (1702-1753) a historian.

Youth Organizations

• United Mexican American Students (UMAS) 1967

• Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) 1967

• Brown Berets 1967

• MECHA 1969

• Plan de Santa Barbara 1969 • http://www.utpa.edu/orgs/mecha/st_barbara.html

Women’s Role in Chicano Movement

Chicanas

• 1969 Chicano Youth Liberation Conference

• 1971 Conferencia de Mujeres Por La Raza in Houston, Tx

• Elizabeth “Betita” Martinez

• Enriqueta Vasquez – El Grito del Norte