hindustan zinc project report

7/28/2019 Hindustan Zinc Project Report

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SUMMER TRAINING

PROJECT REPORT

A PROJECT REPORT ON : TYPES OF

ENGINES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Submitted by:Khushwant Choudhary

Submission date: 11/06/2012


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my profound gratitude to the company, Hindustan

Zinc Limited for giving me the opportunity to conduct my project

work.

I would also like to give sincere thank to my project advisor Mr.

R.P.Vagela whose interest and inspire action and expert guidance

help in the completion of the project.

I wish to give special thank to all other for their unconditional

support and co-operation, who have made this project possible.


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INDEX

S.No Title Page

1. Engine 1

2. External combustion engines

i) Applications of EC engines

2

3

3. Internal combustion engines 5

4. Classification of IC engines

i. Cycle of operation

ii. Method of charging

iii. Type of ignition

iv. Type of cooling

v. Cylinder arrangement

6

6

13

13

13

5.

Applications of IC engines

16

6.

Bibliography

19


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TYPES OF ENGINES

AND ITS APPLICATION

ENGINE

An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another form.

Normally most of the engines convert thermal energy into mechanical work

and therefore they are called heat engines.

Heat engine is a device which transforms the chemical energy of the fuel into

mechanical energy and utilizes this thermal energy to perform useful work.

Thus, thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy in a heat engine.

Heat engines can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Internal Combustion Engines(IC Engines)

2. External Combustion Engines(EC Engines)

External combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place

outside the engine and the products of combustion are used as the working

fluid. For example, in a steam engine or steam turbine, the heat generated due

to combustion of the fuel is employed to generate high pressure steam whichis used as working fluid in a reciprocating engine or a turbine.

Internal combustion engines are engines in which combustion takes place

inside the engine. Internal combustion engines are further classified into 2-

stroke and 4-stroke engines & SI and CI engines.


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EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

(EC Engines)

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine where an

(internal) working fluid is heated by combustion in an external source, through

the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting

on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The fluid

is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed cycle), or (less commonly)

dumped, and cool fluid pulled in (open cycle air engine).

Powered by the same technology as their more popular internal counterparts,

External Combustion Engines use a comparable amount of energy and are

similar in nearly all characteristics. Their efficiency comes from what they do

with energy, namely igniting a spark in a vehicle's fuel tank, thereby resulting

in a larger and far superior combustion. Because a greater amount of potential

energy is converted to kinetic energy with the same energy input, the External

Combustion Engine is theoretically more efficient.

Steam Engine is an example of external combustion engine. A steam engine is

a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is

separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such

as solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. Water turns

to steam in a boiler and reaches a high pressure. When expanded through

pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure steam is

then released into the atmosphere or condensed and pumped back into theboiler. The ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called

the Rankine cycle. Most mobile steam engines and some smaller stationary

engines discard the low-pressure steam instead of condensing it for reuse. In

general usage, the term 'steam engine' can refer to integrated steam plants

such as railway steam locomotives and portable engines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine


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Advantages of External Combustion Engines over Internal Combustion

Engines are:

The strength of the steam engine for modern purposes is in its ability to

convert heat from almost any source into mechanical work, unlike theinternal combustion engine.

Steam locomotives are especially advantageous at high elevations as

they are not adversely affected by the lower atmospheric pressure.

APPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Steam engines have been applied to a variety of practical uses. At first it was

applied to reciprocating pumps, but from the 1780s rotative engines (i.e. those

converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion) began to appear, driving

factory machinery such as spinning mules and power looms. Now a days,

steam-powered transport on both sea and land began to make its appearance

becoming ever more dominant as the century progressed.

Steam engines can be classified by their application:

Stationary applicationsStationary steam engines can be classified into two main types:

1. Winding engines, rolling mill engines, steam donkeys, marine engines,

and similar applications which need to frequently stop and reverse.

2. Engines providing power, which rarely stop and do not need to reverse.

These include engines used in thermal power stations and those that

were used in pumping stations, mills, factories and to power cable

railways and cable tramways before the widespread use ofelectric

power.

Transport applications

Steam engines have been used to power a wide array of transport

appliances:

Marine: Steamboat, steamship, steam yacht

Rail: Steam locomotive, fireless locomotive

Agriculture: Traction engine, steam tractor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_yachthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireless_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireless_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_yachthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_millhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winding_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stationary_steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_mulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motion


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Road: Steam wagon, steam bus, steam tricycle, steam car

Construction: Steam roller, steam shovel

Military: steam tank (tracked), steam tank (wheeled), steam catapult

Space: Steam rocket

A steam engine locomotive

Steam powered vehicle
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tank_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_catapulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_catapulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Wheel_Tankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tank_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_shovelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon


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CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINES

Internal combustion engines are usually classified on the basis of

thermodynamic cycle of operation, number of strokes, type of fuel used,method of charging the cylinder, type of cooling, and cylinder arrangement

etc.

1. CYCLE OF OPERATION:According to cycle of operation, IC engines are classified into two

categories:

1. Constant volume heat addition cycle or Otto cycle engine. It is alsocalled a spark ignition engine (SI engine) or Gasoline engine.


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An Otto cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle which describes the

functioning of a typical spark ignition reciprocating piston engine, the

thermodynamic cycle most commonly found in automobile engines.

The Otto cycle consists ofadiabatic compression, heat addition at constant

volume, adiabatic expansion, and rejection of heat at constant volume. In the

case of a four-stroke Otto cycle, technically there are two additional processes:

one for the exhaust of waste heat and combustion products (by

isobaric compression), and one for the intake of cool oxygen-rich air (by

isobaric expansion); however, these are often omitted in a simplified analysis.

Even though these two processes are critical to the functioning of a real

engine, wherein the details of heat transfer and combustion chemistry are

relevant, for the simplified analysis of the thermodynamic cycle, it is simpler

and more convenient to assume that all of the waste-heat is removed during a

single volume change.

The term spark-ignition engine refers to internal combustion engines,

usually petrol engines, where the combustion process of the air-fuel mixture is

ignited by a spark from a spark plug. Spark-ignition engines are commonly

referred to as "gasoline engines" in America, and "petrol engines" in Britain

and the rest of the world. However, these terms are not preferred, since spark-

ignition engines can (and increasingly are) run on fuels other

than petrol/gasoline,suchas autogas (LPG), methanol, ethanol, bioethanol, com

pressed natural gas (CNG), hydrogen, and (in drag racing) nitro methane.

The working cycle of both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines may

be either two-stroke or four-stroke.

A four-stroke spark-ignition engine is an Otto cycle engine. It consists of

following four strokes: suction or intake stroke, compression stroke, expansion

or power stroke, exhaust stroke. Each stroke consists of 180 degree rotation ofcrankshaft rotation and hence a four-stroke cycle is completed through 720
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_plughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobaric_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiabatic_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark-ignition_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_cycle


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degree of crank rotation. Thus for one complete cycle there is only one power

stroke while the crankshaft turns by two revolutions.

4 stroke SI engine:

The four cycles refer to intake, compression, combustion (power), and

exhaust cycles that occur during two crankshaft rotations per power cycle

of the four-cycle engines. The cycle begins at Top Dead Centre (TDC), when

the piston is farthest away from the axis of the crankshaft. A cycle refers tothe full travel of the piston from Top Dead Centre (TDC) to Bottom Dead

Centre (BDC).

1.INTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the

piston descends from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the

cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of fuel

and air, or just air in a diesel engine, is forced by atmospheric (or

greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port. The

intake valve(s) then close. The volume of air/fuel mixture that isdrawn into the cylinder, relative to the volume of the cylinder is

called, the volumetric efficiency of the engine.

2.COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves closed,

the piston returns to the top of the cylinder compressing the air, or

fuel-air mixture into the combustion chamber of the cylinder head.

3.POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of the

engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center, the

compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is ignited, usually

by a spark plug, or fuel is injected into the diesel engine, which


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ignites due to the heat generated in the air during the compression

stroke. The resulting massive pressure from the combustion of the

compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward

bottom dead centre.

4.EXHAUST stroke: during the exhauststroke, the piston once againreturns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is open. This

action evacuates the burnt products of combustion from the

cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air mixture out through the

exhaust valve(s).

2 stoke SI engine:

A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes

the process cycle in one revolution of the crankshaft (an up stroke

and a down stroke of the piston, compared to twice that number for

a four-stroke engine). This is accomplished by using the end of the

combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke to

perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging)

functions. In this way, two-stroke engines often provide high specific

power, at least in a narrow range of rotational speeds. The functions

of some or all of the valves required by a four-stroke engine are

usually served in a two-stroke engine by ports that are opened and

closed by the motion of the piston(s), greatly reducing the number of

moving parts. Gasoline (spark ignition) versions are particularly usefulin lightweight (portable) applications, such as chainsaws.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenging_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_ignitionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scavenging_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine


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2. Constant pressure heat addition cycle or Diesel cycle engine. It is also

called a Compression Ignition engine (CI engine).

P-V Diagram

The Diesel cycle is the thermodynamic cycle which approximates

the pressure and volume of the combustion chamber of the Diesel

engine, invented by Rudolph Diesel in 1897. It is assumed to have

constant pressure during the first part of the "combustion" phase (

to in the diagram, below). This is an idealized mathematical

model: real physical Diesels do have an increase in pressure during

this period, but it is less pronounced than in the Otto cycle. The

idealized Otto cycle of a gasoline engine approximates constant

volume during that phase, generating more of a spike in a p-Vdiagram.

The image on the left shows a p-V diagram for the ideal Diesel cycle; where

is pressure and is specific volume. The ideal Diesel cycle follows the

following four distinct processes:

Process 1 to 2 is isentropic compression of the fluid

Process 2 to 3 is reversible constant pressure heating

Process 3 to 4 is isentropic expansion Process 4 to 1 is reversible constant volume cooling


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The Diesel is a heat engine: it converts heat into work. The isentropic processes

are impermeable to heat: heat flows into the loop through the left expanding

isobaric process and some of it flows back out through the right depressurizing

process, and the heat that remains does the work.

Work in ( ) is done by the piston compressing the working fluid

Heat in ( ) is done by the combustion of the fuel

Work out ( ) is done by the working fluid expanding on to the piston

(this produces usable torque)

Heat out ( ) is done by venting the air

4 stroke CI Engine

oINTAKE stroke: on the intake or induction stroke of the


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piston, the piston descends from the top of the cylinder to

the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the

cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air, or just air in a diesel

engine, is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into

the cylinder through the intake port. The intake valve(s)then close..

o COMPRESSION stroke: with both intake and exhaust valves

closed, the piston returns to the top of the cylinder

compressing the air, or fuel-air mixture into the combustion

chamber of the cylinder head.

o POWER stroke: this is the start of the second revolution of

the engine. While the piston is close to Top Dead Center,

the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine is

ignited, usually by a spark plug, which ignites due to the

heat generated in the air during the compression stroke.

EXHAUST stroke: during the exhauststroke, the piston once

again returns to top dead center while the exhaust valve is

open. This action evacuates the burnt products of

combustion from the cylinder by expelling the spent fuel-air

mixture out through the exhaust valve(s).

2 stroke CI Engine

Two-stroke internal combustion engines are more simple mechanically than

four-stroke engines, but more complex in thermodynamic and aerodynamic

processes.

Intake begins when the piston is near the bottom dead center. Air is

admitted to In the early phase of intake, the air charge is also used to force

out any remaining combustion gases from the preceding power stroke, a

process referred to as scavenging.

As the piston rises, the intake charge of air is compressed. Near top dead

center, fuel is injected, resulting in combustion due to the extremely high

pressure and heat created by compression, which drives the piston

downward. As the piston moves downward in the cylinder it will reach a

point where the exhaust port is opened to expel the high-pressure

combustion gasses.


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2. METHOD OF CHARGING:

According to the method of supercharging, the engines are classified as

i. Naturally aspirated engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at nearatmospheric pressure.

ii. Supercharged engines: admission of air or fuel-air mixture at a pressure

above atmospheric pressure.

3. TYPE OF IGNITION:

Spark ignition engines requires an external source of energy for the initiationof spark and thereby the combustion process. A high voltage spark is made to

jump through the combustion process. In order to produce the required high

voltage there are two types of ignition systems which are normally used. They

are:

i. Battery ignition system

ii. Magneto ignition system

4. TYPE OF COOLING:

Cooling is very essential for satisfactory running of an engine. There are two

types of cooling in use and according to them, engine are classified as:

i. Air cooled engine

ii. Water cooled engine

5. CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT:

Another common method of classifying reciprocating engines is by the cylinder

arrangement. The cylinder arrangement is only applicable to multi cylinder

engines. Two terms used in connection with cylinder arrangements must be

defined first


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Inline engines:

Theinline engine is an engine with one cylinder bank, i.e. all cylinders are

arranged linearly, and transmit power to a single crankshaft. This type is quite

common with automobile engines.

V engines:

In this engine there are two banks of cylinders inclines to each other to the

crankshaft. Most of the high powered vehicles use 8 cylinder v engine, four in

line on each side of the v.

Opposed cylinder engine:

This engine has two cylinder banks located on the same plane on opposite

sides of the crankshaft. It can be visualised as two inline arrangement 180

degrees apart. It is inherently a well balanced engine and has advantage of a

single cylinder.

Opposed piston engine:

When a single cylinder houses two pistons, each of which driving a separate

crankshaft, it is called an opposed piston engine. The movement of the pistonsis synchronised by coupling the two crankshafts. It is also well balanced engine.

It has an advantage of having no cylinder head. The engine usually functions on

principle of two stroke engine.

Radial engine:

Radial engine is one in which there is more than two cylinders in each row are

equally spaced around the crankshaft. The radial arrangement of cylinder is

most commonly used in conventional air cooled aircraft engines. Pistons of all

the cylinders are coupled to same crankshaft.

X type engine:

This design is a variation of v type. It has four banks of cylinder attached to a

single crankshaft.

H type engine:


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The h type is essentially two opposed cylinder type utilizing two separate but

interconnected crankshafts.

U type engine:

The u type engine is a variation of opposed piston arrangement.

Delta type engine:

The delta type is essentially a combination of three opposed piston engine with

three crankshafts interlinked to one another.


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APPLICATIONS OF IC ENGINES

The most important application of IC engines is in transport on land, sea, and

air. Other applications include industrial power plants and as prime movers for

electrical generators.

IC engines EC engines

Type Applications Type Applications

Gasoline

engines

Gas

engines

Diesel

engines

Gas

turbines

Automotive, marine,

aircrafts

Industrial power

generation

Automotive, railway,

power

Power, aircraft,

industrial, marine

Steam

engine

Stirling

engine

Steam

turbines

Close cycle

gas

turbine

Locomotive , marine

applications

Experimental space

vehicles

Power, large marine

applications

Power, marine

Some other applications of IC engines are:

Two stroke gasoline engines

Small two stroke gasoline engines are used where simplicity and low

cost are of prime importance. In such applications lesser fuel


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consumption is the main consideration. The smallest engines are used in

mopeds and lawn movers.

Scooters and motorcycles are generally having 100-150 cc gasoline

engines having a maximum brake power of 5kw at 5500rpm. High

powered motorcycles have 250 cc engines , developing a max brake

power of 10kw.

Two stroke gasoline engines may also be used in very small electric

generators, pumping sets, and outboard motorboats.

Two stroke diesel engineVery high power diesel engines are used for ship propulsion are

commonly two stroke diesel engines.

Four stroke gasoline engine

The most common use of small four stroke gasoline engine is in

automobiles. A typical automobile powered by four stroke gasoline

engine develops about 30-60kw at 4500 rpm.

Four stroke gasoline engines were also used in buses and trucks. They

were generally 4000cc with maximum rake power of 90kw.

Another application of small four stroke gasoline engine is in small and

mobile electric generator sets.

Small aircrafts uses radial four stroke gasoline engines.

Four stroke diesel engine

Four stroke diesel engine is one of the most efficient and versatile prime

movers. It is manufactured in sizes from 50 mm to 1000 mm of cylinder

diameter.


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Small engines are used as pump sets, construction machinery air

compressors, drilling rigs and many other miscellaneous applications.

Tractors for agriculture application use 30kw diesel engines whereas

jeep, buses, trucks uses 40 to 100kw engines. Generally they give high

power outputs when supercharged.

Earthmoving machines uses supercharged four stroke diesel engines in

output ranging 200 400kw.

Marine applications, from fishing vessels to ocean going ships use diesel

engines from 100- 3500kw.

Diesel engines are used both for mobile and stationary electric

generating plants of varying capacities.

Compared to gasoline engines, these engines are more efficient.

However, the vibrations from the engine and the unpleasant odour from

the exhaust are the main drawbacks as compared to gasoline engines.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS:

Internal Combustion Engines by V GANESAN

Internal Combustion Engines by MATHUR & SHARMA

WEBSITES:

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://images.google.com/
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://images.google.com/http://images.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/

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