highway research record no. 34 (2006-07).pdf

8/18/2019 Highway Research Record No. 34 (2006-07).pdf

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HIGHWAYRESEARCH RECORD

NUMBER 34

General Report onRoad Research Work DoneIn India during 2006-07

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IRC HIGHWAY RESEARCH BOARD

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

I. HIGHWAY PLANNING, MANAGEMENT,PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ANDINSTRUMENTATION

1. HIGHWAY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. National Data Centre for Managing Data for Planning, Design and

Management of Roads (CSIR Network Project)B. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Road Network Planning Approach for Location of Urban Amenities in

Rural Areas- A Case Study of Laksar Block -Haridwar District2. Development of GIS based National Highway Information System3. Development of a Critical Infrastructure Information System in GIS

Environment for Maintenance of Bridges on National and StateHighways – Case Study on Ghaziabad District

C. NEW PROJECTS1. Development of Hill Highway in Kerala Socio Economic Impact of

Improving Connectivity in Hilly Region

2. PAVEMENT EVALUATION

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. Investigation to determine the likely causes for development ofSlippage and Cracking on Noida – Greater Noida Expressway andNeeded Remedial Measures

3. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE

SUMMARY

A. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Performance Study on proposed Flexible Pavement with Regular and

Modified Sub Bases2. Study on Overloading of Trucks and its Effect on Pavement Design


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3. Use of Yellow Stone in Road ConstructionB. NEW PROJECTS1. R&D Studies on Performance Evaluation of Rigid Pavements on High

Density Traffic Corridors using Instrumentation Supported byLaboratory Tests

2. Pilot Study on Effect of Overloading on Road Infrastructure3. New Concept & Study of Tolerance Factors which Results in

Deterioration of Crust Thickness after Consolidation with regard to Oldas well as New Pavements

4. Study of Road Performance Constructed by Oversize Aggregates5. Analytical Study and Review of Road Performance Parameters/ Ability

of Roads made by different types of Bitumens

4. INSTRUMENTATION AND MICRO-PROCESSOR APPLICATIONS

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS 1. Development of Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) System for Traffic

Management using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Tags andDedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) Technology

2. Design and Development of a System for Automated Measurement ofDeflection Basin under Truck Dual Tire Assembly

3. Design and Development of Roller Mounted Nuclear Density Gauge forContinuous Measurement of Density at the time of Construction ofPavement Layers

B. NEW PROJECTS 1. Performance Evaluation of Roughometer II under Indian Conditions

II. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND PAVING MATERIALS

1. SOIL STABILIZATION, LOW GRADE MATERIALS AND LOWVOLUME ROADS

SUMMARY

A. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Use of Ash Generated from Surat Lignite Power Plant for StabilizingDifferent Types of Clayey Soils for Construction of Roads

2. Ground Stabilization Technique for Road Construction in Clayey Soilsof Kuttanad Region

B. NEW PROJECTS1. Study & Measures of Road Construction in Presence of Harmful Salts

in U.P.2. Study of Reconstruction of Rural Roads in place of Renewal Work,

where the proper design was not undertaken earlier

2. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT


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SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Studies on the Use of Modified Bitumen Binders2. Bitumen Modification through Packaging Technology

3. Study on the Utilization of Waste Plastic in Bituminous Pavements4. Investigation for determining the causes of Distress/Rutting on Jaipur

Bypass (Zones C&D of NH-8)5. Asset Management Study of Ahmedabad – Mehsana Toll RoadB. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Shelf Life Studies of Bituminous Emulsion2. Use of Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen (NRMB) in Bituminous

Surfacing in Various Climatic Conditions of India3. Field Trial on Design and Construction of Stone Matrix Asphalt

Surfacing between Khajuri Chowk and Brij Puri Chowk on Road No. 59in Delhi

4. Study to Prevent Reflecting Cracks on Bituminous Overlay overCracked Concrete Pavement using Geotextile

C. NEW PROJECTS1. Investigation on Field Performance of Bituminous Mixes with Modified

Binders2. Development of Quality Bitumen from Refinery Components of AOD3. Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Bituminous Products4. Development of Polymer Modified Bitumen using Elastomeric

Thermoplastic Polymers5. Construction and Performance Evaluation of Trial Sections laid with

Multigrade Bitumen6. Development of Bitumen Emulsion based Cold Mix Technology for

Structural Layers of Flexible Pavement in different Climates7. Laboratory study to evaluate the effect of Warm Asphalt on strength

properties of Bituminous Mixes8. Blending of Non – Biodegradable Plastic Wastes and their use in Road

Construction9. Cost Effective Materials and Technologies for Construction and

Maintenance of Rigid and Flexible Pavement: Development ofMaterials for Thin Surfacing for Flexible and Rigid Pavements

10. Creating Correlation between Soil Stiffness, Field Density and CBR

3. RIGID PAVEMENTS

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Studies on Flakiness and Elongation Indices of Aggregates in Different

Layers of Bituminous and Rigid Pavements2. High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete for Construction and

Repair of Concrete PavementsB. ON GOING PROJECTS

1. Use of Sulfonated Melamine Formaldehyde Super Plasticizer (SMF)and Fly Ash in Cement Concrete Roads


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C. NEW PROJECTS1. Study of using lead zinc slag as fine aggregate for the construction of

embankments, granular sub-base, cement concrete and bituminouslayers

III. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Study on the Use of Copper Slag in Road and Embankment

Construction2. GIS Based Subsurface Geotechnical Map of Delhi3. Microzonation Map of Delhi4. Suitability of Locally Available Materials for Road Construction in

Kerala – Use of Waste Plastics for Road Construction5. Suitability of Locally Available Materials for Road Construction in

Kerala – Use of Coir Waste and Rice Husk Ash for Sub Grade SoilStabilization

B. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Investigation of Landslide at Kaliasaur on NH-58 and Design of Control

Measures for Long Term Stability2. Investigation of Unstable slope on North Eastern Side of the IIRS

Campus and Suitable Measures for its Prevention3. Use of Jute Geotextile for Efficient Road Drainage and Stabilization4. Guidelines for Soil Nailing Technique in Highway Engineering5 Analysis of Embankment Failures Due to EarthquakeC. NEW PROJECTS 1. Design of Railway Embankment using Pond Ash2. Utilisation of Construction & Demolition (C&D) Wastes in Road Works3. Erosion Control Measures for Roads in Rann of Kutch, Gujarat4. Investigation and remedial measures for sinking problem of NH-39 at

km.214.2405. Geo-textile Sand Container Mattresses (GSCM) Lining for Temporary

River Diversion Channels6. Study on the Effect of using Quarry Dust and Copper Slag in Sub Base

of Flexible Pavement

IV. BRIDGE ENGINEERING

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Studies for Aerodynamic Stability of Cable Stayed Bridge Decks (B-25)B. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Creation of National Test Facility, Formulation of Guidelines,

Specifications, Manual of Practice for Design and Execution of

Expansion Joints (B-34)2. Determination of Scour Depth (for General Bed, within Channel


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Contractions and at Bridge Piers) in Boulder-Bed Rivers under HighStream Velocities (B-33)

3. Creating Data-base on Bridges Information System for the State ofTamil Nadu

4. Studies on Hard Topping for Distressed C.C. Wearing Coats &

Concrete Pavements5. Fatigue Performance of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) and

Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Composite Girder Bridges underSimulated Live Loading

6. Dynamic Response of Prestressed Concrete Bridges

7. Distress Diagnostic, Performance Evaluation and Bridge ManagementSystem for Concrete Bridges. (A collaborative project with DST)

V. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

1. PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Advanced Parking Management System installed at Connaught Place2. Development of New Generation of Mode Choice Models using

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Method3. Design of Interchange at Kapashera Intersection4. Periodic updating of Price Index for Stage Carriages Operation in

KeralaB. ON GOING PROJECTS1. Video Incident Detection System and Loop Based Traffic Incident

Detection System.C. NEW PROJECTS1. Preparation of Computerized Inventory of Roads for Muvattupuzha and

Vadavucode Block Panchayaths in Ernakulam District2. Assessment of Rural Accessibility in different Terrains of Kerala3. Studies on Operational Efficiency on KSRTC Mini Bus Services

2. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

SUMMARY

A. COMPLETED PROJECTS1. Accident Abatement Measures for Urban Areas in Kerala2. A Comparative Study of Psychomotor Performance of Drivers with and

without Usage of Alcohol3. Accident Recording & Analysis Procedures in India4. Driver Protection Strategies (Seat Belt and Helmet Use)5. Air Pollution and Traffic Flow Characteristics along Delhi –Chandigarh

and Chandigarh – Shimla CorridorsB. ON GOING PROJECTS


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1. Safe Road to School – An Action Plan for promoting Road Safetyamong School children

2. Further Studies on Accident Costing (IMRA T-7)3. A comparative Study of Accident Risk Index (ARI) for Various Districts

of Gujarat State

4. Comparative Study of Accidents on N.H. 8 Passing from Baroda to Ahmedabad Districts

5. Study of Noise Pollution due to Automobiles in Major Cities of Kerala6. Design Norms for Safe & Environmentally Pleasing Pedestrian

FacilitiesC. NEW PROJECTS1. Spectrum Analysis of Road Accidents in Gujarat State2. Safe Community Programme for Selected Panchayaths in Kerala3. Road Safety Audit of Select National Highways / Expressway Sections

on Western Transport Corridor and East-West Corridors under NationalHighways Development Project in India (Package „D‟)

4. Study of Accidents on NH-45 (KM 0/0 – 56/0)5. Traffic Accident Prevention Study in East Coast Road (km 11/0 –

135/500)6. Road Safety Audit for Select Stretch on NH-2057. Identification and Analysis of Black Spots on EVR Salai

VI. RESEARCH WORK DONE IN ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS RELA TED TO

THESIS WORK

A. HIGHWAY PLANNING, MANAGEMENT, PERFORMANCEEVALUATION AND INSTRUMENTATION

1. A study on Road Maintenance Programmes in Maraimalai NagarMunicipality of Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) using HDM-4

2. Roughness Progression Modeling using ANN Technique3. Influence of Road Roughness on Speed4. Study of Distribution of Axle Loads of Commercial Vehicles and its

Effect on Pavement PerformanceB. PAVEMENT ENGINEERING AND PAVING MATERIALS1. Investigations on Engineering Behaviour of Clayey Soil Reinforced with

Nylon Fibers and Sand2. Stabilization of Clayey Soil using Fly Ash and Lime

3. Evaluation of Toner Modified Bituminous Binder4. Viscometric Studies of Straight Run Bitumen5. Improvements to Soft Clay Subgrade with Quarry Dust and Lime6. Characterization of Healing of Asphalt Mixtures7. Constitutive Modeling of Pavement Materials8. Influence of Short Term Aging and Compaction Effort on the Tensile

Strength of Sand-Asphalt Mixtures9. Study on Behaviour of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Mixes10. Variability in Bitumen Properties between Production and Construction11. Investigations on Field Performance of Bituminous Mixes with Modified

Binders

12. Experimental Investigation on Crumb Rubber Concrete13. Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Performance of bituminous Concrete


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Mixes14. Use of Recycled Bag Filter Dust in Hot Mix Plants for Bituminous

PavementsC. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION1. Disaggregate Mode Choice Models for Intercity Travel

2. Optimization of Traffic Signal Timings along a Corridor3. Uni Directional Traffic Flow Modelling Using Cellular Automata4. Study of Critical Gap at 3 – Legged Intersections5. A Study on Travel Characteristics of Rural Commuters in Calicut

District6. Traffic Volume Analyses and Prediction under Heterogeneous

Conditions.7. Study of Traffic Flow Characteristics on Intercity Highways8. Mode Choice and Accessibility in the extended areas of Chennai

9. Rural Bus Route Network Planning Based on Passenger Travel

Demand10. Evaluation of Urban Road Network with Various Transport Alternatives

using EMME/211. Heterogeneity in Mode Choice across Individuals12. GIS Based Road Accident Analysis System13. Cluster Analysis of Improving of Road Accident Black Spots14. Analysis of Highway Accidents using GIS and ANN15. Development of Driver Workload Models for Evaluation of Highway

Geometric Design Consistency16. Development of Speed Prediction Models and Evaluation of Highway

Geometric Design Consistency17. Road Safety Studies on Rural Highways18. Mobility and Accessibility Problems of the Transport Disabled19. Transports, Energy and Environmental Planning – A Systems

Approach20. Study of Influence of Lane Restrictions on Vehicular Emissions under

Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

LIST OF ORGANISATIONS

APPENDIX: Proforma Sheet for Reporting R&D Work for the General Report


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INTRODUCTION

Highway Research Record No. 34 describes the General Report onRoad Research Work done in India during the year 2006-07. This documenthas been prepared by compiling the progress of research work reported by 17

Research Organisations and Academic Institutions in the country. The namesof reporting organizations have been listed at the end of the report. As theGeneral Report on Road Research is intended to provide information onresearch works carried out under various research projects, works reportedon routine investigations and laboratory / field testing have been omitted fromthe document.

As per the classification, the entire material has been divided into fiveSections, namely, Highway Planning & Management, Performance Evaluation& Instrumentation; Pavement Engineering & Paving Materials; GeotechnicalEngineering; Bridge Engineering and Traffic & Transportation Engineering.

The projects in each section are further classified in to three broad categoriesnamely (i) Completed Projects (ii) On going Projects and (iii) ProjectsReported First Time, i.e., New Projects. The research works carried out as apart of Master and Doctoral thesis in the Academic Institutions have also beenreported separately in Section VI of the report.

The research work in each section has been reported as per thestandard Proforma for three broad categories of projects. The proforma alongwith other related information are given in Appendix-I.

Each sectional report begins with a brief overview in the form of Summaryfollowed by a few salient points towards channelising the discussions duringthe presentation of the report in the IRC Annual Session.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the General Report on Road Research Work done in India for theyear 2006-07, published as the Highway Research Record No. 34, the

research work done by 17 organisations on various aspects has beenreported. The report has been compiled by CRRI. The R&D work is reportedunder the following five major Areas and the Research work done in Academic Institutions related to the thesis work is reported under Section VI.

I. Highway Planning, Management, Performance Evaluation andInstrumentation

II. Pavement Engineering and Paving MaterialsIII. Geotechnical EngineeringIV. Bridge EngineeringV. Traffic & Transportation Engineering

I. Highway Planning, Management, Performance Evaluation &Instrumentation

1.1 Highway Planning & Management

As a part of the CSIR Network Project a study on National Data Centrefor Managing Data for Planning, Design and Management of Roadshas been reported. Under this project methodologies/ approaches hasbeen developed for development of GIS based database for varioustypes of roads.

A Case Study on Road Network Planning Approach for Location ofUrban Amenities in Rural Areas has been carried out. Objective of thisis to develop a rural road network planning approach to provideconnectivity to all villages in an optimal way to the urban facility centerin rural areas.

An important project on Development of GIS based National HighwayInformation System has been reported. User friendly software will bedeveloped for monitoring, retrieval and updation of data. A case study

on Development of a Critical Infrastructure Information System in GISEnvironment for Maintenance of Bridges on National and StateHighways for Ghaziabad District has been reported. Under the newproject, a project on Development of Hill Highway in Kerala-SocioEconomic Impact of Improving Connectivity in Hilly Region with scopecontaining delineation of hill highway influence area in the hill district ofWayanad, study the existing land use, preparation of road inventoryand to observe the socio economic aspects of the region.

1.2 Pavement Evaluation

There is a single project reported under this area. It is to carryoutinvestigations to determine the likely causes for development of


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slippage and cracking on Noida – Greater Noida Expressway and theneeded remedial measures.

Based on laboratory and field investigation data, the probable causesfor development of pre-mature distress on Noida – Greater Noida

Expressway were found out and remedial measures suggested.

1.3 Pavement Performance

Research works reported in the area of pavement performance mainlycomprise performance of regular and modified sub bases andoversized aggregates and effect of overloading on road infrastructureand use of yellow stone in road construction.

On-going projects are performance study on proposed flexible

pavements with regular and modified sub bases. New projects initiatedinclude R&D studies on performance evaluation of rigid pavements onHigh Density Speed Corridors using Instrumentation supported bylaboratory tests, pilot study on effect of overloading on roadinfrastructure, new concept and study of tolerance factors which resultsdeterioration of crust thickness after consolidation with regard to old aswell as new pavements, study of road performance of oversizedaggregates and analytical study and review of road performanceparameters/ability of roads made by different types of bitumen.

The experimental stretch, provided with modified sub base of quarrydust and copper slag, is proposed to be tested for riding quality toascertain its performance. A pilot study on effect of overloading on roadinfrastructure has been initiated to assess and highlight the excessivecosts incurred on various accounts due to overloading and torecommend optimal / rational limits for legal axle loads and grossvehicle weights. Analytical study and review of road performanceparameters / ability of roads made by different types of bitumen hasbeen taken up to compare the performance of penetration gradebitumen 60/70with various binders such as bituminous emulsions,polymer modified bitumen, crumb rubber modified bitumen and 80/100

grade penetration bitumen.

1.4 Instrumentation

A study on development of Development of Electronic Toll Collection(ETC) System for Traffic Management using RFID Tags and DedicatedShort Range Communication Technology has been reported as acompleted project. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is anautomated data capture technology for identifying, locating or trackingpeople and assets which normally consists of computer, a reader and a

tag that when used together provide a wireless communication system.In another study a system for Measurement of Deflection basin under


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Truck Dual Tire Assembly has been designed and developed.Deflections are measured at radial distances from the center of loadingusing LVDT‟s. The deflection profile is useful for getting the parameterssuch as maximum deflection, surface base curvature index. Thedevelopment of Roller mounted nuclear density gauge system has

been reported to make use of nuclear source of measurement ofdensity of compacted pavement layer as the road roller passes overthe pavement. A new project on Performance Evaluation ofRoughometer II, a high speed roughness measuring device developedby Australian Road Research Board (ARRB), under Indian conditionshas been undertaken.

2. Pavement Engineering and Paving Materials

2.1 Soil Stabilisation, Low Grade Materials and Low Volume Roads

The ash being generated, particularly from Surat Lignite Power Plant(SLPP) has been used in many road constructions along with differenttypes of clay particularly of Kuttanad region for stabilization purpose. Ash generated in SLPP is eco-friendly and gives better results whenmixed with different proportions of lime. It has been found out thatwhen a particular amount of ash is being mixed with lime it althoughdecreases density but it increases CBR value. Another study on roundstabilization technique for road construction in clayey soils of Kuttanadregion has been reported.

Study & control measures for the harmful salt contents present in thesoil for road construction have been taken into account this year.Reconstruction of rural roads at the time of renewal works along withredesigning of the road has been reported. The study of cost againstperformance achieved of road shall be made for each rural and lowvolume roads

2.2 Flexible Pavements

The research works reported encompasses many diversified aspects

but primarily concentrated on materials and mixes. A total of 4 studieson modified binders have been reported covering natural rubber, SBS,Eva and crumb rubber. Field performance of roads was also monitoredin a project reported and it was found that pavement performanceimproved by the use of modified bituminous binders. The projectsreported on the use of waste plastic in bituminous pavement hasrevealed that adding waste plastic during mix preparation is of marginalsignificance and that blending with bituminous mix needs to be furtherstudied. Work on bitumen packaging in plastic is reported which aimsto save steel used for druma and thus has a significant potential.Projects completed include asset management study of Ahmedabad-

Mehsana Toll Road. Findings emerging out of this study were used inchecking the adequacy of maintenance provisions / inputs planned in


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the concession agreement for maintaining the assets as per pre-determined requirements specified for the road.

Safe storage period and shelf life for bitumen emulsions including theirapplication in structural layers have been studied through two different

projects and results are found to be encouraging. A study on mixdesign and field trials of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is reported inwhich recommendations for the suitability of plants is made. Retardingreflection cracks with the use of geotextile has been reported in a yetanother project. Developing quality bitumen from refinery componentsof AOD has been reported with successful production of VG-10 andVG-20 grade bitumens. Environmental hazard investigations andenergy savings through Warm Asphalt (WA) technology has beenreported in one project while continued field performance evaluation ofmultigrade bitumen is reported in another study.

2.3 Rigid Pavements

Study on the use of flaky and elongated aggregates in PavementQuality Concrete indicated that neglecting the flakiness indices affectsthe strength of concrete. According to the study, a limit of flakinessindex of 40% may be considered as maximum value for M40 andhigher grade of concrete. Another study on „High Performance FiberReinforced Concrete‟ has indicated that such concrete is suitable formaking ultrathin white hopping for strengthening of bituminous roadsand also for the repair of concrete structures. The use of steel fibers,polypropylene and polyester fibers resulted in better strength andperformance of concrete. A study carried out on the use of Zinc slag asfine aggregate for the construction of embankments & granules sub-bases indicated that a mix of 75% slag and 25% soil can be used inembankments and subgrade while 15% slag along with 15% stone dustcan be mixed with conventional aggregates to arrive at the specifiedgradation for wet mix macadam. The study has also indicated thatabout 30% slag can be used in both pavement quality concrete as wellas in dry lean concrete mixes. It was also observed that about 15-20%slag can be used in bituminous concrete mixes.

3. Geotechnical Engineering

Majority of the projects listed in record indicates that there variousmajor R&D areas being pursued by different organizations in the fieldof Geotechnical Engineering which comprises of use of waste materialsfor stabilization and ground improvement techniques such as Use ofCopper Slag, Construction and Demolition wastes, Use of Pond ash inembankment construction, Erosion Control in Rann of Kutch,Investigation and Remedial Measures for sinking problem of NH-39and Geotextile Sand Container Mattresses (GSCM) lining for

temporary river diversion channels. Stabilization and groundimprovement techniques have been undertaken for Landslides also as


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in Kaliasaur on NH-58 and Design of Control Measures for Long TermStability and Investigation of Unstable slope in North Eastern sidealong with suitable preventive measures for the site. Combination ofgeotechnical engineering along with GIS has also given some goodfindings like a Geotechnical Map for Delhi has been prepared which

mainly gives the details of 1776 borehole pertaining to various aspectsof geotechnical properties of soil & rocks of Delhi. Microzonation ofDelhi has been done which gives various thematic maps forGeological, Geomorphological, Rock depth, Water depth, Seismo-tectonic and Population of Delhi. Research on Soil nailing techniqueshave been conducted which will help in evolving guidelines for differenttypes of loading conditions including earthquake loading for differentsoil conditions. Other major projects include, Impact of Digging byPublic Utility Departments on Urban Roads; Foundation investigationsof Grid Stations/Transmission Line Tower/Pump Houses/Bridges/Buildings.

4. Bridge Engineering

One research project on Studies for Aerodynamic Stability of CableStayed Bridge Decks (MOSRTH Research Scheme –B25) has beencompleted successfully by CRRI. The work completed and reported islimited to aerodynamic stability of cable stayed bridge decks. Moreefforts are to be carried out to investigate the aerodynamics of othertype of bridge decks used in long span cable stayed bridges. Furtherwind tunnel studies are to be carried out to under stand theaerodynamic effects on pylons of different configuration and cables ofdifferent diameters.

Other Projects reported are ongoing and include Creation of NationalTest facility, Formulation of Guidelines, Specifications, manual ofPractice for Design and Execution of Expansion Joints (B-34),Determination of Scour Depth (for General Bed, within ChannelContractions and at Bridge Piers) in Boulder-Bed Rivers under HighStream Velocities (B-33), Creating Data-base on Bridges Information

System for the State of Tamil Nadu, Studies on Hard Topping forDistressed C.C. Wearing Coats & Concrete Pavements, FatiguePerformance of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) and PrestressedConcrete (PSC) Composite Girder Bridges under Simulated LiveLoading, Dynamic Response of Prestressed Concrete Bridges,Distress Diagnostic, Performance Evaluation and Bridge ManagementSystem for Concrete Bridges, (A collaborative project with DST). In theproject on creation of National Test facility, Formulation of Guidelines,Specifications, manual of Practice for Design and Execution ofExpansion Joints aims to develop the testing facilities to evaluatebridge deck joints at CRRI Dynamic cum Heavy Testing Laboratory at

Ghaziabad. CRRI received three global tenders for setting up thetesting facility. CRRI is in progress of exploring the detailed


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specifications of the testing facilities and estimating the total revisedcost of the scheme for comprehensive testing facility. However, withthe existing fatigue testing facility, CRRI carried out Fatigue Evaluationof edge beams of Strip Seal, Slab Seal, and Modular type expansion joints in an attempt to develop expertise at CRRI Dynamic cum Heavy

Testing Laboratory at Ghaziabad. Further, CRRI developed expertisein carrying out field Ponding Evaluation of Strip Seal, Slab Seal, andModular Type bridge expansion joints. Field experiments wereconducted on all the Slab Seal expansion joints of Loni Road Flyover,New Delhi. In the project on Determination of Scour Depth (for GeneralBed, within Channel Contractions and at Bridge Piers) in Boulder-BedRivers under High Stream Velocities (B-33) the draft final reportcircumscribing the following activities has been submitted to theMinistry:

Identification of threshold condition for movement of boulders understream flow, qualification of transport rate under boulders and

estimation of scour in general boulder beds during high floods. Estimation of magnitude of scour within channel contraction in

boulder beds during high floods.

Estimation of magnitude of scour in Bridge piers embedded inboulder beds during high floods.

In the project on Creating Data-base on Bridges Information System forthe State of Tamil Nadu the particulars of bridges on various categoriesof roads in Tamil Nadu, such as N.H, S.H., M.D.R. & O.D.R. have beenfed into the system using M.S. Access Program classifying the data

into 27 different aspects for each bridge. The data has been sent to theconcerned divisions for final check and for accuracy. On receiving fromthe concerned divisions the same will be finalized. In the projectStudies on Hard Topping for Distressed C.C. Wearing Coats &Concrete Pavements, Highway Research Station, Chennai isdeveloping proper Cement and Polymer based concrete for repair,procedures to study their effectiveness. Laboratory studies have beencompleted. The field experimental stretch has been laid and fieldperformance evaluation is going on. It may be complete by June 2008.In the project Fatigue Performance of Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC) and Prestressed Concrete (PSC) Composite Girder Bridges

under Simulated Live Loading a bridge model is fabricated in the Labwhich consists of two number of10.5 m long prestressed girder andcast-in-situ RCC slab (2.5 wide and 10.5 m long) over these twogirders connected by shear connector for fatigue test of simulated liveload as per IRC loading. The experimental results of fatigue tests onbonded and unbonded beams shows the development of flexuralcracks along the depth & near to mid span portion of the beam underdesigned live load after a number of million cycles which providesinformation about the service span of a bridge under extreme loadingcase. In the project Dynamic Response of Prestressed ConcreteBridges, a FEM software has been developed for dynamic analysis of

prestressed concrete bridges incorporating various model of creep &shrinkage. Validation of the software has been done with or without


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consideration of creep and shrinkage effects by analysing various PSCbeams (Rectangular and T-shaped) and an existing simply supportedsingle cell box-girder bridge. Analytical study has been carried out tofind out the static as well as dynamic response of an existing bridge(Lok Nayak setu bridge, New Delhi) considering effects of creep and

shrinkage under various loading conditions at various ages of concrete.In the project, Distress Diagnostic, Performance Evaluation and BridgeManagement System for Concrete Bridges (A collaborative project withDST) the detailed structural design, drawings and final report of thevisual inspection mobile unit of 10m long arm have been prepared. Thefabrication has been started for one prototype unit as a separateproject in joint collaboration with MERADO, Ludhiana and DST NewDelhi. Further, in regard of development of software for prediction ofresidual life of abridge methodology and algorithm for assessing loadcarrying capacity of the slab bridge considering the degraded systemi.e. deterioration modeling of corrosion of steel bars in concrete bridges

has been completed. The preparation of the software based on thestated methodology using visual basic is in progress. The softwarelanguage so chosen would ensure integrity with the distress diagnosticmodule.

5. Traffic and Transportation

5.1 Planning and Management

Under this section, a study has been reported on Advance ParkingManagement System installed at Connaught Place, New Delhi. It wasobserved that on an average about 2100 vehicles / day were parkedbefore the installation of the APMC (till July, 2006) which increased toabout 2600 vehicles / day after the installation (August 2006 – January2007). It was observed that overall there is overall 24 percent increase(10% for two wheelers and 31% for four wheelers) in revenuegeneration (parking fee collected) due to installation of APMC. It wasobserved that 64% of the respondents are benefited due to the displayof parking space availability through VMS boards installed on theleading approach roads while 81% respondents have shown

willingness to switch over to smart card payment system. It wasrecommended to extend the scope of providing information on parkingstatus from VMS boards to FM radio and internet etc. Further it hasbeen recommended to carryout economic viability of this system in thelong run.

A project on Development of New Generation of Mode Choice Modelsusing Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Method has been reported. Thestudy has revealed that the ANN method has been used to predict themode choice behavior of the road user in the selected medium sizecities.


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A study has been reported on design of interchange facility betweenNH-8 and Dwarka – Vasant Kunj Link, a part of Urban Extension Road(UER) at Kapashera intersection, Delhi. It was observed that UERwould act as one of the major connectors between Dwarka and SouthDelhi / Gurgaon. Considering that the proposal of developing

Mahipalpur bypass road linking with Indira Gandhi International (IGI)airport it was considered prudent to integrate this bypass also with theproposed four armed cloverleaf interchange at Kapashera. Taking intoconsiderations the observed and likely origin and destination pattern oftraffic across the interchange, it was estimated that the developmentlinking with Vasant Kunj and beyond upto Mehrauli – Gurgaon RoadM.G. Road would help in diverting about 29% the traffic i.e. about46000 vehicles per day in 2021 to urban extension Road andMahipalpur bypass. Four alternative proposals were considered fromvarious technical considerations and most appropriate wasrecommended in consultation with DDA.

A study has been reported on periodic updating of Price Index for stagecarriages operations in Kerla Review of fair policy and pricing, latestprice lists trip details, sample road factor, latest cost data changes inmechanic and maintenance system spare parts details has beencarried out through analysis. Revision of PISCO (Revised costmodeling, cost tables) have been done. It has been recommended thatdetailed costing should also be carried out on new technology vehicles.

On going project reported under this section include Video Incidentdetection system and Loop Based traffic Incident detection system, apilot study being conducted at Delhi by CRRI, New Delhi.

Besides this three new projects have been reported on computerizedinventorisation of roads, assessment of rural accessibility and study ofoperational efficiency of mini bus services of KSRTC.

5.2 Safety and Environment

Under this topic, studies related to recording, analysis and abatementmeasures for prevention of road traffic accidents, road safety auditing,

pedestrian safety, psychomotor performance of drivers under theinfluence of alcohol and air & noise pollution along highways and inurban areas have been reported.

A study related to psychomotor performance of drivers under theinfluence of alcohol was carried over in the laboratory over theapproximately 250 light motor vehicle drivers under controlledconditions. The study related the effect of alcohol concentration on thepsychomotor performance of the drivers and also related it with the ageof the driver.

A study related to accident recording and analysis procedures in Indiahas highlighted the importance of good accident data collection system


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and critically evaluated the existing road accident recording andreporting in the First Information Reports (FIRs) and analysisprocedure in India and abroad and highlighted the need for theirimprovement. The study also recommended various measures toimprove the existing system of accident recording and analysis

procedure in India.

The study related to driver protection with seat belt and helmet hasbeen carried out in different cities of Kerala. The study highlighted theincreasing use of these measures in urban areas due to the safetyconcerns. The use of these protection devices were also related withincome and age group of drivers and varies with individual cities.

Air pollution study carried out along Delhi-Chandigarh and Chandigarh-Shimla corridor of NH-1 has observed strong relationship betweenobserved ambient air quality data(particularly CO and NOx) and traffic

flow as function of type of vehicles( category-wise and fuel type).

6. Research Work Done in Academic Institutes Related to ThesisWork

The salient features of some of the completed projects are:

1. A study on Influence of Road Roughness on Speed revealed thatas the roughness value increases the speed decreases, journeytime increases, the wear and tear of the vehicle parts increasesand the fuel consumption also increases.

2. A Study of Distribution of Axle Loads of Commercial Vehicles andits Effect on Pavement Performance revealed that Pavementdesign based on the Vehicle Damage Factor estimated afterproper field studies will reduce the pavement maintenance cost.Extra total transportation cost was found to be 100% due tooverloading. Percentage of overloaded vehicles is nearly 80% incase of all types of commercial vehicles except tractor-trailercombination vehicles. Maximum overloading was found to be 17 &

19 tonnes in case of 2 axle trucks and 3 axle trucks respectively.

3. Addition of a small percentage of nylon fibre along with sandimproves the strength of soft clay.

4. A combination of 20% fly ash and 6% lime is the optimum dosagewhich assists in improving the strength characteristics of „C.I.‟TYPE OF SOIL.

5. Spent toner residue which is a waste material from usedprint/copy cartridges improves the properties of bitumen and

bituminous mixes and thus can be suitably used as a polymermodifier in bitumen.


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6. Penetration grade bitumens (60/70 and 80/100) respond totemperature changes (increase) and loads by way of increasedshear strains, deformations, changed rheology and increasedunrecovered strain.

7. Addition of quarry dust to clay plus lime mixture considerableimproves the engineering properties of soil. Problematic soils like„CH‟ can be successfully stabilized using quarry dust inconjunction with lime.

8. Healing of asphalt mixtures with rest periods.

9. Modelling of pavement materials will enable understanding ofbehaviour of these materials.

10. The influence of compactive effort and short term aging on tensilestrength irrespective of bitumen mix types.

11. Sisal fibre reinforcement bituminous mixes assist in improving theperformance properties of mixes.

12. Possible variation in bituminous properties during construction vis-à-vis original properties at the time of production are planned tobe studies in a research project through Dynamic ShearRheometer and Rotational Viscometer.

13. Fatigue properties of fine graded bituminous mixes are bettercompared to coarse graded mixes.

14. Recycled bag filter dust, as a waste in hot mix plants can be usedas filler to obtain satisfactory performance in the laboratory. Sinceit matches the properties of those mixes produced with OPC as afiller.

15. The study on „disaggregate mode choice models for intercitytravel‟ have explored the attitudinal variables that govern the trip

makers decision on mode choice based on intercity travel tripsand the modes available data. Mode choice models weredeveloped for intercity travel at some of the cities of Kerala.Models developed were calibrated for work, business, socialrecreational and other trips. Preference for train is more than thatof bus for all trips. Female passenger trips are reported to givemore importance to comfort of travel, whereas male passengertrips have been reported to more importance to reliability andconvenience.

16. The study of „optimization of traffic signal timings along a corridor‟

explores the optimization of signal timings in coordinatedsignalized networks. The broad scope of this study covers the


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design of coordinated signal system using different algorithms andevaluation of these algorithms for different generated data sets ofone corridor in Calicut. There are four MATLAB inbuilt algorithmssuch as Hill Climbing (HC), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) plus Simulated

Annealing (SA) were used for designing the coordinated signalsystem for a trial corridor. The difference in results from HillClimbing and Simulated Annealing was small because of bothalgorithms uses a single point search method. GA alone andcombination of GA and SA produced results having smalldifference in values.

17. A study on „ uni directional traffic flow modeling using Cellular Automata (CA)‟ have studied the ability of CA model paradigm tocapture the basic phenomena of traffic flow in the heterogeneoustraffic environment. The CA models were developed for three cell

sizes viz.7.5m, 5.0m and 1.0m for homogeneous stream of trafficand 1.0m cell size was considered for heterogeneous traffic.Experiments were conducted for these cell sizes by varying thedriver probabilities viz., 0.33, 0.5 and 0.9 and varying themaximum speed from 1 to 6 times of cell size. The study resultsindicate that speed-density relationship was found to be linear, theflow-density plots follows a second order polynomial relationship.

18. A study on „ critical gap at 3-legged intersections‟ have studied thevarious factors that influence gap acceptance behaviour , effect ofintersection geometrics and stream characteristics on gapacceptance behaviour. An attempt was made to estimate thecritical gap by Raff‟s method and Maximum likelihood method.The study results were indicated that Raff‟s method of estimationwas found to be more reliable than obtained by Maximumlikelihood method. Effect of various intersection geometricsindicates that critical gap was found to decrease with increase inconflicting volume, increase with increase in major streetapproach speed and increase with increase in turning angle.

19. The study on „travel characteristics of rural commuters in Calicut

District‟ explored the trip making behaviour of rural commuters ofCalicut district. The results indicate that trip rates are greatlyinfluenced the household size; trips would be increasing withincrease in household size. Percentage of trips would bedecreasing with increase in trip length and maximum trip length bywalk mode would be 3kms, whereas by bus it is 60kms, by two-wheelers it is 35kms and by car it is 40kms.

20. A study on „traffic volume analysis and prediction underheterogeneous conditions‟ studied the traffic volumecharacteristics under heterogamous conditions, explores the use

of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for volume prediction andcompared the prediction capabilities of ANN with other field


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methods such as Historic methods and Real Time Method. Thestudy results reveals that Historical method employed to predictthe traffic volumes gave an error value (MSE) of 33.39 reflectingthe need a good historic data for a better performance. A real-timetraffic volume prediction model found to the have an error value of

32.32 for one minute ahead prediction. An ANN model wasdeveloped for short time traffic prediction having two-layers, 15neurons; logsigmoidal transfer function gave MSE value for 1minute prediction a lowest error value of 24.05.

21. A study on „traffic flow characteristics on intercity highways‟ haveattempted to study the traffic flow characteristics on intercityhighways for understating and application to develop the capacityand service volume standards for intercity highways carrying theheterogeneous traffic.

22. The study on „mode choice and accessibility in the extendedareas of Chennai‟ explored the mode choice based onaccessibility, and assess the socio-economic characteristics andaccessibility to public transport in the study area. The studyresults reveals that residents of the extended areas use privatemode for their work, education and shopping purposes to savetime. Because of this the money spent by them for theirtransportation needs would increase. Further to encourage thepublic transport saving in travel time and money of the residents‟feeder services in the form of mini bus would be provided.

23. The „rural bus route network planning based on passenger traveldemand‟ have attempted to develop an optimal bus route networkconsidering passenger travel demand and route length in multipledepot environment and the spatial information needed of planningof bus route network in the study area. The study results indicatethat the existing and proposed bus route networks indicated byKerala State Road Corporation is operating buses on a fewerroutes and also these routes are very long. The existing bus routenetwork has been serving only 34 villages, whereas the proposedbus network will serves all the 52 villages and higher route length,

as compared total existing route length of 378.76 kms which ismuch less than the route length covered by the proposed network.

24. A study on „Evaluation of urban road network with varioustransport alternatives using the EMME/2‟ have attempted toevaluate the road network for the future traffic by various optionsby developing various scenarios. In this study the road networkwas evaluated and various options such as widening thecarriageway, introducing new links and with various modal mixeswithout reduction in the number of passengers was evaluated forthe horizon year 2015 by developing scenarios using the

transportation planning package EMME/2.


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25. The study on „Heterogeneity in mode choice across individuals‟studied the role of various sources of heterogeneity in modechoice covering the responsiveness to subjective and objectivefactors across different user segments. Influence of variability inchoice sets, heterogeneity in decision rules and evaluate the

impact of transportation controls measures and policy scenarios inthe presence of heterogeneity. The study results were stated inthe terms of policy analysis to assess the performance policy andplanning scenarios.

26. A study on „GIS based road accident analysis system‟ coveringthe objectives to build the accident database and structuredreporting system , to store data, to develop a user interface in GISplatform using Wide Area Network (WAN) programming and todevelop accident analysis as required by user agencies wasreported. This study would be useful to the various users which

require the accident information data and acts as interface to theusers on accident data information.

27. The „cluster analysis of improving of road accidents black spots‟study have explored the clustering technique best suitable for thespatial distribution of road accidents, indentify the black spotsusing the selected method of cluster analysis further to prioritizethe accident black spots for improvement. GIS interfacing wasused to plot the accident spots for performing the cluster analysisusing SPSS package. The study results states that the accidentblack spots have been indentified using the clustering analysis &GIS for a stretch of NH-45 and East Coast Road (ECR) inChennai.

28. A study on „analysis of highway accidents using the GIS and ANN‟have explored to develop a model that will identify the variousroad variables that significantly effect accident rate and to developa toll to give the output of model on a map. In this study ANNmodels with road geometrics, traffic flow and stream speeds asexplanatory variables have used to predict the accident rate.Compared the results developed by ANN models and regression

models. ANN models have shown better predictive capability thanregression models. Accident Database manger Tool (ADMT) havedeveloped to record , store and analyze the accident data, furtherthis also accepts the GPS data of accidents location accordinglydatabase can be updated.

29. „Development of driver workload models for evaluation of highwaygeometric design consistency‟ have attempted to develop modelsrealign to the drivers workload indices and road geometry furtherto evolve the consistency limits for the indentified indices. In thisstudy the Deviation of lateral placement or DLP method was used

to quantify the workload of drivers. The study results indicate thatDLP decrease with increase in the radius of the curvature (R) and


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with the increase in available Sight Distance (SD), DLP increaseswith the increase in the Degree of the curvature (D) and with theincrease in the super elevation (e). Further the feasibility of eyeblink rate for quantifying the work loads have been proved andused for evaluating the system design consistency, the eye blink

rate shows a negative correlation with the radius of the curves.

30. A study on „development of speed prediction models anevaluation of highway geometric design consistency‟ have studiedhighway geometric design consistency by developing the speed-prediction models and the alignment indices. The study resultsindicate that the classification curves based on speeds and speedgradient indices showed that many curves are located in verydangerous zone indicating the existence of poor consistency inthe highway geometric design. Further the evaluation based onthe alignment indices also indicated that the geometrics of the

selected highway stretches are having poor consistency.Furthermore the operating speed prediction models developedcan used to estimate the operating speeds of any locationknowing the geometric details.

31. A study on „road safety studies on rural highways‟ have attemptedto develop road accident prediction models through statisticalanalysis of the data. Further validation and application of thedeveloped models to identify the impact of different variables onoccurrence of the road accidents and suggest appropriateremedial measures for the different site conditions. Thepreliminary results indicate that the presence of non-motorizedtraffic increases all types of accidents. Two-wheelers presence onhigh speed highways is found to result in considerable increase inmajor accidents. Further the increase in number of both private(building/shops) and public (driveways) access points is found toresult in increase accidents frequencies.

32. The study on „mobility and accessibility problems of the transportdisabled‟ focused on indentify barriers to road users, developsolutions to eliminate these barriers and promoting the research

on user friendly designs. Two questionnaires on different roadsafety parameters were developed to assess the desired qualityfor services from users‟ perspective. The study highlighted thatthe problems while walking and crossing on the road. There wasno significant differences found between the able-bodied personsand persons with disabilities regarding their opinions on physicalbarriers on cross roads and sidewalks further more the mobilityproblems and accessibility problems increase with age.

33. A study on „transport energy and environmental planning-asystems approach‟ have studied the impact of the composition of

transport models on energy utilization and environmental quality.Further explored the judicious mix of transport modes so as to


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achieve and sustainable transportation in terms of energy andenvironment consideration.

34. A „study on influence of lane restrictions on vehicular emissionsunder heterogeneous traffic conditions‟ have studied the impact of

lane restrictions by measuring on-road tail-pipe emissions (HC,COand NO) using the portable gas analyzer for three selectedvehicles. The study results reveal that lane changes carried out bythe vehicles in heterogeneous traffic condition was determined tobe an important contributor to emissions. Lane-restricted flowgenerally produced reduced levels of tail-pipe emissions of HC,CO and NO. Further multiple linear regression models developedin this study have brought out the contributors to emissions in thelight of lane restrictions control (vis-à-vis lane-less flow) inheterogeneous traffic conditions.


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I. HIGHWAY PLANNING, MANAGEMENT,PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND

INSTRUMENTATION

1. HIGHWAY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

SUMMARY

In the sub-section of Highway Planning and Management, there is aproject on National Data Center which is reported as completed. The reportedprojects deal with GIS based applications as Information System/ DatabaseDevelopment, providing connectivity to urban amenities in rural areas, andsocio-economic impact of improved connectivity. The research work reportedby an academic institute pertains to the application of HDM-4.

SALIENT POINTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. Development of National Data Center for Roads2. GIS Application for Development of Road Information System3. Rural Road Network Planning and Location of Urban Facilities in Rural

Areas4. Application and illustration of HDM-4


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A. COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. Nat ional Data Centre for Managing Data for Planning, Design and

Management o f Roads (CSIR Network Project)

Duration: April 2002 to December 2006

Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)

Present Status and Progress

Completed

Establishment of GIS and Remote Sensing Laboratory at CRRI Development of Methodologies for Creation of Spatial Database Development of Methodology for Highway Information System in GIS

Environment.

GIS Based Methodologies for Rural Road Network Planning Spatial road network data for the entire country in the scale 1:1 million Application of GIS in various project undertaken by CRRI Human Resources Development Activities Disseminated the GIS application knowledge to various road

development agencies such as MOSRTH, UP PWD, Delhi PWD,Haryana PWD, Border Roads Organization and NRRDA in India.

Participated in several Workshops/Conferences/Seminars organized onthe themes related to GIS Applications.

Conclusions

Comprehensive Spatial Database and Methodologies has been developed forsome sections of National Highways, State Highways and Rural Roads formonitoring, retrieval and updating of Data. Further, GIS Database will be anefficient tool/database for planning and management of roads.

Report/Publications

Report on “National Data Centre for Managing Data for Planning, Design and

Management of Roads (CSIR Network Project)”.

B. ON GOING PROJECTS

1. Road Network Planning Approach for Location of UrbanAmenities in Rural Areas- A Case Study of Laksar Block -HaridwarDistrict

Date of Start: January 2006

(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)


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(ii) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi (S)


The Department of Science and Technology (DST) sponsored the project with

an objective to develop a rural road network planning approach to provideconnectivity to all villages in an optimal way to the urban facility center in ruralareas. Laksar Block of Haridwar district in Uttarakhand State has beenselected for case study application. A GIS based spatial data of the studyarea with different layers have been developed and the attribute data relatedto the villages were attached from the census data. The road details obtainedfrom the PWD were incorporated in the road network layer. Based on theavailability of the facilities, geographic locations and the accessibility to theproposed ring road in the Block, a set of major rural centre is identified andproposed as future growth centres which can provide urban amenities in anoptimal way to each village in the Block.

Conclusions

A concept will be developed for efficient planning, evaluation andmanagement of road network, which will provide optimum connectivity to allthe villages with urban facilities in a typical rural area.

2. Development of GIS based National Highway Information System

Date of Start: February 2006

(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)(ii) Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways, New Delhi (S)


It is proposed to develop a GIS based database and information system forNational Highways, which will include collection and collation of spatial (Geo-referenced) data and the related non-spatial data. The system will enablestoring, retrieving and updating data and present the desired information

related to traffic and road assets. The entire study comprises of the followingfour modules:

Module I: Development of GIS Based Highways Information SystemModule II: Inventorisation of National HighwaysModule III: Traffic Volume and Axle Load Surveys for National HighwaysModule IV: Long Term Maintenance and Rehabilitation Strategies for NationalHighways Based on HDM-4 Tool

To collect the primary data like road inventory data, distress data, ridingquality and GPS data, a sophisticated instrumented vehicle has been

procured from ARRB to collect the above data automatically.


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Conclusions

User friendly software will be developed for monitoring, retrieval and updationof data. This system shall be used for decision making process for planningand management of National Highways.

3. Development of a Critical Infrastructure Information System in GISEnvironment for Maintenance of Bridges on National and StateHighways – Case Study on Ghaziabad District


(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)(ii) Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi (S)


This is an inter-area project sponsored by Department of Science andTechnology, Government of India with an objective to develop criticalinfrastructure information system in GIS environment for allocation of funds formaintenance, rehabilitation and strengthening of existing bridges. As a part ofthe project activities, a digital base map of Ghaziabad district has beenprepared in the scale of 1:50,000 by referring SOI Toposheets with variouslayers. The base map has been updated using the road network mapprovided by the PWD Ghaziabad. It is also proposed to update the map usingsatellite imageries and to locate various types of cross drainages providedalong the national and state highways passing through the district. This mapwill form as a base for the critical infrastructure information system for bridgesbeing developed.

Conclusions

Comprehensive database will be developed for existing bridge sections onNational Highway 24, in Ghaziabad district of Uttar Pradesh State formaintenance, strengthening and rehabilitation of Existing Bridges.

C. NEW PROJECTS

1. Developmen t of Hi l l Highw ay in Kerala Socio Economic Imp act of

Imp rov ing Connect iv ity in Hi lly Region

Date of Start: April 2006

National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC),Thiruvananthapuram (R)

Scope and Objectives


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Scope of the study included delineation of hill highway influence area in thehill district of Wayanad, study the existing land use, preparation of roadinventory and to observe the socio economic aspects of the region. Theanalysis focuses on regional productivity and marketing surplus involving a

Social Cost Benefit Analysis

Methodology

• Secondary data collection on socio economic factors• Existing and generated traffic• Computing VOC• Assessment of settlements and connectivity• Assessment of mobility and accessibility standards• Assessment of agricultural and industrial productivity including marketable

surplus• Socio Economic Impact Assessment• Cost- Benefit Analysis.

Interim Conclusions

The regression analysis of Total Road length, Road length per 100 sq.kmsand road length per 10,000 population with independent variables incomposite as agricultural sector, demographic indicators including literacy,public amenities and socio economic factors, showed strong relationshipindicating positive impact under an ex-post investment analysis of ruralroad programme.

The economic evaluation of the proposed hill highway in Wayanad yieldedonly a negligible EIRR rate, while taking savings in vehicle operating costwithout considering savings in travel time and increase in aggregateproduction surplus in regional agricultural sector it gave the rate of 19.56% as EIRR. This along with increase in non-farm income benefitingmarginal workers locally showed an EIRR of 56.42 %.

Economic evaluation of improvements of roads from earthen to all weatherconnectivity to the highway by black topping based only on savings in

vehicles operating cost showed an EIRR of only 18.96%. Time savingswere not considered. Savings in VOC with increase in non-farm incomeshowed EIRR as 22.37%. The third scenario of increase in non-farmincome added to savings in marketable surplus and vehicle operating costreturned EIRR as 28.22%.

Significance /Utilisation Potential

Considering the unique geography of the State, development of the proposedHill Highway will provide better accessibility to backward hilly regions of theState. The study has quantified the benefits of the project per se (Cost-Benefit

Analysis) as well as from the secondary impact the project (Secondary impactof connectivity improvements) for the development of road influence area.


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2. PAVEMENT EVALUATION

SUMMARY

There is a single project which is reported as completed project. It is tocarryout investigations to determine the likely causes for development ofslippage and cracking on Noida – Greater Noida Expressway and the neededremedial measures.


1. Investigation of road failure and distress

2. Non-destructive test for structural evaluation of roads and airfieldpavements

3. Performance evaluation of pavements


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A. COMPLETED PROJECTS

1. Invest igat ion to determine the l ikely causes for developm ent of

S l ippage and Crack ing on Noida – Greater Noida Expressw ay and

Needed Remedial Measures

Duration: December 2005 to April 2006

(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R, I)(ii) New Okhla Industrial Development Authority (NOIDA) (S)


The project was taken up to evaluate the current condition of existing road(both functional and structural) in order to determine the probable causes for

development of surface distresses on the Expressway and to recommendneeded remedial / rehabilitation measures. Field and laboratory data wasanalyzed and report prepared.

Project has been completed.

Findings / Conclusions

The probable causes for development of slippage and longitudinal cracking onGreater Noida bound carriageway were found to be as under:

Lack of adhesion and / or bonding between the bituminous layers (DBMand BC) was due to inadequate tack coat. This had resulted into BC layeracting on its own without receiving any support from the underlying layers.The heavy axle loads induced large tensile stresses causing BC materialto slip away under the action of loading.

Excessive axle loads than anticipated during design were largelyresponsible for the distress developed.

It may be quite likely that either harder grade bitumen or overheatedbitumen had been used during construction of bituminous mixes(particularly BC) which had caused loss of volatiles resulting into the

problem of slippage and longitudinal cracking. Slippage has occurred due to lateral movement of wearing course under

heavy axle loads and faster vehicular speeds due to its poor binding withthe lower layers.

The high plasticity in GSB layer coupled with inadequate compaction mighthave also been responsible for the distress developed.

The grading of BC mix was fine and the mix didn‟t not have enough coarseaggregates leading to reduced stability. In addition, the aggregates usedfor production of BC had probably poor bitumen adhesion characteristics.These types of aggregates are normally prone to stripping since they don‟thave better bitumen adhesion properties.


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It was also found that the binder film or the coating of bitumen withaggregates was not satisfactory making the mix vulnerable to stripping inthe presence of water.

Recommendations

Based on the characteristic rebound deflection data and the projectedtraffic loading, an overlay thickness of 50 mm DBM + 40 mm BC and 75mm DBM + 40 mm BC for 10 and 15 years design life respectively wasrecommended on Greater Noida bound carriageway.

As regards treatment on Noida bound carriageway, no overlay wasrequired. However, resurfacing may have to be considered after few yearsdepending on the pavement surface condition and roughness level at thatpoint in time.

It was recommended that tack coat should be applied properly, as perMOSRT&H, 2001 Guidelines, prior to laying the suggested structuraloverlay.

It was suggested that Modified Bitumen be used as a binder in wearingcourse instead of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen to retard / minimizedamage due to moisture in the lower layers beneath the surface course.Its high resistance to temperature susceptibility also helps. However, forDBM course in the lower layer, penetration grade bitumen 60/70 can beused.

Open and wide cracks shall be sealed with rubberised bitumenimmediately after they are observed on the surface. This would assist inminimizing the damage / distress to the road and in extending the service

life towards ensuring improved performance of the Expressway in future. Overloading by heavy goods vehicles, particularly the 2-axle rigid chassistrucks, should be controlled by adopting stringent enforcement measuresby Noida authorities because overloading causes extensive damage to thepavement, consequently leading to early failure, reduced service life andunsatisfactory performance, needing higher level of maintenance.

Reports / Publications

“Investigation to Determine the Likely Causes for Development of Slippageand Cracking on Noida-Greater Noida Expressway and Needed Remedial

Measures”, Technical Report, April 2006


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3. PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE

SUMMARY

Research works reported in the area of pavement performance compriseof studies on performance study on proposed flexible pavement with regularand modified sub bases, study on overloading of trucks and its effect onpavement design, and use of yellow stone in road construction.

There are five projects that have been reported as new projects taken up.These projects are very interesting such as R&D studies on performanceevaluation of rigid pavements on high density traffic corridors usinginstrumentation supported by laboratory tests and a pilot study on effect ofoverloading on road infrastructure. Other projects taken up are study oftolerance factors which results in deterioration of crust thickness after

consolidation with regard to old as well as new pavements, study of roadperformance constructed by oversize aggregates, and analytical study andreview of road performance parameters/ ability of roads made by differenttypes of bitumen.

The research work reported by academic institutes are RoughnessProgression Modeling using ANN Technique, Influence of Road Roughnesson Speed and Study of Distribution of Axle Loads of Commercial Vehicles andits Effect on Pavement Performance


1. Aspects related to Instrumentation for Performance Evaluation of RigidPavements on High Density Traffic Corridors

2. Alternate materials for construction of roads3. Performance Study on proposed Flexible Pavement with Regular and

Modified Sub Bases4. Effect of Overloading on Pavement Design5. Road Performance due to Oversize Aggregates


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A. ON GOING PROJECTS

1. Performance Study on pro pos ed Flexib le Pavement with Regular

and Modi f ied Sub B ases


Highway Research Station, Chennai (R)


The recently constructed experimental stretch, provided with modified sub-bases of Quarry Dust and Copper Slag, is to be tested for its riding quality, asa measure of ascertaining its performance.

Recommendations

The Trial stretch would be monitored periodically for its performance.

2. Study on Overloading of Trucks and its Effect on Pavement

Design

Duration: July 2006 to March 2007

National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC),Thiruvananthapuram (R)


Conduct Axle Load survey for 24 hours on selected roads Analyse the data for estimation of Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF) to

determine the extent of over loading and work out the economics of overloading

Methodology

Literature survey Axle load survey at 6 locations Data analysis and estimation of VDFs Collection of secondary data on transportation cost Study the effect of overloading on pavement design and crust

thickness

Development of total transportation cost model and optimum axle load Analysis of data to reduce the stresses in different layers of pavement

structure

Report preparation


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3. Use of Yellow Stone in Road Construction

Date of Start: August 2003

Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik (R)


The test track on Sawada Railway Station to Hatnur dam (M.D.R. 15) nearBhusaval, Dist. Jalgaon (Maharashtra) at Chainage 00/00 to 00/900 wasconstructed in December 2003. Total length of the test track was divided inthree parts. Each part was of 300 meters in length. First part was constructedby using only yellow stone. Second part was constructed by using yellowstone & black basalt in equal proportion.

Third part was constructed by black basalt in W.B.M. road. The test track was

constructed as per the standard specification of P.W.D. Maharashtra state.On this W.B.M. surface, 20 mm premix carpet with liquid seal coat (Hot MixHot laid) was provided. Post construction observations were to be taken twicein a year (Pre monsoon & post monsoon) for the period of three years. Postconstruction observations were in progress.

Findings/ Conclusions

First post construction observation had been taken in May 2004. Secondobservation had been taken in December and May 2005. Final observation isbeing taken. It has been found that overall rating of the test track is “Good” asper interim data.

Conclusions

The scheme is in progress. At present three stretches of test track are in goodcondition.

B. NEW PROJECTS

1. R&D Studies on Perform ance Evaluat ion of Rigid Pavements on

High Densi ty Traf fic Corr idors us ing Inst rumenta t ion Supported

by Labo ratory Tests

Date of Start: December 2006

(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)(ii) Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi (S)



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The aim of the study is to validate and verify the actual relationship betweenvarious design parameters assumed in theoretical design and those asactually observed under the Rigid Pavement in actual use.

The study would be conducted on 6 to 8 nos. of the test sections (the actual

no. is to be decided as per requirements), each of about 100m to 150mlength. Rigid pavement sections shall be laid commiserating to IRC:58-2002provisions on high density corridors, under NHDP. Attempts shall be made tocover sub-grade soils having different CBR/k values to study their impact ondesign parameters. Strain gauges are to be embedded while casting theconcrete which would be calibrated for enabling periodic measurements ofstrains during performance observations. Actual stresses vis-à-vis theoretical

stresses are to be compared using the values of E and , as per IRC: 58-2002. FWD measurements would be taken to assess the value of E fordifferent structural layers including DLC and PQC and for their comparisonswith IRC: 58-2002 provisions. Verification of relations between flexural and

compressive strengths and coefficient of thermal expansion () are to bedone. Effect of 40 mm sizes aggregates and fly ash are to be separatelystudied. Study of reduction in edge stresses shall be done if wheel is 25 cmaway from the edge while making 25-30 cm wide strip at the edges as roughduring construction in one/ some test section(s) to discourage the vehicles torun close to the edges.

Observations on thermal stresses available in CRRI‟s study throughinstrumentations and temperature monitoring (by thermocouples) of lab castspecimens are to be made use of for assessment of the aspect of linearity/

non-linearity of temperature stress distribution for thick slabs, andsubsequently to make use of these values in test specimens to be cast onhigh density corridors. It may be endeavored to actually measure thetemperature stresses in the edge region actually and comparison may bemade with theoretically calculated values. Calculation of total theoreticaldesign stresses (critical stress) at edges due to load and temperature andcorner stress due to load will be done and compared with actual stresses;temperature stresses to be suitably adopted from lab test data on castspecimens for the calculation of actual stress. Study of effectiveness of 1.5 mwide paved shoulder to prevent erosion of support, and effectiveness of rigidshoulders with and without tie bars are to be studied PQC to be laid over DLC

with polythene separation layer. Composite action shall be separately studiedby not placing the polythene separation layer as above (IRC: 58-2002 CI 5.7).Separately to study structure composed of WMM overlaid with PQC withintervening separation layer (polythene sheet). Effect of using 100mm DLCinstead of 150mm would also be studied. Effectiveness of using poly fibers inPQC in increasing flexural strength and reducing cracks in concrete may alsobe studied.

Methodology

Different tests sections shall be laid as per the above scope of work to studythe parameters considered as assumptions in IRC codes on Rigid


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Pavements. Samples of concrete and other materials will be collected andinstrumentations will be placed at a separate control room.

Interim Conclusions

Sites for laying test sections have been identified.

Significance/ Utilization potential

The results of the study are proposed to be used for furthering theunderstanding of actual design considerations vis-à-vis incorporatingmodifications in the design methodology to be used in future.

2. Pi lot Study on Effect of Overloading on Road Infrastructure

Date of Start: September 2006

(i) Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi (R)(ii) Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi (S)


Objective

To assess and highlight the excessive costs incurred on variouscomponents due to overloading

To recommend optimal/ rational limits for legal axle loads and grossvehicle weights

Scope

Pavement deterioration and service life. Performance of bridges and structures. Exhaust emissions. Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). Cargo safety and vehicle damage.

Methodology

(i) Effect of overloading on pavement deterioration and its service life:Typical pavement structures subjected to varying loading conditions willbe analyzed by changing the vehicle damage factors (VDFs) rangingfrom 4.5 to 16. The analysis will be done using Indian deteriorationmodels developed under pavement performance study and updated roaduser cost equations. Based on the analysis, trade off approachconsidering the least life cycle cost will be applied to recommend rationalaxle loads and gross vehicle weight.

(ii) Effect of overloading on performance of bridges and structures:Performance evaluation of one or two bridges already undertaken will be


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analyzed thoroughly. Based on the analysis of data collected andthrough analytical studies, the effect of overloading on bridges will beestablished. Also, based on the visual inspections and non-destructivetests, the nature and extent of distress will be ascertained in the selectedcomponents of bridges.

(iii) Effect of overloading on exhaust emissions: Measurement of base linereal –world road emissions (gaseous pollutants, particulate matters) ofselected heavy duty diesel vehicles, with GVW and overloading of theorder of 10%, 20%, & 30% with the use of Portable EmissionsMeasurement System (PEMS) (OEM-2100 “Montana” System).

(iv) Effect of overloading on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC): Themethodology proposed for this sub study consists of the comparison oftwo distinct operating conditions – one as being operating in actualpractice and the other one under controlled conditions.

(v) Cargo safety and vehicle damage: For this study, views of truck industrywill be obtained on the current operating practices regarding prevalentoverloading for different category of vehicles, extent/ type ofmodifications carried out in the vehicles to effect overloading etc. Attempts will be made to suggest standard configuration, dimension ofvehicle, review of Motor Vehicle Act and suggestion on Administrativemeasures required.

Interim Conclusions

The literature review has been completed. A preliminary draft report on effectof overloading on road infrastructure has also been prepared.

Significance/ Utilization potential

A report on the effect of higher axle loads on pavements, bridges, exhaustemissions, vehicle operating costs, cargo safety and vehicle damage etc. willbe prepared highlighting the related financial implications.

3. New Concept & Study of Tolerance Factors wh ich Results in

Deteriorat ion of Crust Thickn ess after Consol id at ion with regardto Old as wel l as New Pavements


Research Institute, U.P.PWD, Lucknow (R, I)


In this project, reduction in crust thickness in old as well as new pavementswith the passage of time shall be studied. The study will be done on the newly

constructed road using different stone-ballast. Study of reduction in crust


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thickness with the passage of time where local earth is being used in place ofscreening material, as specified in IRC & MOSRTH codes is also proposed.

Methodology

(i) After scrapping the surface and removing the undulations in the first500m reach of K.m. 3-5 of (MDR-52), WBM grade II, (10 cm loose) &WBM grade III, (10 cm loose) (stone ballast from Mohanlalganj sourcesto be used)shall be laid as per MOSRTH specification. First and secondcoat surface dressing shall be laid over it.

(ii) In second 500 m reach WBM grades II & III shall be laid with local earthinstead of screening and binding material.

(iii) In first 500 m fourth km. reach, WBM grades II & III (with Shankargarhstone ballast) shall be laid as per MOSRTH specification. Traffic shall beallowed over it for a continuous period of 6 months without laying surfacedressing. Evaluation of deduction in crust thickness shall be made

(without painting work).(iv) In the next 500 m reach of km. 4-5, Kabrai stone ballast shall be used.

Deduction in crust thickness shall be evaluated for this type of ballastalso.

(v) Lab testing for physical properties of the available stone ballasts such asvoids in loose state, density achieved in the case of graded and non-graded stone ballasts etc. shall be found out and the comparisons offieldwork & the lab work shall be made.

Significance/ Utilization Potential

The study will provide new factual position regarding reduction in crustthickness with the passage of time.

4. Study of Road Performance Constru cted by Oversize Agg regates


Research Institute, U.P.PWD, Lucknow (R, I)


It is being observed that the aggregates being supplied for the construction ofroads are normally found oversized and also not in uniform shapes, which hasits impact on the performance of roads. The impacts need to be studied for itseffect on durability, serviceability and maintenance of roads.

Methodology

(i) To collect aggregates from two specified quarries.(ii) Physical properties of the collected samples will be tested in the

laboratory, which will be compared with IRC specifications.(iii) Density shall be evaluated before & after compaction in the laboratory.


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(iv) To construct a section of 500 m on experimental basis with 7.5 cmcompacted thickness of WBM- III, according to MOSRTH specification.

(v) First coat surface dressing with 16-22.4 mm stone grit and second coatsurface dressing laying with 10-16 mm stone grit shall be done as perMOSRTH specifications.

(vi) After WBM-III, first coat painting and second coat painting roughnessshall be evaluated.

(vii) Performance observations covering of longitudinal/lateral unevenness,crack patterns, depressions, ruts, edge distortion & uneven settlementetc. at every 6 months interval for a period of 3 years shall be taken.

Significance/ Utilization Potential

The study will provide new factual position regarding the road performanceconstructed using oversize aggregates.

5. Analyt ical Study and Review of Road Performance Parameters/

Ab i l i ty of Roads made by d i f ferent types of B i tumens


(i) Research Institute, U.P.PWD, Lucknow (I)(ii) Research Development & Quality Promotion Cell, UP PWD, Lucknow (R)


Comparative study of road performance constructed using differentbituminous binders penetration grade bitumen 60/70, bituminous emulsions,polymer modified bitumen, crumb rubber modified bitumen and penetrationgrade bitumen 80/100.

Methodology

This project is restricted to the performance parameters observations of thepainted surfaces in the same climatic condition using different types ofbinders.

(i) It is proposed that the repairing of patches and potholes on 5 Km. longMohanlalganj-Maurawan road (MDR-52) will be done according to theMOSRTH specifications.

(ii) For second coat painting and pre-coating in the first experimental Km.,6mm gauge grit & bitumen emulsion will be used. Painting will be donewith the bitumen emulsion.

(iii) Second coat painting and pre-coating in second experimental Km. will beusing 10-16 mm gauge grit and 60/70 bitumen. Painting with bitumengrade 60/70 will be done.

(iv) Second coat painting with 10-16 mm gauge grit and pre-coating with

60/70 bitumen will be done in third experimental Km. Painting will bedone with CRMB-55.


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(v) In the fourth experimental Km., seco

highway research record no. 34 (2006-07).pdf

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