high reliability healthcarewhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) pdca/pdsa is the only methodology a...

108
© Copyright, The Joint Commission 1 High Reliability Healthcare AHA 85 th Annual Meeting Leadership Workshop October 7, 2015 Coleen Smith, RN, CPHQ Director, High Reliability Initiatives LuAnn Vis, RN, CPHQ Associate Director, High Reliability Initiatives Klaus Nether, MMI, CSSMBB Director, Solutions Development

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Page 1: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1

High Reliability HealthcareAHA 85th Annual Meeting

Leadership Workshop

October 7 2015

Coleen Smith RN CPHQ

Director High Reliability Initiatives

LuAnn Vis RN CPHQ

Associate Director High Reliability Initiatives

Klaus Nether MMI CSSMBB

Director Solutions Development

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22

Objectives Discuss the importance of leaders as agents of

change on the journey toward high reliability

Describe why leadership commitment culture of safety and performance improvement are important elements in the high reliability journey

Identify the various components that contribute to establishing high reliability within a healthcare organization

Describe benefits of and barriers to beginning a high reliability journey within their own organization

Articulate specific actions they can take within their organizations to make progress toward high reliability

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What is the purpose cause or

belief that inspires you to do

what you do

3

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n

4

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5

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6

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7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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7373

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74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 2: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

22

Objectives Discuss the importance of leaders as agents of

change on the journey toward high reliability

Describe why leadership commitment culture of safety and performance improvement are important elements in the high reliability journey

Identify the various components that contribute to establishing high reliability within a healthcare organization

Describe benefits of and barriers to beginning a high reliability journey within their own organization

Articulate specific actions they can take within their organizations to make progress toward high reliability

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What is the purpose cause or

belief that inspires you to do

what you do

3

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sio

n

4

copy C

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Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5

copy C

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ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6

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sio

n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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n

3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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n

4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 3: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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What is the purpose cause or

belief that inspires you to do

what you do

3

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mis

sio

n

4

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Th

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om

mis

sio

n

5

copy C

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Th

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om

mis

sio

n

6

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sio

n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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n

99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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n

Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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sio

n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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sio

n

You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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sio

n

Leadership

13

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sio

n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

n

1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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mis

sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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n

105

IN SUMMARY

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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ight T

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 4: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

4

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om

mis

sio

n

5

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om

mis

sio

n

6

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sio

n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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sio

n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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sio

n

99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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sio

n

Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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sio

n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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ight T

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sio

n

You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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sio

n

Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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n

1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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e J

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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he J

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sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

2828

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sio

n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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sio

n

3030

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n

3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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sio

n

3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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sio

n

3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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n

34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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sio

n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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mis

sio

n

7373

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e J

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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op

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 5: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

5

copy C

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mis

sio

n

6

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sio

n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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sio

n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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n

3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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n

4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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n

4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 6: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

6

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n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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sio

n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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sio

n

Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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mis

sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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he J

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mis

sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 7: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

7

How Safe is Healthcare

1

1

10 100 1000 10000 100K 1M 10M

Number of Encounters for Each Fatality

To

tal L

ive

s L

ost p

er

Ye

ar

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Dangerous

(gt11000

Health

Care

(1 of

~600)

Mountaineering

Bungee

Jumping

Driving in US

Chartered

Flights

Chemical

Manufacturing

Scheduled

Commercial

Airlines

European

Railroads

Nuclear

Power

Theme

Parks

Ultra Safe

(lt11M)

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n

88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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sio

n

99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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n

Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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sio

n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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n

You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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sio

n

Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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he J

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sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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n

3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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sio

n

3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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sio

n

3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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n

34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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mis

sio

n

7373

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e J

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 8: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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88

State of Health Care

Health care used to be

ndashSimple

ndashCheap

ndashSafe

ndashIneffective

Today it is extremely complexexceedingly expensive often highly

effective and very dangerous

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 9: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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99

Is Complexity Bad

Lots of things are complicated

ndash Building jet engines

ndash Putting animation in a slide

Complex processes are vulnerable to

error

ndash Getting a medication to a patient 30 steps

ndash If each step is done correctly 98 of the

time whatrsquos the likelihood of an error

How do others do better

45

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n

Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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n

You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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sio

n

Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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he J

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sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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sio

n

3030

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n

3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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n

3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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sio

n

3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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n

34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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sio

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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sio

n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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sio

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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sio

n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 10: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

Perception of Quality

Added cost

OR

Essential to overall performance of the

organization

Companies that embrace quality as a way of running

day-to-day operations tend to be more successful in

process performance and delivering customer

satisfaction in comparison to those who merely seek

having a quality management system because they

ldquohave tordquo 10

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sio

n

Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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ight T

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oin

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mis

sio

n

You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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ight T

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mis

sio

n

Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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n

1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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sio

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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n

3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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om

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 11: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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Current Approach to ldquoImprovementrdquo

Performance Improvement staff hired

without expertise

ldquoLearning on the jobrdquo is customary

Benchmarking for PI staffing levels does

not exist

No investment in improvement science

training

Facility in PI methodology and tools is

not an expectation for everyone

11

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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sio

n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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n

3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 12: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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You Get What You Pay For

Minimal investment Minimal

improvement

Project fatigue Lack of

sustainability

Reactive approach

to improvement

Whack-a-mole

(lack of prevention)

PDCAPDSA is the

only methodology

A basic algorithm for

learning

Adoption of best

practices

Wasteful adoption of

ill-fitted solutions

12

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 13: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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Leadership

13

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14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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n

3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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n

34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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n

3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 14: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

14

How Have Others Done It

ldquoHigh reliability organizationsrdquo manage

very serious hazards extremely well

What do they all have in common

ndashHighly effective process improvement

ndashFully functional safety culture

Discover and fix unsafe conditions early

In health care we typically react only after

patients are harmed

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n

1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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n

1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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sio

n

1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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mis

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 15: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1515

How Safe are US Airlines

1990-2001

ndash 129 deaths per year

ndash 93 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 139 deaths per million flights

2002-2013

ndash 146 deaths per year

ndash 102 million flights per year

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

= 90

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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sio

n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 16: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1616

Safety Airlines vs Health Care

IOM ldquoTo Err is Humanrdquo estimate

ndash 44000-98000 deaths in hospitals

due to errors in care

ndash 344 million hospitalizations per year

ndash Rate = 1279-2849 deaths per million

hospitalizations

US Airlines 2002-2013

ndash Rate = 143 deaths per million flights

Hospital care is 894-1992 times less safe

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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sio

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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sio

n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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e J

oin

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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sio

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 17: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1717

Table Discussion

What does high reliability mean to

you and your organization

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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mis

sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 18: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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n

3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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mis

sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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mis

sio

n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 19: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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1919

What is ldquoHigh Reliabilityrdquo

in Health Care

Achieving and maintaining consistently

high levels of safety and quality

ndash Over time

ndash Across all health care services and settings

Exists for specific measures or in particular

services at individual health care facilities

Significant variation in performance within

hospitals and across the delivery system

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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n

3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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om

mis

sio

n

4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 20: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

2020

Excellence in patient care for every patient every time

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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mis

sio

n

2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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mis

sio

n

2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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sio

n

2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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sio

n

Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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n

2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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n

29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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n

3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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sio

n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 21: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

2121

Five Principles of

High Reliability Organizations

Anticipation ndash ldquoStay Out of Troublerdquo

1 Preoccupation with failure

2 Reluctance to simplify

3 Sensitivity to operations

Containment ndash ldquoGet Out of Troublerdquo

4 Commitment to resilience

5 Deference to expertise

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2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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sio

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2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 22: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2222

3rd Edition

now

available thoroughly

revised

broader range

of cases

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2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 23: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2323

LeadershipSafety

Culture

Robust

Process

Improvementreg

High Reliability Model

Chassin MR Loeb JM High-Reliability Health Care

Getting There from Here Milb Q 201391(3)459-90

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 24: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2424

Milbank Q 201391(3)459-90

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 25: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2525

High Reliability Maturity Model

Components

Leadership Commitment

bull Board

bull CEOManagement

bull Physicians

bull Quality Strategy

bull Quality Measures

bull Safe Adoption of IT

Adoption of Safety Culture

bull Trust

bull Accountability

bull Identifying Unsafe Conditions

bull Strengthening Systems

bull Assessment

Robust Process Improvementreg

bull Methods

bull Training

bull Spread

Stages of maturity

Beginning Developing Advancing Approaching

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 26: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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Why

Improves organizational effectiveness

Improves organizational efficiency

Improves customer satisfaction

Improves compliance

Improves organizational culture

Improves documentation

26

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 27: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2727

Table Discussion

What is your vision of the future

around high reliability in 1 year

In 3 years

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 28: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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2828

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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mis

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 29: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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29

LEADERSHIP

COMMITMENT TO ZERO PATIENT HARM

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n

3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 30: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3030

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 31: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3131

ldquoEnsuring patient safety is our core value

and itrsquos our only core valuerdquoDan Wolterman CEO Memorial Hermann Health System

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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sio

n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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op

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 32: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3232

Essentials for High Reliability

Aligned agreement of all senior leaders

sharing vision of eventual elimination of

harm to patientsndash Governing body senior physician and nursing leaders

The goal of zero

ndash Not satisfied with whatever the current level of safety

is - always looking for ways to improve it

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 33: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3333

ldquoThe beauty of the business case for quality is that it

starts and ends with the best interests of the patientrdquo

Financial benefit to employers patients

providers or insurers

Business Case(financial benefit for providers)

Overuse Care

Patient Centered CareDefective Care

Inefficient Care

Underuse Care

Quality Improvement Beneficiaries Build strategy on

1 Patient needs

2 Organization

reputation

3 Esprit de corps

4 Financial return

to maintain

state-of-the-art

medical

practices

Swensen etal The Business Case for Health-Care Quality Improvement

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 34: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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34

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

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ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 35: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3535

Board or Governing Body

The Board plays a prominent role in quality

and safety

Goes beyond the regulatory requirements and

listening to reports

Engages in the development of quality planning

and goals

Review adverse events and puts a storyface to

patient harm

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 36: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3636

Getting Boards on Board5 Million Lives Campaign 2008

1 Set specific aims to reduce harm

2 Get data and hear stories ndashput a ldquohuman facerdquo on harm data

3 Establish and monitor system-level measures ndashtransparent to organization and its customers

4 Change the environment policies and culture ndashestablish an environment that is respectful fair and just

5 Learning - Develop capability and learn about how the best-in-

the-world boards work with leadership to reduce harm

6 Establish executive accountability to reduce harm

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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mis

sio

n

94

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sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 37: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3737

CEO amp Senior Leadership

Stated commitment to zero patient harm

ndash Goes beyond regulatory requirements and

communicated relentlessly

The CEO leads the development and

implementation of a proactive quality agenda

ndash Aims for and achieves zero patient harm for vital

clinical processes

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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op

yrig

ht

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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mis

sio

n

82

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sio

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 38: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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3838

CEOManagement Tactics

Daily Safety Briefings

Look back ndash significant safety or quality

issues from the last 24 hours

Look ahead ndash anticipated safety or quality

issues in the next 24 hours

Follow up ndash status reports on issues

identified today or days before

Situational awareness amp heightened risk

awareness

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 39: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

3939

Cincinnati Childrens Knowledge Sharing

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sio

n

4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

n

42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 40: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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4040

CEOManagement Tactics

Safety Culture Assessment

Safety Leadership Rounds

Teamwork Training and Skill building

Senior executive adopt-a-work unit

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sio

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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sio

n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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n

7373

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n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

94

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mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

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oin

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mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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101

RESOURCES

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om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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ight T

he J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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ht

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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ht

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om

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 41: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

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42

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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sio

n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 42: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

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4343

Physicians

Physicians are engaged and

involved in quality and safety

ndash Broad involvement of several physicians

ndash Champion amp lead improvement projects

ndash Accept the leadership of other appropriate

clinicians

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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sio

n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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sio

n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 43: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

4444

Physicians

Impact of physician

engagement

ndash Improved clinical outcomes

ndash Reduced malpractice risk

ndash Improved patient satisfaction

ndash Improved physician satisfaction

and decreased physician burnout

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mis

sio

n

4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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mis

sio

n

47

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om

mis

sio

n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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ht

Th

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mis

sio

n

4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

copy C

op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

copy C

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mis

sio

n

5353

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yrig

ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 44: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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4545

Quality Strategy

What priority is given to improving quality

and safety

ndash Quality is one of the top three or four

strategic priorities OR the highest-priority

strategic goal

ndash Improvement efforts directed at the most

important causes of harm in the

organizationrsquos patient population

ndash Stated goal ndash Zero harm

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n

47

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n

4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

60

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oin

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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mis

sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 45: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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47

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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ht

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oin

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mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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mis

sio

n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 46: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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4848

Quality Measurement

What is the organizationrsquos approach to

measuring quality and safety

ndash Measurement goes beyond the regulatory

requirements

ndash Transparency of Information

ndash Who can access amp How often

ndash Align incentive systems based on results

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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ht

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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ight T

he J

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mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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ight T

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 47: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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4949

ndash Level of support from IT for qualitysafety

improvement programs

ndash IT solutions are integral to sustained

improvement

ndash Commitment to safety

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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ight T

he J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 48: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

5050

Resources for ldquoSafe ITrdquo

Issue 42 Safely implementing health information and

Converging technologies

Issue 50 Medical device alarm safety in hospitals

Issue 54 Safe use of health information technology

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n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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oin

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mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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om

mis

sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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ht

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mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

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mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 49: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

51

Leadership Commitment

to

ZERO

Patient

Harm

The High Reliability Journey Begins with

Leadership

Board

CEOManagement

Physicians

Quality Strategy

Quality Measures

Safe Adoption of IT

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5353

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

56

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

60

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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ht

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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ht

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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ht

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

next week

111

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112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 50: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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5252

Table Discussion Leadership

What do you see as the biggest obstacle to

obtaining alignment around the goal of zero

harm

Do you see yourself as a Change Agent for

high reliability

ndash If YES Identify strategies that you can use

to obtain alignment around the goal of zero

harm

ndash If NO Why not

At your tables within your individual organization or as a

group discuss the following

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n

5353

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n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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n

56

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5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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n

60

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6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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ht

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sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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e J

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mis

sio

n

94

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e J

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mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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oin

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mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 51: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

5353

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mis

sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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sio

n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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ht

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mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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mis

sio

n

7373

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yrig

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e J

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 52: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

54

SAFETY CULTURE

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sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

56

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mis

sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

60

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oin

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 53: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5555

Why Focus on Safety Culture

Improving safety culture is the

only way to fully empower staff

to find unknown risks

HROs depend critically on

safety culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

56

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

60

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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ht

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mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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mis

sio

n

7373

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e J

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mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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n

101

RESOURCES

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n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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n

What can you do

next week

111

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n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 54: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

56

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sio

n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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ht

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mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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ht

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oin

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om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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t C

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mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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ht

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mis

sio

n

94

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om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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ight T

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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ht

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om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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ht

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oin

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 55: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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n

5757

Components of Safety Culture

Trust

ndash Coordinated and focused effort

to eradicate intimidating

behaviors and establish trusting

environment

ndash Is trust measured Are codes of

behavior self-policing

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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mis

sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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yrig

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7373

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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ht

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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e J

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 56: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

5858

Accountability

ndash Balance between blameless errors

and blameworthy acts (eg honest

mistake versus poor choice)

ndash Equitable and transparent

disciplinary procedures

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

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ht

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mis

sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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sio

n

7373

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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n

82

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8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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n

94

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n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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ht

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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om

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 57: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

5959

Accountability

Health care also fails to apply disciplinary

procedures equitably and uniformly

Lack of uniform accountability also erodes

trust stifles reporting of unsafe conditions

Belief in a completely ldquoblame-free culturerdquo

further impairs progress toward accountability

Striking the balance is critical

ndash Learning from blameless errors

ndash Accountability for adhering to safe practices

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

60

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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om

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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e J

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sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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ight T

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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ight T

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sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

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sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 58: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

60

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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e J

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mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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ht

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 59: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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ht

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e J

oin

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sio

n

6161

Identifying Unsafe Conditions

ndash Are near missclose call events reported with

same frequency as actual harm events

ndash Are unsafe conditions recognized

Routinely Or is activity largely

retrospective

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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ht

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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ht

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mis

sio

n

7373

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om

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 60: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6262

Tactics to Increase Reporting

Make sure staff know what you want to hear

about andhellip

Make sure you tell staff what you did with the

information they reported

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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e J

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mis

sio

n

94

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sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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ht

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sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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e J

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mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

he J

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sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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e J

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mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

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om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

he J

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mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 61: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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e J

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mis

sio

n

6363

Prerequisite for Reporting

What inhibits reporting even before

intimidating behavior comes into play

Failure to recognize unsafe conditions

ndash Distractions during medication prep

ndash Poor participation in timeouts

ndash Language barrier preventing full protection

of two-person check on blood products

Requires education on known hazards

Where are your unrecognized risks

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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ht

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e J

oin

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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ht

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e J

oin

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sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 62: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

6464

Strengthening Systems

ndash What efforts are in place to recognize patterns

of causal factors across the organization

ndash Efforts to catalog and prioritize system

weaknesses--proactively

bull Responding to events that have already happened

Reactive

bull Active identification of unsafe conditions through analysis of processes

Proactivebull Ability to

accurately foresee potential problems based on system analysis

Predictive

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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mis

sio

n

7373

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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e J

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sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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e J

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mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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sio

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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ht

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e J

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t C

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mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 63: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6565

Evolution of Safety Culture

Today we mostly react to adverse events

Close calls are ldquofree lessonsrdquo that can lead

to risk reduction

Unsafe conditions are further upstream from

harm than close calls

Ultimately proactive routine assessment of

safety systems to identify and repair

weaknesses gets closer to high reliability

--- if they are

recognized reported and acted on

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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opyr

ight T

he J

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

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mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 64: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

6666

Assessment

ndash Safety culture is measuredmdashhow

often Who is included

ndash Results used to plan efforts to

improve

ndash Metrics around improvement efforts

reported to senior leadership

systematic improvement initiatives

are in place

Components of Safety Culture

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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yrig

ht

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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ight T

he J

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om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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ht

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e J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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e J

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om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 65: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

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sio

n

6767

Tactics around MeasuringActing

If you already measure safety culture

develop a plan with built in

accountability to review the results and

work to improve

All unitsdepartments routinely report

on progress (which wonrsquot be immediate

or fast in many cases)

Discuss these results with the Board

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ht

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mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

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ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

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mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

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ht

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mis

sio

n

7373

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om

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sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

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om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

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ht

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e J

oin

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mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

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sio

n

82

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n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

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ht

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sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

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88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

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89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

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sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

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sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

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sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

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sio

n

94

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95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

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sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

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sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

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n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

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sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

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sio

n

101

RESOURCES

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ht

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e J

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mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

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ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

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op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 66: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6868

Culture Change is Difficult

2007 (n= 382) 2012 (n=1128)

AHRQ Safety Culture Survey 2007 2012

1 Staff feel mistakes are heldagainst them (YES)

2 When event is reported it feelslike the person is being writtenup not the problem (YES)

3 Staff worry mistakes are kept intheir personnel files (YES)

50

57

65

50

54

65

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

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ht

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e J

oin

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sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 67: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

6969

What Behaviors are Intimidating

Wide range from hanging up the phone instead

of answering a question to verbal abuse

(cursing yelling) or physical abuse

Most common

ndash Refusal to answer questions or to return

phone calls or pages condescending tone or

language impatience with questions

ndash 2003 about frac14 of nurses and pharmacists

personally experienced these from MDs more

than 10 times in past year

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

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op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

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yrig

ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

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ht

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e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 68: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

70

Start here

Deliberate harm test Incapacity test Foresight test Substitution test

Were the actions

intendedDoes there appear to be

evidence of ill health or

substance abuse

Did the individual depart from

agreed protocols or safe

procedures

Would another individual

coming from the same

professional group

possessing comparable

qualifications amp experience

behave in the same way in

similar circumstances

No NoNo

Were adverse consequences

intended

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Were the protocols and safe

procedures available

workable intelligible

correct and in routine use

Were there any deficiencies

in training experience or

supervision

No

Is there evidence that the

individual took an

unacceptable risk

Were there significant

mitigating circumstances

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullReport to NPDB

bullPotential adjustment

to duties

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullRefer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

No

CONSIDER

bullDiscipline

bullPotential adjustment to

clinical duties

bullCorrective training

education

bull Improved supervision

bull Refer to Employee

Assistance Program

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspendterminate

CONSIDER

bullReport to NPDB

bullReferral to internal physician

impairment program

bullReferral to state physician

impairment program

bullReport to state quality ]

investigation office

bullCorrective trainingeducation

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

bullSummarily suspend

terminate

CONSIDER

bullPolice

bullReport to state quality

investigation office

bullReport to National Prac-

titioner Databank (NPDB)

IDENTIFY

SYSTEM FAILURES

Yes

No

No

SYSTEM

FAILURE

No

MDAssessing Errors Systematically

Yes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 69: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7171

Summary

Fully functional safety culture is essential

to achieving high reliability in healthcare

Will take time and consistent effort on the

part of all leaders and the Board

ndash No guaranteed or foolproof methods

ndash Expect setbacks non-linear progress

Measure trust intimidating behavior culture

Set goals use RPI to drive improvement

No challenge is more important

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 70: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7272

Table Discussion Safety Culture

What are the barriers to recognizing

reporting and responding to unsafe

conditions

ndash Develop one or two strategies to try next

week

At your tables within your individual

organization or as a group discuss the

following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 71: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7373

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 72: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

74

ROBUST PROCESS IMPROVEMENTreg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 73: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

757575

Reliability is failure free operation over time from the viewpoint of the patient

-R Resar Institute for Healthcare Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 74: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7676

Current State of Improvement

We have made some progress

Improvement difficult to sustainspread

Getting to zero staying there is very rare

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 75: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7777

Semmelweisrsquo Original Data

Monthly Death Rates

Handwashing

Program

1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 76: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7878

Current State of Quality

Routine safety processes fail routinely

ndash Hand hygiene

ndash Medication administration

ndash Patient identification

ndash Communication in transitions of care

Preventable adverse events

ndash Surgery on wrong patient or body part

ndash Fires in ORs retained foreign objects

ndash Infant abductions inpatient suicides

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 77: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

7979

RPIreg and High Reliability

How did HROs achieve zero harm

ndash How to get from low to high reliability

ndash How do we address safety processes that fail

40-60 of the time

ndash How to get major improvement quickly

Answer

RPIreg = Lean Six Sigma and

change management

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 78: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8080

RPI in Health Care Today

Only a small percentage of hospitals or

systems use RPI in any form or fashion

RPI is used differently by different hospitals

ndash Most use only some of the parts change

management is most often left out

ndash Most do not use it to transform

ndash Most do not have a plan for spread or for

linking RPI training to staff development

Compelling business case for RPI

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 79: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

82

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 80: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8383

83

RPIreg is a blended set of

strategies tools

methods and training

programsmdashincluding

Lean Six Sigma and

Change Managementmdash

that is used to improve

business processes and

clinical outcomes

What is Robust Process Improvement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 81: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8484

What is Lean

Philosophy continuous improvement of

processes through employee empowerment

Teaches us to view our processes from the

customerrsquos perspectivemdashin value streams

Tools to increase value and improve flow by

eliminating steps in processes that represent

pure waste

Waste increases cost produces no value

All unexamined processes have waste often as

much as 50 of time and effort is waste

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 82: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8585

Six Sigma Philosophy

Philosophy underlying six sigma helps us to think

about quality differently

Six sigma = accuracy and variation

Six sigma measures bad outcomes as ldquodefects

per million opportunitiesrdquo

1 rate of bad outcomes = 10000 defects per

million

It gives us tools and a way to think about getting

to zero harm the high reliability goal

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 83: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8686

Six Sigma

86

Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Who are the

customers and

what are their

priorities

How is the process

performing and how is

it measured

What are the

most important

causes of the

defects

How do we

remove the

causes of the

defects

How can we

maintain the

improvements

A Methodology for Improving Processes

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 84: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

8787

The Way We Do Improvement

Usual approach best practices toolkits

protocols checklists ldquobundlesrdquo

ndash Typical best practice is ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo

ndash Can produce modest improvement

ndash Difficult to sustain

ndash Cannot get to zero this way

The ldquoone-size-fits-allrdquo approach works well

only for simple problems that do not vary

Toughest problems are not simple

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 85: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

88

Causes Differ by Hospital

Each letter = one hospital

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 86: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

89

Some Important Causes of Hand

Hygiene Failures

1 Faulty data on performance

2 Inconvenient location of sinks or hand

gel dispensers

3 Hands full

4 Ineffective education of caregivers

5 Lack of accountability

Each requires a very different

strategy to eliminate

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 87: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9090

The Technical Solution Is Not Enough

Lean Six Sigma provide technical solutions

Why does improvement fail so often

ndash Not for lack of a good technical solution

ndash Failures occur when organization fails to accept

and implement a good solution it had

RPI addresses this challenge directly

Change management = a systematic way to

implement and sustain good solutions

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 88: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9191

Facilitating Change

Key components of managing change

1 Plan engage all stakeholders identify

sponsor champion and process owner

2 Inspire paint a convincing picture of how

beneficial the change will be

3 Launch initiate the change intensify

communication to stakeholders

4 Support sustain the improvement

empower process owner

Change management is not linear

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 89: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9292

92

QQuality

AAcceptance

AAccountability

EEffectiveness

Studies show that between 50 and 75

of improvement efforts fail due to a lack

of focus on facilitating change

Adapted from General Electric Corsquos Change Acceleration Process copy 2008

Change Management GErsquos FormulaQuality x Acceptance x Accountability = Effectiveness

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 90: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

94

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

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mis

sio

n

95

Why RPI The Business Case

Administrative processes in health care are

just as broken as clinical processes

ndashBilling supply chain throughput

ndashRPI can directly improve margins

Learning RPI allows organizations to solve

their own problems

Generate positive ROI now while learning

how to redesign care processes for future

Mayo program ROI = 51

J Patient Safety 20139(1)44-52

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

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copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

96

Why RPI Major Improvements

Center Projects Results()

Hand hygiene 71

Hand-off communication failures 56

Wrong site surgery risks

ndashScheduling 46

ndashPre-op 63

ndashOperating Room 51

Colorectal SSIs 32

Falls with injury 62

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 93: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

97

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 94: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

98

HAI Hospital Scorecard

Number of HAIs in one month

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 95: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

9999

Performance Improvement

for High Reliability

Methods ndash What methodstools are used for adoption of Robust

Process Improvementreg tools

ndash Commitment to adopting these tools throughout the

organization

Trainingndash Is training limited to the quality department

ndash Is there a plan to broaden training

Spreadndash Used in many areas Clinical as well as operational

ndash Proficiency in these tools tied to career advancement

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

What can you do

next week

111

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

112112

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS

Page 96: High Reliability HealthcareWhack-a-mole (lack of prevention) PDCA/PDSA is the only methodology A basic algorithm for learning Adoption of best practices Wasteful adoption of ill-fitted

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

100100

Table Discussion RPIreg

What strategies have you used to

build your performance improvement

program

ndash Who were your key stakeholders

ndash What resistance did you find

ndash Were you successful in managing the

resistance

At your tables within your individual organization

or as a group discuss the following

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

101

RESOURCES

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

102102

High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

105

IN SUMMARY

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

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RESOURCES

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High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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IN SUMMARY

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South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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High reliability is catching on

Google search conducted September 29 2015

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Quick Access via the Websitewwwcenterfortransforminghealthcareorg

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104104

Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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IN SUMMARY

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106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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e J

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In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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Patient Safety Systems Chapter

httpwwwjointcommissionorgaccreditation

hospitalsaspx

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IN SUMMARY

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South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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ht

Th

e J

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t C

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mis

sio

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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opyr

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t C

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mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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IN SUMMARY

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South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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sio

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107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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e J

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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he J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

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IN SUMMARY

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106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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Th

e J

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sio

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

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he J

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t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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What can you do

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106106

South Carolina Safe Care Commitment

What is Possible

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mis

sio

n

107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

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yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

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108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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next week

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107107

Zero Harm Awards

Categories

ndash Hip replacement-hospital wide

ndash Knee replacement-hospital wide

ndash CLABSI-ICU only or special non-ICU

HematologyOncology or Renal Dialysis units

Twelve months or greater without incidence

2014 77 awards across 3 categories

statewide

2015 69 awards across 3 categories

statewide

copy C

op

yrig

ht

Th

e J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

108108

In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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next week

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In order to drastically improve safety

levels and advance towards high

reliability must have

Strong leadership support

Commitment to building a safety culture

Evidenced-based performance

improvement methodology

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

copy C

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next week

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109109

Transformation to High Reliability

We must have much more ambitious goals

for healthcare improvement zero harm

Current methods will not get us there

Lean six sigma and change management

(RPIreg) have far greater promise

Culture change is difficult takes time

Some hospitals and systems making real

progress showing that zero is achievable

copy C

opyr

ight T

he J

oin

t C

om

mis

sio

n

Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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next week

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Launch

High reliability is achievable

Striving for high reliability is not a

project

ndash Leadership commitment to goal of zero

ndash Fully functioning culture of safety

ndash Highly effective improvement capacity

Enables better organizational

performance in many different areas

in addition to safety

110

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next week

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