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MVVenugopalanandKRKranthi-ICAR-CentralIns>tuteforCo@onResearch,Nagpur

Global cotton scenario

80 countries

Country Area (mha) Production (m tons) Yield (kg lint/ha) Rainfed area (%) Australia 0.24 0.49 2038 26 Mexico 0.18 0.26 1476 12 Brazil 1.00 1.50 1524 98 China 4.40 6.53 1484 6

America 3.93 3.50 891 60 Uzbekistan 1.29 0.87 678 10

Pakistan 3.05 2.28 750 0 India 12.7 6.64 523 60 World 34.14 25.90 760 27

World (excl. India) Area: 21.44 m ha Production: 19.4 m tons Yield: 905 kg/ha

India:32ndinproduc/vity

Co4onarea,Btco4onareaandproduc/vityofco4oninIndia

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•  Emphasis on more bolls per plant •  Breeding under high input conditions •  Long duration of cultivars -moisture and nutrient stress •  Long duration of cultivars –longer plant protection window •  Delay in sowing of hybrids •  Secondary pests, leaf reddening, para-wilt, CLCuV •  High cost of cultivation and decline in factor productivity

Reasons for low cotton yield in India

HDPS – varieties - planted at population ranging from 111000 to 222000 plants/ha at 45 to 90 cm spacing between rows and 10 cm between plants.

High density production system (HDPS)- cotton

HDPS - alternate production system having potential for ü  improving productivity and profitability, ü  increasing efficiency, ü  reducing input costs and ü  minimising risks

High density production system (HDPS)- cotton

Advantages i.   Early crop establishment – low sucking pest, escapes drought ii.   Low production cost, high productivity iii.   Seed sovereignty with farmers iv.   Amenable to mechanization v.   Higher water and nutrient use efficiency vi.   Early crop maturity with synchronous bursting. vii.  Low incidence of leaf reddening and wilting

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Rainfallmm HDPSVariety Hybrid

Boll formation

Boll formation

Central India –Weekly Rainfall and Water Requirement of Cotton

Moisture availability is extremely critical during boll formation phase Why HDPS was not earlier attempted in India

•  Cotton breeders consciously developed bushy, monopodial varieties resembling hybrids •  Mechanization of picking was not a priority in India •  Cotton agronomists concentrated on optimizing geometry and

plant density for the cultivars developed by breeders •  Belief that microclimate with high plant density would increase

weeds and also aggravate insect pests and diseases •  Plant monitoring and curtailing excess vegetative growth with

growth regulators was not a research priority

Spacing(cm) Plants/ha Boll wt. (g) Bolls/Plant Yield Kg/ha

60 x 10 1,60, 000 3.5 4 6 2200 3300 45 x 10 2,20,000 3.5 3 5 2300 3800 75 x 10 1,30,000 3.5 5 7 2300 3200 90 x 90 12,300 3.5 55 80 2300 3400

How high plant density matters

HDPS research in India – 2009 onwards Ins/tute:DevelopmentofHDPSformaximizingproduc/vityofrainfedco4on

TMC:Developmentofop/mumnutrientmanagementscheduleforHDPS-TMCMM1(7loca/ons)

AICCIP:Evalua/onofcompactplanttypesforHDPSunderrainfedandirrigatedsitua/onsindifferentAERs

TMCMM1.4:Standardiza/onofagro-techniquesforHDPS(12loca/ons)

Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) - G. hirsutum -CICR

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60X30 cm 45X15 cm

• Semi compact Suraj, PKV 081, ADB 39 and CNH 28 I - HDPS. • Across genotypes - yield increase with HDPS over conventional spacing was

29.5 %., but it was 67% in Suraj and 44% in PKV 081. • HDPS induced earliness by 10-15 days.

Genotype 45x10cm (220000/ha)

60x10 cm (166000/ha)

90x10 cm (111000/ha) Mean (var)

NH 615 2512 2833 2201 2449 NH 545 2550 2830 2839 2740 ADB 39 3009 2539 2535 2694 SURAJ 2748 2976 2632 2785 PKV 081 3011 2798 2355 2721 KC 3 3071 3113 2709 2964 RS 875 2555 1911 1776 2080 CSH 3178 2468 2795 2501 2588 MDLH 1 1690 1813 1519 1674 ANJALI 2814 2643 2345 2601 F 2383 2379 2142 2081 2201 H 8 Bt 2868 3596 2945 3136 Mean 2751 2733 2463

Seed cotton yield of different genotypes (kg/ha) 2012-13

ADB 39, PKV 081, Anjali, -were promising at 45x10 cm. For NH 615, Suraj, CSH 3178 and KC 3- 60x10 cm was ideal.

Surajat60x10cm

H8BGII:1601kg/ha(90x60cm)

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  Genotypes at 60x10 cm Mean Anjali 4485 KC-3 4663 NH 615 4289 MCU 7 4036 SVPR 3 3861 LH 900 3440 PKV 081 3617 Suraj 4228 Supriya 2903 RCH 2 Bt At (90x60 cm) 1984 Cd 5%  445

Seed cotton yield (kg/ha) under HDPS- Irrigated conditions of Coimbatore

Anjali, KC 3, Suraj and NH615- high yielders

Varieties in HDPS (45x10 cm) versus Bt hybrid (90x60 cm) Yield(q/ha)

Parbhani Khandwa Genotype 2010-11 2011-12 Genotype 2010-11 2011-12

NH-545 12.85 17.03 Vikram 18.47 14.72 NH-452 12.21 15.23 Khandwa 2 19.11 15.22 PKV-081 12.38 15.40 JK-4 20.14 16.04

Mallika Bt 13.88 14.20 Jai Bt 13.38 —

Akola Nandyal PKV-081 17.31 15.87 Narasimha 18.47 18.94 NH-615 16.19 16.19 Sivanandi 18.67 20.42 NH-630 19.07 16.46 NDLH-1938 25.10 23.55

Bunny Bt 10.28 13.65 Bunny Bt 22.98 19.85

HDPS needs 25% higher fertilizer than RDF of variety

TMC -2011-12

a) Rainfed condition Akola Nagpur Nanded

1 GSHV01/1338 1435 1 NH-615 1341 1 ADB-39 1278 2 NH-615 1420 2 BS-41 1244 2 NH-615 1093 3 NH-545 1319 3 NH-545 1257 3 NH-545 907 4 GJHV-460 1157 4 GJHV-460 1098 4 BS-41 861 5 ADB-39 1126 5 AKH-081 1094 5 DCS-115 694

check AKH-8828 945 check AKH-8828 945 check NH-615 1018 Aruppukatai Nandyal

1 PKV-081 3059 1 NH-545 2616 2 ADB-39 2817 2 NH-615 2511 3 TCH-1605 2810 3 CNHO-12 2285 4 CNHO-12 2719 4 AKH-2006-2 2254 5 NH-545 2647 5 BS-41 2163

check KC-3 2593 check Narasimha — b) Irrigated condition

Dharwad Guntur Coimbatore 1 ADB-39 1779 1 GSHV01/1338 2950 1 ADB-39 861 2 BS-41 1436 2 TCH-1608 2927 2 GSHV01/1338 838 3 CNHO-12 1418 3 CNH-1109 2640 3 TCH-1705 803 4 TCH-1705 1381 4 ADB-39 2607 4 BS-41 650 5 CNH-1109 1279 5 PKV-081 2603 5 CNH-1109 633

check Sahana 1140 check L-604 — check Suraj 478

Independent AICCIP evaluation- Yield of top ranking 5 entries under HDPS (2011-12)

HDPS at 45x10cm in rainfed and 60 x 10 in irrigated, Check at recommended spacing

Summary of 2014-15 results –all centres Centre Genotype /spacing Moisture

conservation Weed control Demonstration

Akola PKV 081/ 40x10cm BBF>Furrow>flat - PKV 081 at 40x10 & BBF (20q/ha)

Nanded Suraj / 45x10 cm BF>Furrow>flat - NH 615 at 60x10 (11q/ha)

Nandyal NH 615 & Suraj/ 45x10 cm

No difference Hoeing - 20DAS + glyphosate @ 0.5 kg ai/ha (directed) at 40 DAS

BS 279 at 60x10 cm (37 kg/ha)

Bhawanipatna BS 30/ 60x10 cm - - -

Sirsa CSH3155, CSH 3132, CSH

3178/67.5x10 cm

- - 67.5x10 cm- F2383 (16.3 q/ha) ,CISA 414

(26q/ha) Khandwa JK4 / 45x10 cm Biomulch >

polythene mulch - -

Guntur ADB 39 / 75x10 cm Furrows during last interculture

At 75x10 cm Suraj gave 27q/ha

Dharwar DSC 1351, DSC 99/ 60x10 cm

Compartment bunding

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Coimbatore Anjali, KC3, Suraj/ 60x10 cm

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DSC 99, ARBC 64 (60x10 cm)

NH 615 Suraj (60x10 cm)

PKV 081 (45x10 cm)

JK 4 (60x10 cm)

F2383, CSH 3075 (67.5x10 cm)

PKV 081 Suraj, NH615 (45/60 x10 cm)

Bs 279, BS 30 (60x10 cm)

ADB 39, NDLH 1938 (60x10 cm)

ADB 39, ADB 538 (60x10 cm)

Anjali, Suraj, KC 3 (60x10 cm)

G Cot 16, Suraj (60x10 cm)

Semi compact genotypes for HDPS-different locations

Allthegenotypesselectedaretoleranttosuckingpests

Summary of research findings from HDPS trirals

•  Semi-compact genotypes – G hirsutum: PKV 081, Suraj, NH 615, NH 630, ADB 39, Anjali, F2383 and KC3. G arboreum -Phule dhanwantary, AKA 7, HD 123.

•  Average yield improvement -30% over 60x30 cm spacing. Earliness -10 days.

•  Current genotypes- density -1.5-2.0 lakh plants/ha - spacing 45x10 or 60x10 cm –rainfed, shallow to medium deep soils. Deep Soils : 75x10 cm. Significant -Soil type x genotype x row spacing interaction

•  25% more fertilizers over current recommendation for varieties. Nutrient uptake efficiency improved under HDPS. Nutrient utilization efficiency - not improved.

•  Bullock/tractor drawn seed drills/planters – suitable. Tractor drawn inclined plate planter - most suitable.

•  Growth regulator-mepiquat chloride in G hirsutum - decreased plant height ,Yield increase - not consistent in rainfed conditions. Yield increased in tall varieties, deep soils , irrigated conditions. Further standardization needed.

•  No increase in pests and diseases under HDPS. However, being non Bt varieties, a separate window based IRM strategy was needed for HDPS.

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PRODUCTION PACKAGE FOR HDPS- v Early dry sowing – 3rd week of June with Bullock/tractor seed drill/

planter at 45 × 10 cm ~ 90,000 plants/acre or 60x10 on medium soils (67000 plants/acre) or 75x10 cm for deep soil

v Weed control: Pendimethalin @ 1 liter/acre (Pre-emergence), Pyrthiobac sodium @ 675 ml/ha (post emergence) + 2 intercultures .

v Curtail excess growth (optional) : Mepiquat chloride @ 50g ai/ha in 2-3 splits from square initiation-not done by majority of farmers

v Pest management: Neem oil (2.5 l/ha) + neem seed kernal powder (2.5 kg/ha), Coragen spray@ 150ml/ha or Flubendamide @ Fame 480 SC 125 ml/ ha (ETL based)

v Fertilizer: NPK- 30:15:0+ Zinc sulphate @ 5 kg/acre and borax @ 1.0 kg/acre. Spray – KNO3 @ 1.5 kg/acre during boll development

RECOMMENDED VARIETIES SURAJ : Long staple, high quality fibre 30 mm length, 25g/tex strength

PKV081: Medium staple fiber. Tolerant to sucking pests and drought

NH615: Medium staple fibre. Tolerant to sucking pests and drought

Phule Dhanwantary : Short staple, coarse cotton, ideal for surgical use.

SURAJ PKV 081 NH 615 PHULE DHANWANTARY

•  240 Farmer Participatory •  Trials of 0.4 ha each •  Only rainfed •  Shallow and marginal soils •  Resource poor farmers G arboreum: AKA 07, HD 123 G hirsutum- SURAJ, NH 615, PKV 081

HDPS DEMOS (2012-13)

8 Districts of Vidarbha

District Trials No. Min Max Average Akola 20 10.2 18.8 15

Amaravati 37 6.3 20.7 11.2 Buldhana 28 5 11.3 9.7

Chandrapur 20 4.5 31.2 12.8 Nagpur 13 8.8 20.9 12.2 Washim 8 7.9 13.4 10.3 Wardha 13 5 21 9.5 Yavatmal 16 12.5 30 18.1

G hirsutum yield (Q/ha) rainfed shallow soils

DESI Gossypium arboreum HDPS Yields (Q/ha) rainfed shallow soils Districts Min Max Ave Akola 12.3 18.8 16.5 Amaravati 6.3 28.8 15.8 Buldhana 10.8 20.3 15.8 Chandrapur 15 15 15 Nagpur 16 24.6 20.3 Washim 10 13.8 11.9 Wardha 8.5 10 9.3

PhuleDhanwantary

State Min. Max. Avg. Haryana 22.5 40.0 30 Rajasthan 20.0 30.0 22 MP 15.0 30.0 24 Maharashtra 10.0 37.5 18 AP 10.0 30.0 22 Orissa 27.5 37.5 32 Karnataka 10.0 32.5 20 TN 10.0 25.0 18 Total 19.1

Seed cotton yield (q/ha) - HDPS demos- 2013-14 (wet year)

37 districts, 235 villages in 2400 acres of 9 cotton growing states. Maharashtra State Govt: 2612 demos in 100 villages of 9 districts.

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10 States, 487 ha, 133 villages, 1058 farmers

Seed cotton yield (q/ha) - HDPS demos- 2014-15 (dry year)

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Tips for high yields under HDPS

1. Selection of appropriate genotype according to soil/ rainfall/ irrigation 2. Dry sowing- early crop establishment 3. Maintaining optimum plant population through drill sowing 4. Using recommended pesticides 5. Retaining the first formed bolls and curtailing excess plant growth 6. Soil moisture conservation

Confederation of Indian Textile Industries along with the Rajasthan Government and Bayer Crop Science (BCS) – HDPS - Ajmer, Pali, Nagur and Jodhpur -Rajasthan.

Hybrid-Surpass 7007 - plated at 90x60, 60x45, 80x30 and 80x15 cm . Yield was highest with 80x15 cm followed by 80x30 cm (CITI, 2014)

Yield increase- by 34% in 2013-14, compared with the traditional planting system, despite damages to the crop from extremely rough weather.

Efforts to increase planting density in Bt hybrids

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Lint Yield (kg/ha)

Strategy adopted by Nuzuveedu seeds Erect plant types, PGR (Mepiquat chloride, mepiquat pentaborate), defoliant (Thidiazuron, Thidiazuron+Diuron), Boll openers (Ethepon, paraquat) and machine picking

Yield increase –more on poor soils and when sowings were delayed in the SAT

Source: Rao MP (2014) Emerging trends in cotton cultivation in Asia. Asian Seed Congress, 12 Nov 2014.

Acknowledgements: •  Min of Textiles, Min of Agriculture GOI, ICAR, New Delhi, ICAC, •  Director CICR •  Scientists/staff associated with TMC & NFSM programme