Helping Verbs – English

TO BETO HAVETO DO

M. van Eijk MA

Short explanation of the 3 types of verbs:

1. There are different kinds of verbs. Some show action, and some don’t.An action verb shows action. It tells what the subject of the sentence does.

1. There are different kinds of verbs:Action Verbs

Harko hit the ball. The cat purred softly. Lala walks to school. Melania spoke to me.

2. There are different types of verbs. Some connect, and some don’t.

•A linking verb links, or connects, the subject to the predicate. It does not show action.

2. There are different types of verbs. Some connect, and some don’t.

Common Linking Verbs

•am is are was•were be been

•seems feels tastes

2. There are different types of verbs. Some connect, and some don’t.

Linking Verbs

We are thirsty. Selma was late to

school. The winner is Donald!

The flower smells good.

3. There are different types of verbs. Some help to, for instance, form a negative or a question, and some don’t.

A helping verb helps a main verb. The helping verb comes before the main verb.

3. There are different types of verbs. Some help to form a negative or a question, a perfect or a progressive (-ing) tense and some don’t.

Helping/Main Verbs

I am washing my hair. Louisa has taken the test.

They were talking.

Action Verbs Linking Verbs Helping/Main Verbs

An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb." With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices. Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.

Main auxiliary Verbs:

"Be," , “Have“, "Do"

1. Write four sentences containing

‘am’.

2. Write three sentences containing ‘are’.

3. Write three sentences containing ‘was’.

Fill in the blanks with the right form of to be ( am, are or is):

1.  ……… you the new student? 

2.Yes, I  .………  

3. ……… Selma and Florence  students. 

4. Selma   ……… Australian . 

5.My sister and I   ……… students.

Fill in the blanks with the right form of to be ( am, are or is):

6.The girls ……… tired.

7.These women  ………  beautiful.

8.The tea  ………  delicious.

9. Marge and Lala  ………  friends.

10.The newspaper  ………  cheap.

Answers:1. Are you the new student? 2.Yes, I am.  3. Are Selma and Florence  students. 4. Selma  is Australian . 5.My sister and I are students.6.The girls are tired.7.These women are beautiful.8.The tea is delicious.9. Marge and Lala are friends.10.The newspaper is cheap.

The Verb To Be•Normally we use the verb to be to show the status or

characteristics of something or someone (as a stative verb). It says what I am, what you are or what something is. • The verb to be is used to create simple yes/no questions

by simply inverting the order of subject and the “To be” verb.

For example:-I am a teacher. (Statement)Am I a teacher? (Question)

Exercise Example:I ..happy > I am happy (positive)

Exercise Example:I .. .. rich >I am not rich (negative)• 1. I am busy. > I .. .. Busy. (make a negative sentence) • 2. They are always arguing. (make a negative sentence)• 3. They are students.> .. .. students? (make a question).• 4. She is a friend. > .. she a friend? (make a question). • 5. Are they good friends of him? (make a positive sentence).• 6. I am not here. (make a positive sentence).• 7. We like to drive a car. (make a negative sentence) • 8. She likes to sing. (make a question).

Progressive forms with to beExamples: She is working./He was eating.

The verb to be is used as an auxiliary todenote the progressive or continuous aspect of an action; it is thus used to form the "present progressive" and "pastprogressive" and other progressive tenses.

"Be" as an auxiliary verb

1.Used in progressive sentences:

-I am taking a bath.-She is preparing dinner for us.-They have been studying all night.

have been studying = predicate (meaning all the verbs together)

Progressive forms with to beThe verb to be used as an auxiliary for the progressive or continuous tense (action) is also called the present continuous and past continuous tenses, etc.).  In this case, be is followed by the present participle of a verb ( –ing).

Model "stand" Present pro gresive Future pro gressive Preterit

pro gresivePresent perfect pro gressive

Past perfect pro gressive

1st sing I am stand ing I will be stand ing I was stand ing I have been stand ing

I had been stand ing

2nd sing you are stand ing You will be stand ing You were stand ing You have been

stand ingYou had been stand ing

3rd sing he / she... is stand ing

He / she ... will be stand ing

He/ she ... was stand ing

He / she... have been stand ing

he / she ... had been stand ing

1st plural we are stand ing We will be stand ing We were stand ing We have been

stand ingWe had been stand ing

2nd plural you are stand ing You will be stand ing You were stand ing You have been

stand ingYou had been stand ing

3rd plural they are stand ing They will be stand ing

They were stand ing

They have been stand ing

They had been stand ing

"Be" as an auxiliary verb•

2.Used in passive sentences:

-I was given a free meal.-He was seen by fans at the airport.-This song has been sung by all nations.

"Be" as an auxiliary verb2.Used in passive sentences:

The verb to be is also used as an auxiliary to form passive tenses. In this case, the auxiliary be is followed by the past participle of a verb. With regular verbs usually –ed.

For irregular verbs: the whole list is at the end of this presentation (you must look at the third row)

"Be" as an auxiliary verb2.Used in passive sentences:

Sample verb "Take"

Present simple passive Future passive Pret erit passive Present perfect

passivePast perfect passive

1st sing I am taken I will be taken I was taken I have been taken I had been taken3rd sing It... is taken He / she ... will be

takenHe / she ... was taken

He / she ... has been taken

He / she ... had been taken

Etc.

Below the verb ‘to have’ is used as a main verb.So, not as a helping (auxilary) verb. Here, you can leave out ‘got’.

“Have" as an auxiliary verba. Used in perfect sentences:

I have been following you for a mile.• We have done a lot so far.• She had been queen of the town.

• If you would like to learn more about the perfect tense:• http://www.slideshare.net/MatthijsVanEijk/verb-tenses-english-m-van-eijk

Asking questions by using a helping verb (be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought)The basic rule for asking questions in English is straightforward: Invert the order of the subject and the first auxiliary verb.• It is snowing. = Is it snowing?• He can speak German. = Can he speak German?• They have lived here a long time. = Have they lived here a long time?• She will arrive at ten o'clock. = Will she arrive at ten o'clock?• He was driving fast. = Was he driving fast?• You have been smoking. = Have you been smoking?

Asking questions by using a helping verb (be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought)If there is no auxiliary, use part of the verb 'to do'.• You speak fluent French. = Do you speak fluent French?• She lives in Brussels. = Does she live in Brussels?• They lived in Manchester. = Did they live in Manchester?• He had an accident. = Did he have an accident?

"Do" as an auxiliary verba.Used in questions:

•Do you want to have another one?•Did he finish his homework?•Do we need to keep going straight?

"Do" as an auxiliary verb

b. Used in negative sentences:

- She doesn’t agree with me.- I do not know the truth.- They didn’t arrive here yet.

The verb to do is another common verb in English. It can be used as an auxiliary and a main verb. It is often used in questions.

The Verb To Do

Emphatic 'do'

The use of a form of the verb do (do, does, or did) to add emphasis to an affirmative sentence. The emphatic do is far more common in speech than in formal written English.Unlike ordinary auxiliary verbs, which are typically unstressed in speech, emphatic do is almost always stressed. (See Examples below.)

Emphatic 'do'• "Now, I don't speak Chinese, but I do speak a little Polish, a little

Korean, and a few words in half a dozen other languages. This comes from my living in New York City where I encountered people from every nationality on a regular basis."(Damon Vickers, The Day After the Dollar Crashes. Wiley, 2011)

• "'Do be quiet, Larry!' she said impatiently. 'Don't you hear me talking to Daddy?'"(Frank O'Connor, "My Oedipus Complex," 1952)

Do / does: emphatic useAs you can see, do and does are used to make questions and negatives. They are not normally used in affirmative sentences. However, we can use them for emotive emphasis when we feel strongly about something.• I do love her. (More emphatic than 'I love her.')

• She does look beautiful in that dress. Quiet stunning! (More emphatic than 'She looks beautiful in that dress.')

• You do look nice today!

Do / does: emphatic useAs you can see, do and does are used to make questions and negatives. They are not normally used in affirmative sentences. However, we can use them for emotive emphasis when we feel strongly about something.•He thinks I don't love him, but I do love him. I

really do!

• I don't see my old friends often, but I do call them every now and then.

•Were you joking? I do believe you were pulling my leg.

Complete the following sentences by using the correct form of do (do, don't, does, doesn't).•My mother likes chocolate, but she ………. ………. like

biscuits.•What ………. the children wear at your school?• Lynn's father watches badminton on TV, but he ………….

watch judo.•Where ………. the Masons buy their fruit?• ………. the cat like to sleep on the sofa?

Answers:• My mother likes chocolate, but she doesn't like biscuits.• What do the children wear at your school?• Lynn's father watches badminton on TV, but he doesn't watch judo.• Where do the Masons buy their fruit?• Does the cat like to sleep on the sofa?

Complete the following sentences by using the correct form of do (do, don't, does, doesn't).

• Dogs love bones, but they ………. love peppers.•Where ………. Donald and Melania hide their CDs?•We eat pizza, but we ………. ………. eat hamburgers.• ………. Mrs Heineken read magazines?• ………. the boys play basketball outside?

Answers:• Dogs love bones, but they don't love peppers.• Where do Donald and Melania hide their CDs?• We eat pizza, but we don't eat hamburgers.• Does Mrs Heineken read magazines?• Do the boys play basketball outside?

LIST IRREGULAR VERBSIf you don’t know wat they mean:

This will help you to remember them!

Past Tense Irregular Verbs List Verb Past Simple Past Participle arise arose arisen

babysit babysat babysat be was / were been

beat beat beaten become became become

bend bent bent begin began begun bet bet bet bind bound bound bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought

broadcast broadcast broadcast

build built built buy bought bought

catch caught caught choose chose chosen come came come cost cost cost cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done

draw drew drawn drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen

feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen

get got gotten give gave given go went gone

grow grew grown hang* hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit

hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept know knew known lay laid laid

lead led led leave left left lend lent lent let let let

lie ** lay lain light lit lit lose lost lost

make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid put put put quit quit quit

read *** read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run say said said see saw seen sell sold sold

send sent sent set set set

shake shook shaken shine shone shone

shoot shot shot show showed shown shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat

sleep slept slept slide slid slid

speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spin spun spun

spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung

strike struck struck swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told

think thought thought throw threw thrown

understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn win won won

withdraw withdrew withdrawn write wrote written

If you don’t know wat they mean:

This will really help you to remember them!!