Essentialsof 16PF Assessment

Heather E. P. CattellJames M. Schuerger

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Essentials of 16PF Assessment

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Essentials of Psychological Assessment SeriesSeries Editors, Alan S. Kaufman and Nadeen L. Kaufman

Essentialsof 16PF Assessment

Heather E. P. CattellJames M. Schuerger

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Cattell, Heather E.P.Essentials of 16PF assessment / Heather Cattell, James M. Schuerger.p. cm. (Essentials of psychological assessment series)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-471-23424-9 (pbk.)1. Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. I. Schuerger, James M. II. Title. III. Series.

BF698.8.S5C265 2003155.2'83dc2

2003045081

Printed in the United States of America.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The authors wish to dedicate this book to the memory of

Alberta Karen Cattell

(1916-1996)

Although she was first a gifted and enthusiastic mathematician,Karen gradually became the worlds foremost 16PF supporter. No

one knew it better than she didfrom item content to factor structure to early research in Czechoslovakia. Her enthusiasm wascontagious, and she was generous in sharing her knowledge and in

her encouragement of others. She enjoyed giving in-depth 16PFprofile interpretations to those who showed a personal interest. Asa friend, mentor, and colleague, she was kind, tactful, considerate,

affirmative, and loyal. She drew people out, empowering themto give their best, even in difficult times. She passionately supported

the people around her and their feelings and interests.She is greatly missed.

Series Preface xi

One Overview 1

Two How to Administer and Score the 16PF Questionnaire 19

Three The 16PF Questionnaire Scales 27

Four How to Interpret the 16PF Questionnaire 159

Five Strengths and Weaknesses of the 16PF Questionnaire 191

Six Clinical, Counseling, and Consulting Applications 197

Seven Career and Organizational Applications 221

Eight Illustrative Case Reports 249

Appendix 281

References 285

Annotated Bibliography 295

Index 297

About the Authors 307

Acknowledgments 307

ix

CONTENTS

In the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, we have attempted to provide the reader with books that will deliver key practical informationin the most efficient and accessible style. The series features instrumentsin a variety of domains, such as cognition, personality, education, and neuro-psychology. For the experienced clinician, books in the series will offer a concise, yet thorough way to master utilization of the continuously evolvingsupply of new and revised instruments, as well as a convenient method forkeeping up to date on the tried-and-true measures. The novice will find herea prioritized assembly of all the information and techniques that must be atones fingertips to begin the complicated process of individual psychologicalassessment.

Wherever feasible, visual shortcuts to highlight key points are utilizedalongside systematic, step-by-step guidelines. Chapters are focused and suc-cinct. Topics are targeted for an easy understanding of the essentials ofadministration, scoring, interpretation, and clinical application. Theory andresearch are continually woven into the fabric of each book, but always toenhance clinical interference, never to sidetrack or overwhelm. We have longbeen advocates of intelligent testing the notion that a profile of testscores is meaningless unless it is brought to life by the clinical observationsand astute detective work of knowledgeable examiners. Test profiles must beused to make a difference in a childs or adults life, or why bother to test? Wewant this series to help our readers become the best intelligent testers theycan be.

In Essentials of 16PF Assessment, the authors present a foundation of basicinformation for beginners as well as in-depth information for the experiencedpractitioner. The goal in writing this text was always to provide sufficient

xi

SERIES PREFACE

explanation so that a person with no 16PF experience could, after carefulstudy, make sense of a set of scores. The text draws upon the authors ownconsiderable research, teaching, and applied experience with the test, as wellas that of many other authors. Detailed information is provided on all of thescales measured by the 16PF Questionnaire, as well as some informationabout scale interactions, a range of case studies, and information about howto use the test in career counseling, employee selection and development, andclinical and counseling applications.

Alan S. Kaufman, PhD, and Nadeen L. Kaufman, EdD, Series EditorsYale University School of Medicine

xii SERIES PREFACE

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is a comprehensive

measure of normal-range personality that is widely used in settings inwhich an in-depth, integrated picture of the whole person is needed.

Key information about the test is provided in Rapid Reference 1.1. The his-tory of the development of the 16PF Questionnaire spans almost the entirehistory of objective personality measurement. Instead of being developed tomeasure preconceived dimensions of interest to a particular author for a par-ticular purpose, the 16PF Questionnaire originated from the unique per-spective of an empirical quest to try to discover the basic structural elementsof personality via scientific research sampling of the whole domain of humanpersonality. In addition to leading to the discovery of the 16 personality fac-tors for which the test is named, the research identified the broad dimensionscurrently called the Big Five factors of personality. Because of its scientificorigin, the test has a long history of empirical research, is embedded in a well-established theory of individual differences, and has proven useful in under-standing a wide variety of important behaviors. These features provide a richsource of interpretation for the test user.

That the 16PF Questionnaire originated from scientific inquiry was noaccident; its author, Raymond B. Cattell, was the product of a strong scien-tific and analytical background. His grandfather, father, and brother wereinventors and engineers. As a young man, he witnessed the astoundingresults of pioneering scientific researchelectricity, radios, telephones, auto-mobiles, and airplanes. These influences inspired his decision to pursueundergraduate and masters degrees in the physical sciences at the Universityof London in the 1920s.

1

OVERVIEW

One