heat pumps training part a

High efficiency heat pumps

technical trainingmartedì 17 gennaio 2012

Technical training - part A

Heat pumps technology

2

Part A

martedì 17 gennaio 2012

Technical training - part A 3

Europe 2020

- 20% energy consumpion

- 20% greenhouse gas

emissions

+ 20% energy from renewable

sources{EPBD Directive RES Directive

2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable

sourcesNational directives



External thermal energy

Heating and cooling are responsible for half of Europe’s energy demand..

..RES directive creates the conditions for the development and for the use of thermal tecnologies in Europe



External thermal energy

“Environmental thermal energy”: thermal energy is always stored in external air, water and ground.”

Only heat pumps technology allows to take advantage of this thermal energy



RES DIRECTIVE

For the purposes of the directive the following definitions apply:

"energy from renewable sources" means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases.

"aerothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat in the ambient air

"geothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth

"hydrothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat in surface water



The amount of aerothermal, geothermal or

hydrothermal energy captured by heat pumps is to

be considered energy form renewable sources for

the purposes of the RES directive

(and has to be calculated in accordance to the same directive)

RES DIRECTIVE



HEAT PUMPS AND RENEWABLE ENERGIESThe heat pumps move renewable thermal energy from external

sources to heating plants and viceversa

renewable energy

electricity

heating plant

Also electricity can come from renewable sources such as solar and wind energy



Heat pump technology

How heat pumps work?




Heat pumps are machines that transfer thermal energy

from a lower temperature location, so called “source”,

to a higher temperature location, so called “heat sink”.




Heat pumps/refrigerators

move thermal energy

thanks to a working fluid, called refrigerant, operating in

a thermodynamic cycle



Evaporator

Compressor

Condenser


Expansion valve

Low pressure side

High pressure side



heat absorbtion, boiling and evaporating completely

pumping and taking from low pressure level to high pressure level

gaseus refrigerant passes to the liquid state giving heat to the outside


expansion and partially cooling



Qe Heat absorbtion

Heat absorbtion Qi

Heat release Qc= Qe + Qi




To know the energy and pressure level of the refrigerant during the cycle we shall know how reading the pressure-enthalpy graph

Enthalpy is used for heat energy and is measured in kilojoules/kilogram




Pressure-enthalpy graphHeat pump technology

Sub-cooled liquid region

Saturated liquid line

constant volume

constant temperature

constant pressure constant volume

Superheat vapour zone

Saturated vapour line

critical pointconstant enthalpy

constant quality




EvaporationRefrigerant vaporises in order to absorb

heat energy from the source.

SuperheatThe superheating of the refrigerant within the

evaporator is essential to protect the compressor from taking in liquid refrigerant.




CompressionThe compressor raises the pressure and

temperayure level of the superheated vapour bringing it to the condenser

The refrigerant takes energy during this process and this is termed Heat of Compression




CondensationThe condenser removes energy from the refrigerant and reject this to the

lower temperature sink

Heat rejected in the condenser is Heat received in the evaporator

+Heat gained in the compressor




ExpansionHigh pressure and subcooled

refrigerant via the expansion device returns to the evaporator coil.

The expansion device (thermostatic or electronic valve) is a very important component! It has a sensor attached to the external surface of the refrigerant pipe leaving the evaporator coil: the valve ensures that

the evaporator is adequately supplied with liquid according with the istantaneous cooling load.



Refrigerants

Refrigerants are riquired to have some important properties:

- high critical tempertaure

- high heat of vaporization (high cooling effect)

- stable chemical composition

- high heat exchange capacity



Refrigerant fluids

ASHRAE R-134a R-407C R-410A

Critical temperature 101.1°C 86.2°C 72.2°C

Critical pressure 40 bar 46.2 bar 49.5 bar

Type pure fluid (R-32, R-125, R-134a) miscela binaria di refrigeranti (R-32, R-125)

latent heat of vaporization 1.013 bar

215,9 KJ/kg 249,9 KJ/kg 271,5 KJ/Kg

oil Polyester Polyester Polyester

Temperature glide 0 °C abot 5°C near 0°C



Pcond=15,1 barPevap= 5,2 barSottoraff.=6°CSurrisc.=8°C

Eu=Hc’-Hb = 178 KJ/KgEu= Effetto utile estate(Vc’=0,049 m3/kgL’effetto frigorifero per ogni m3 di gas apirato è di 3632 KJ/m3)

Eu Lc

Lc=HD-Hc’ = 49 KJ/KgLc=Lavoro compressore

A’A

E D

CB C’

COP=3,6

Thermodynamic Cycle with R407C



Reversible cycle heat pumps

Reversible cycle heat pumps units, thanks to a device termed four ways valve, are designed to work in either thermal direction.

The same machine can work as: - heat pump in winter

- refrigerator in summer



Heat pump

Expansion valve

Evaporator

CondenserCompressor

External source

Internal sink



Funzionamento con circuito frigorifero

Expansion valve

Evaporator

Condenser

Compressor

Internal source

External sink



External sources

Aerothermal energy

Geothermal energy

Hydrothermal energy



Hydronics systems

Air to water heat pumps

Ground to water heat pumps

Water to Water Heat pumps

In hidronics systems yhe plant water is the sink for the heat pump and the source for the refrigerator.



The heating/cooling systems uses external air as heat source/heat sink

Aerothermal energy

The temperature range of an air sourced machine goes from -20°C to 40°C according to its working range.

The extnarl heat exchanger extract/reject heat from/to external air. Air flows through the coil thancks to one or more fans.



Strenghts• constant availability• easy to use• no autorization needsWeaknesses• Fuctuation of external temperature • auxiliary heat sources for colder climates application

Aerothermal energy



Air source can be exploited knowing the temperature distribution in each country and in each season

Italy is for example divided in 6 climatic areas from mild temperate to glacial climate

Aerothermal energy



High efficiency heat pumps make this external source particularly interesting both from energethic

and economic point of view.

Aerothermal energy



Heat from the atmosphere

Geothermal energy

Heat from the sun

Heat from the depth of the earth



Ground transfers heat slowly and has a high heat storage capacity

Geothermal energy

- In the first layer among the surface and 15 metres depth, ground temperature changes during the year- with encreasing depth, ground temperature remains constant and begins to rise after 100 metres depth



Geothermal Heat pumps combine the heat pump to a ground heat exchanger.

Geothermal energy

Strenghts• stable temperatures• higher temperatures than external air• high perfotmance of heat pumpsWeaknesses• initial investment greater than conventional systems• energy consumpion for circulating exchanger fluid



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Vertical heat exchanger

- plastic pipes are installed in boreholes- maximum depth 150 metres

Geothermal energy

- low impact of works at ground surface- good thermal behaviour



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- pipes are buried in horizontal trenches- maximum depth 2,5-3 metres-great surfaces are required

Profondità (m)

Temp. media annuale (°C)

0 15

1 15

2 15

3 15

Geothermal energyHorizontal heat exchanger



Hydrothermal energyWater has a good heat storage capacity.

Heat stored in lakes, ponds, underground aquifers can be exploited for thermal use.

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• Undergraund water mantains its temperatur around 10-15°C• Surface water mantains its temperature between 8°C and 25°C• possibility of working with closed and open loop



Heat pumps applications

- Space heating

- Space cooling

- preparing domestic hot water



high temperature (50-60 °C)

medium temperature: (40-45 °C)

Low temperature: (30-35 °C)

Heat pumps applications

The lower the distribution temperature in the heating system the higher the efficiency of the heat pump will be.



Coefficients of performance



Coefficient of performance of a heat pump

COP

The coefficient of performance is the ratio of the output (heat or cold) and the supplied work


Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator

EER



Absorbing 1 Kw of electrical power heat pump supplies 3-4 Kw of thermal power inside

COP: 3-4




Coefficient of performances for heat pumps depend on two main factors:

- temperature of the source- temperature of the sink


An information about COP or EER without referred working temperatures is a not complete information!



The Coefficients of performance are referred to specific operating conditions; the standard rating conditions are expressed below

EERexternal air +35°Cwater plant in/out +12/+7°C

COPexternal air +7°C 85% URwater plant in/out +40/+45°C


The reference temperature are always expressed in the technical datasheets.



The nearer source and sink temperatur, the better the heat pump performance will be.

External air 0°C

distribution water 50°C

COP: 2,4

External air 0°C


COP: 3,5




External air -10°C


COP: 3,2

External air 10°C


COP: 4,4


Nearer are the temperatures of the source and of the sink, better is the heat pump performance.



Rossato Group heat pumps: main features and components

Rossato Group heat pumps are equiped with hermetic orbiting scroll compressors

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to move and compress the gaseus refrigerant.

One scroll is fixed while the other orbits eccentrically, thereby trapping and compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls




Rossato Group heat pumps are equiped with hermetic orbiting scroll compressors

• higher efficiency

• steady flow and lower gas pulsations

• lower vibration and lower sound

• no suction and discharge valves

• Improved reliability by fewer “moving parts”



Rossato Group heat pumps: main features and componentsVariable flow circulators and fans

The management of the circulating pump at a variable flow rates ensures the operation even in critical condition and makes the summer/winter changeover quickly

The management of fans ensures to adapt the speed to the the system load and to external temperature optimizing energy efficiency and noise level.




Flowing temperature termed Dynamic Set point

The electronic control permits the adjustment of the supply temperature of the water generated by the unit to the load conditions wich are detected by the unit.

The Dynamic Set point controlled by the microprocessor ensures to reduce the number of start and stop of compressor.



Rossato Group heat pumps: main features and componentsSet point climatic compensation

The electronic control permits the adjustment of the supply temperature of the water generated by the unit to the load conditions according to external air temperature

Winter climatic curve Summer climatic curve

The climatic compensation produces higher seasonal performances and lower energy consumptions!



Rossato Group heat pumps: main features and componentsIce protection system

The special design of the refrigeration circuit reduces the risk of formation of ice at the base of the air exchanger during operation in heta pump.

The Dynamic Set point controlled by the microprocessor ensures to reduce the number of start and stop of compressor.



Rossato Group heat pumps: main features and componentsIce protection system

the bottom of the coil is free from breeze.


Electronic management of defrosting cycles

- evaporator temperature and presure

Fewer the defrosting cycles higher is the performance of the heat pump!

- frequency of defrosting cycles

The time occuring from a defrosting to another is not fixed but depends on exchange capacity of the evaporator: a counter accelerates the defrosting start if the capacity gets worse or slows it down.

The advanced electronics ensures to control continuosly the heat exchange capacity of the avaporator detecting:



INCONTRO TECNICO - MODULO A

Helping you to save energy and to create a better environment.

57

ROSSATO GROUP HEAT PUMPS


INCONTRO TECNICO - MODULO A 58

ROSSATO GROUP - HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPSHigh efficiency air-water heat pumps ARIS and ARIS+

- Heating, cooling and domestic hot water

-flexibility of use: radiant panels, traditional heaters and domestic hot water

- production of water up to 60°C

- High performances

- Innovative design

- Low noise levels



ROSSATO GROUP - HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPS

ARISModel

Cooling powerkW

EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

05 M 6,44 2,88 6,13 4,11 230/1/50

05 T 6,44 2,88 6,13 4,11 400/3/50

08 M 10,70 2,83 10,00 4,11 230/1/50

08 T 10,70 2,83 10,00 4,11 400/3/50

Data referred to the following conditions:Cooling: external air 35°C, inlet water 18°CHeating: external air 7°C, inlet water 35°C

High efficiency air-water heat pumps for heating, cooling and DHW production in combination to a tank.

ARIS Heating/cooling R407C




-hermetic orbiting scroll compressor

- helical fans with profiled blades to increase efficiency and minimize sound level

- Dynamic set point controlled by microprocessor

- variable flow rates circulating pump

- variable revolution fans


ARIS




ARIS OPERATING LIMITS

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0

5

10

15

20

Temperatura aria B.S. (°C)

Tem

pera

tura

acq

ua in

usc

ita sc

ambi

ator

e (°C

)

D.B. Air temperature °C

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wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re °

C


Dis

tribu

tion

wat

er te

mpe

ratu

re °

C

Cooling operating limits

Heating operating limits





ARIS+Model

Cooling powerkW

EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

11 M 13,70 2,75 13,30 4,18 230/1/50

11 T 13,70 2,75 13,30 4,18 400/3/50

16 T 19,70 2,89 19,20 4,16 400/3/50

20 T 25,30 2,77 24,40 4,12 400/3/50


ARIS+ Heating/cooling R407C



ROSSATO GROUP - HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPSHigh efficiency air-water heat pumps for heating, cooling and DHW production in combination to a tank.

- helical fans with profiled blades to increase efficiency and minimize sound level

- Dynamic set point controlled by microprocessor

- variable flow circulator for the model 11M/T

- variable revolution fans

- variable flow rates circulating pump

ARIS +




hermetic orbiting scroll compressor with hot gas injection

ARIS +

Higher performances at lower temperatures





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ARIS+ OPERATING LIMITS




- removable soundproof caps

- easy maintenance thanks to the external panels that can be quicly removed

- integrated modular heatings elements 2-4-6 KW


ARIS ARIS +

Suitable for indoor installation removing the caps with high head fans for canalisation




-Heating and cooling

-flexibility of use: radiant panels, traditional heaters

-high efficiency at partial loads

- reduced operating costs

- ideal for residential and industrial applications

High efficiency air-water heat pumps AIRMAX MT410




ModelModel

Cooling powerkW

EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

23 T 31,50 3,16 29,20 4,13 400/3/50

26 T 36,70 3,09 33,60 4,21 400/3/50

30 T 43,80 3,05 38,00 4,15 400/3/50

37 T 52,60 3,13 46,90 4,19 400/3/50

43 T 60,20 3,18 54,10 4,07 400/3/50

50 T 72,30 3,18 63,30 4,05 400/3/50

59 T 83,10 3,13 74,00 4,07 400/3/50

68 T 97,20 3,19 85,40 4,05 400/3/50

AIRMAX MT410 heating/cooling R410A

High efficiency air-water heat pumps for heating and cooling





- two scroll compressors on the same cooling cycle

-3 steps power modulation

- predisposition for condensation heat partial recovery up to 25%






- two scroll compressors on the same cooling cycle

The units power follow the heat load producing high operating efficiency at partial loads.




AIRMAX MT410 Operating limits

COOLING:

AIR INTAKE (depending on water distribution temperature) max 44-49 °C

WATER OUTLET max 22 °C

HEATING:

AIR INTAKE -10 ÷ +35* °C *(with partial heat recovery)

WATER OUTLET max 55 °C




High efficiency air-water heat pumps AIRMAX HT

-Heating and cooling and domestic hot water

-flexibility of use: radiant panels, traditional heaters

-high efficiency at lower air temperatures

- ideal for residential and industrial applications




AIRMAX HT407 heating/cooling R407C

High efficiency air-water heat pumps for heating and cooling

Model Cooling powerkW

EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

23 T 32,8 3,81 29,1 4,11 400/3/50

33 T 46,0 3,68 41,4 4,13 400/3/50

41 T 60,7 3,80 52,5 4,13 400/3/50

56 T 85,5 3,69 71,2 4,12 400/3/50

67 T 96,3 3,69 83,9 4,10 400/3/50

79 T 121 3,72 99,8 4,13 400/3/50





- double cooling circuit

-2 steps power modulation

-hermetic scroll compressors

- predisposition for condensation heat partial recovery up to 25%

High efficiency air-water heat pumps AIRMAX HT



ROSSATO GROUP - HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPSAIRMAX HT407 Operating limits


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-flexibility of use: radiant panels, traditional heaters and domestic hot water

- high seasonal coefficient of performance

- very low noise level

-small dimensions

AIR INVERTER





EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

04 M 4,76 3,55 5,49 4,10 230/1/50

06 M 6,24 3,65 6,91 4,04 230/1/50

07 M 7,96 3,73 8,80 4,03 230/1/50

10 M 10,2 3,65 12,0 4,04 230/1/50

10 T 10,2 3,65 12,0 4,04 400/3/50

12 M 12,9 3,68 14,5 4,04 230/1/50

12 T 12,9 3,68 14,5 4,04 400/3/50


AIR INVERTER -R410A





-compressors with DC inverter technology

-electronic pumps (energetic efficiency: class A)

-variable speed fans with a very low noise level

-thermostatic electronics

-finned battery with special hydrophilic treatment


AIR INVERTER




Control display for monitoring:

- set-point

- summer/winter changeover

- domestic hot water production

- time setting (week, day, hour)


AIR INVERTER

Remote control with indoor temperature sensor




CAMPO DI FUNZIONAMENTO IN RAFFREDDAMENTO

Twu [°C] = temperatura acqua uscita dallo scambiatoreTae [°C] = temperatura aria entrante allo scambiatore esterno (1) Campo di funzionamento normale (2) Campo di funzionamento con ventilatori in modulazione(3) Campo di funzionamento dove è obbligatorio l' utilizzo di glicole etilenico, in funzione della temperatura dell' acqua in uscita dallo scambiatore lato utilizzo.(4) Campo di funzionamento con il compressore in modulazione

Air Inverter 04-06-07 Air inverter 10-12



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D.B. Air temperature °CD

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°C

1) normal operating conditions2) operating conditions with modulating fans3) operating conditions with ethylene glycol4) operating conditions with modulating compressor



Climatic zone Place AIR INVERTER 04 MAIR INVERTER 04 MAIR INVERTER 04 M

radiant panels terminal radiators

Average STRASBURG -10 °C

3,72 3,25 -

Warmer ATHENE2°C

4,92 4,48 4,09







3,72 3,25 -

Warmer ATHENE2°C

4,92 4,48 4,09

The direct current inverter technology applied to the compressor ensures to adjuste the power to the required loads.







3,72 3,25 -

Warmer ATHENE2°C

4,92 4,48 4,09

The direct current inverter technology applied to the compressor ensures to adjuste the power to the required loads. Partial loads coincide with the greater operation time







3,72 3,25 -

Warmer ATHENE2°C

4,92 4,48 4,09

The direct current inverter technology applied to the compressor ensures to adjuste the power to the required loads. Partial loads coincide with the greater operation time


Seasonal efficiency according to prEN 14825


Twu [°C] = temperatura acqua uscita dallo scambiatoreTae [°C] = temperatura aria ingresso scambiatore esterno(1) Campo di funzionamento normale (2) Funzionamento con compressore in modulazione (3) Funzionamento con ventilatori e compressore in modulazione

Air Inverter 04-06-07 Air inverter 10-12

CAMPO DI FUNZIONAMENTO IN RISCALDAMENTO





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D.B. Air temperature °CD

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tem

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1) normal operating conditions2) operating conditions with modulating compressor3) operating conditions with modulating compressor and fans



ROSSATO GROUP - HIGH EFFICIENCY HEAT PUMPSReversible water-water heat pumps for indoor installation

- for systems which exploit hydro-geothermal sources


- flexibility of use: radiant panels, traditional heaters and domestic hot water

- for systems which exploit hydro-geothermal sources

- thermoacustic insulation

- very low noise level

ACTEA




ACTEA


EER Heating powerkW

COP Power supplyV

05 M 8,26 5,94 7,05 5,10 230/1/5005 T 8,26 5,94 7,05 5,10 400/3/5007 M 10,70 5,63 9,42 5,10 230/1/5007 T 10,70 5,63 9,42 5,10 400/3/5009 M 13,90 5,99 12,10 5,10 230/1/5009 T 13,90 5,99 12,10 5,10 400/3/5014 T 17,70 5,80 16,10 5,20 400/3/5018 T 26,90 5,59 24,90 5,30 400/3/5023 T 33,60 5,65 31,00 5,30 400/3/5029 T 42,40 5,60 41,60 5,50 400/3/50

ACTEA heating/cooling R410A




ACTEA

- heating supply temperature up to 60°C

- cooling supply temperature up to 18°C

- variable flow circulator (for models from 05 to 09)

- optional modulating valve for running range extension

- complete hydronic group on the using side (included)




AIRMAX MT410 Operating limits

COOLING:

WATER INTAKE min 15 °C (6°C with modulating valve)

WATER OUTLET 5-18 °C

HEATING:

WATER INTAKE 5* ÷ +18 °C *(with glycole)

WATER OUTLET max 60 °C (with water inlet at 10°C)

ACTEA




ACTEA

Suitable for geothermal and hydrothermal energy




ACTEA

Suitable for indoor installation




ACTEA


- small and compact dimensions




ACTEA


- small and compact dimensions

- low sound emissions (43-45 dB(A)



Convenienza con possibilità di sfruttare il terreno o l’acqua (di pozzo o di falda) come sorgente termica.

89

Gamma ACTEA MT




Installazione interna:

89

Gamma ACTEA MT




Installazione interna:•Dimensioni ridottissime, minori di quelle di una comune lavatrice da 5 Kg

89

Gamma ACTEA MT




Installazione interna:•Dimensioni ridottissime, minori di quelle di una comune lavatrice da 5 Kg •Molto silenziose (43-45 dB(A) nelle taglie più applicate nel residenziale

89

Gamma ACTEA MT




AIR COMBO heat pump water heater for domestic hot water production.

- domestic hot water production

- possibility of cascade utility

- high efficiency compressor with ecological gas R134a

- for indoor and outdoor installation

AIR COMBO R134A




CapacityL

Heating powerkW

COP Auxiliary coilm2

Power supplyV

200 3,23 >3,5 1,5 230/1/50

300 3,23 >3,5 1,5 230/1/50

Data referred to the following conditions:External air: 15°CHumidity: 71%Tank temperature: 55°C






-high efficiency compressor with ecological gas R134a

-hot gas defrost system

-high density polyurethane foam insulation

-double internal vitrification (DIN4753-3 and UNI10025)

-microprocessor control with LED display





-removable refrigeration circuit

-double wall condenser coil with high heat transfer surface!

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2. hermetic compressor







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3. Evaporator







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3. Evaporator

4. axial fan







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3. Evaporator

4. axial fan

5. Condenser







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4. axial fan

5. Condenser

6. protection anode







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3. Evaporator

4. axial fan

5. Condenser

6. protection anode

7. electrical heater




Running temperature°C

hot water temperature °C

-10 ÷ 43 65

-10 ÷ 43 95*

- air duct predisposition for indoor installation

- auxiliary coil for combination with solar thermal systems

AIR COMBO operating limits

* with auxiliary elecrtical heater



REFERENCE PROJECTS



REFERENCE PROJECTS

Reference Projects



REFERENCE PROJECTS

AIRMAX MT410

Heating the swimminq pool in the Riano Sporting Center

RIANO (ROME)



REFERENCE PROJECTSRiscaldamento piscina

ParamertriParamertriTemperatura di mandata 40°C Dt=5°C

Reducing maintenance costs around 35%



REFERENCE PROJECTS

Underfloor heating and cooling in a showroomCeccano

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AIRMAX MT410



REFERENCE PROJECTS

Different zones heated/cooled: offices and showroom



REFERENCE PROJECTS



REFERENCE PROJECTS

Thanks for the attention
