1

City University of Science and Information Technology

Dalazak road, Peshawar, Pakistan

Electrical Engineering Department

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project thesis entitled Measuring heartbeat and

temperature and sending data through GSM modem is prepared by

NAME ID

Zartash Haider 2988

Hadi Hassan 3097

Abdur Rauf 2984

Muhammad Arif 2978

Students of final year B.Sc Electrical (Telecom.) have satisfactory completed their work.

Approved:

Internal Examiner External Examiner

__________________ __________________

Supervisor

Engr. Asar Ali

________________________

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc Electrical

(Telecom.) engineering, The city university of science and information technology Peshawar.

0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. i

Abstract ................................................................................................................................. ii

List Of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. iii

List Of Figures ........................................................................................................................ v

List Of Tables ...................................................................................................................... vii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Aim of the project .................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objective ................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 Problem definition ................................................................................................... 2

1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Simulation and Simulation tools ............................................................................... 3

1.6 Analysis of result ..................................................................................................... 3

1.7 Goals ...................................................................................................................... 4

1.8 Guidelines of thesis ................................................................................................. 4

1.9 Research work ......................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 2: BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................5

2.1 QRS complex .......................................................................................................... 5

2.1.1 R wave progression .......................................................................................... 6

2.2 Heartbeat measurement (medical point of view) ....................................................... 7

2.2.1 At rest ............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.2 Maximum ...................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Target rate ............................................................................................................. 14

2.3.1 Karvonen method ............................................................................................ 15

2.3.2 Zoladz method ................................................................................................ 15

2.4 Heart rate reserve ................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Recovery heart rate ................................................................................................ 16

2.6 Abnormalities ........................................................................................................ 16

2.6.1 Tachycardia ................................................................................................... 16

2.6.2 Bradycardia .................................................................................................... 17

2.6.3 Arrhythmia ..................................................................................................... 17

2.7 Risk factor ............................................................................................................. 17

2.8 Light-emitting diode .............................................................................................. 18

1

2.8.1 LED Lamp (Light-Emitting Diode) ................................................................. 20

2.9 Liquid crystal display ............................................................................................ 20

2.9.1 Applications of LCD ...................................................................................... 21

2.10 GSM ..................................................................................................................... 22

2.10.1 GSM demonstration ....................................................................................... 23

2.10.2 GSM Network Infrastructure .......................................................................... 23

Chapter 3: MICROCONTROLLER, ITS INTERFACES AND PROJECT CIRCUIT .............. 25

3.1 Microcontroller description (AT89S52) .................................................................. 25

3.2 Pin configuration of AT89S52 ............................................................................... 27

3.3 Pin Description of AT89S52 .................................................................................. 31

3.3.1 VCC ................................................................................................................ 31

3.3.2 GND ............................................................................................................. 31

3.3.3 Port 0 ............................................................................................................ 31

3.3.4 Port 1 ............................................................................................................ 31

3.3.5 Port 2 ............................................................................................................ 31

3.3.6 Port 3 ............................................................................................................ 32

3.3.7 RST ............................................................................................................... 32

3.3.8 ALE/PROG ................................................................................................... 32

3.3.9 PSEN ............................................................................................................ 33

3.3.10 EA/VPP ......................................................................................................... 33

3.3.11 XTAL1 .......................................................................................................... 33

3.3.12 XTAL2 .......................................................................................................... 33

3.4 Special Function Registers of AT89S52 ................................................................. 33

3.4.1 Timer 2 Registers ........................................................................................... 34

3.4.2 Interrupt Registers .......................................................................................... 34

3.4.3 Dual Data Pointer Registers ............................................................................ 34

3.4.4 Power off Flag ............................................................................................... 34

3.5 Watchdog Timer of AT89S52 ................................................................................ 34

3.5.1 Using the WDT .............................................................................................. 35

3.5.2 WDT during Power-down and Idle ................................................................. 35

3.6 ADC0804 IC ......................................................................................................... 36

3.7 Interfacing of microcontroller with ADC0804 ........................................................ 38

3.8 Pin description of ADC0804 .................................................................................. 40

3.8.1 CS, Chip Select .............................................................................................. 40

3.8.2 RD, Read ....................................................................................................... 40

2

3.8.3 WR, Write ..................................................................................................... 41

3.8.4 CLK IN, Clock IN ......................................................................................... 41

3.8.5 INTR, Interrupt .............................................................................................. 41

3.8.6 Vin+ .............................................................................................................. 41

3.8.7 Vin- ............................................................................................................... 41

3.8.8 AGND ........................................................................................................... 41

3.8.9 Vref/2 ............................................................................................................ 41

3.8.10 DGND ........................................................................................................... 42

3.8.11 D7-D0 ........................................................................................................... 42

3.8.12 CLKR ........................................................................................................... 42

3.8.12 Vcc ............................................................................................................... 42

3.9 Description of AT89C2051 .................................................................................... 42

3.9.1 Pin Configuration ........................................................................................... 43

3.10 Interface of LCD with micro controller .................................................................. 43

3.10.1 Command/Instruction Register ....................................................................... 44

3.10.2 Data Register ................................................................................................. 44

3.10.3 Displaying character on screen ....................................................................... 44

3.11 SIM900(D) ............................................................................................................ 45

3.11.1 General features ............................................................................................. 46

3.11.2 Specifications for Fax .................................................................................... 46

3.11.3 Specifications for Data ................................................................................... 46

3.11.5 Special firmware ............................................................................................ 47

3.11.6 Specifications for Voice ................................................................................. 47

3.11.7 Interfaces ....................................................................................................... 47

3.11.8 Compatibility ................................................................................................. 48

3.11.9 Certificates .................................................................................................... 48

3.11.10 Carrier Approvals .......................................................................................... 48

3.11.11 Specifications for SMS via GSM/GPRS .......................................................... 48

3.12 Heartbeat sensor of project (LDR) .......................................................................... 49

3.12.1 Specification and model ................................................................................. 50

3.12.2 Applications .................................................................................................. 50

3.13 Heat sensor of project, LM35 series (LM35DZ) ....................................................... 51

3.13.1 General description ......................................................................................... 51

3.13.2 Features ......................................................................................................... 52

3.14 LM358 IC ............................................................................................................. 52

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3.14.2 Features ......................................................................................................... 54

3.15 Microcontroller interfacing and circuit of project .................................................... 55

3.15.1 LM35P circuitry with heartbeat sensor ............................................................ 60

3.16 Sensor Clip ........................................................................................................... 65

3.17 Project device source .............................................................................................. 71

3.18 Project device in operation ..................................................................................... 72

Chapter 4: SIMULATION (PHYSICAL MODELING AND CODING) ................................. 74

4.1 Introduction (of the project for simulation) ............................................................. 74

4.2 Theory (of the project for simulation) ..................................................................... 74

4.3 Simulation circuits ................................................................................................. 75

4.4 Coding .................................................................................................................. 79

4.4.1 AT89S52 coding ............................................................................................ 79

4.4.2 AT89C2051 coding ........................................................................................ 86

Chapter 5: ANALYSIS AND RESULTS OF SIMULATION ................................................. 87

5.1 Analysis and results ............................................................................................... 87

5.1.1 Conditioning circuit with heartbeat sensor....................................................... 88

5.1.2 Power for GSM modem ................................................................................. 94

5.2 Summary .............................................................................................................. 95

5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 95

5.4 Future work ........................................................................................................... 95

References ........................................................................................................................... 97

i

Acknowledgements

First and for most our profound gratitude and humble thanks to Almighty Allah

who gave us strength and intellectual ability to accomplish this task successfully.

Without the support and encouragement of numerous persons both within and

outside our university (CUSIT City University), the completion of this thesis would have

been a nearly insurmountable task.

We are highly indebted to our supervisor Engr. Asar Ali, Lecturer, Engineering

Department, CUSIT for his support and encouragement at all stages of the project.

Without his guidance and support it would have been impossible for us to accomplish

this task successfully.

We also express our thanks to the other faculty members of Engineering

Department for giving us the valuable suggestions throughout the year. We sincerely

thank them for their guidance and help through the hard and easy timing during the

development of this project.

ii

Abstract

The thesis describes the design of Heartbeat and temperature monitoring using

Global System for Mobile (GSM) modem. Human being heartbeat rate can be monitored

within a preset range by the user. In order to improve the portability, the system is

developed using a version of 8052 series microcontroller from Atmel (AT89S52) [we

can also use PIC microcontroller (PIC16F628A)] and a GSM modem is implemented to

send Short Messaging Service (SMS) to the preset user mobile. The system allows the

user to set the upper and lower limit of heartbeat rate. An LCD screen is connected to

the microcontroller to display the current heartbeat. A prototype based on the design is

built and tested successfully

We developed an electronic device that can be used to measure things for which

we normally use mechanical methods or do it manually, like heartbeat measurement by

holding hand of a patient/person and counting beats for heartbeat rate manually or using

thermometer to measure temperature of a patient/person.

The Project is comprised of basically two major modules, which handles all the

basic functionalities of the device.

The modules we intend to develop are:

1. Heartbeat and temperature sensing using sensor 2. Measured data transmission through GSM modem

This report discusses design, constructional details, applications, and economics of

the Heartbeat and temperature monitoring using Global System for Mobile (GSM)

modem.

The Electronics of the device has been primarily built around the Atmel

8052microcontroller which controls data transmission of measured data, and controls the

system.

Keywords: Heartbeat measurement, GSM modem, Temperature sensor, LDR sensor.

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List Of Acronyms

A/D Analog to Digital

ADC Analog to Digital Converter

ASCII Stands For American Standard Code for Information Interchange

AUC Authentication Center

BSC Base Station Controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BTS Base Transceiver System (Antenna System + Radio Base Station)

CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer

CMOS Complementary MetalOxideSemiconductor

CPU Central Processing Unit

ECG Electro Cardiogram

EDGE Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EIR Equipment Identification Register (for IMEI verification)

EMS Enhanced Messaging Services

EUSART Enhanced Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

FNR Flexible Numbering Register (for number portability)

FTP Special Function Registers

GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (original) or Global Specification for Mobile

HLR Home Location Register

HR Heart Rate

HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data

I/O Input/Output

IC Integrated Circuit

ILR Interworking Location Register

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ITO Indium tin oxide or tin-doped indium oxide IWF Interworking Function

IWMSC Interworking Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

LED Light Emitting Diode

MIPS Million Instructions Per Second

MMS Multimedia Messaging Services

MS Mobile Station

MSC Mobile Switching Center

NMS Network Management Subsystem

NSS Network Switching Subsystem

OSS Operation and Support System

PDIP Plastic Dual Inline Package

PDN Public Data Network

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PEROM Programmable And Erasable Read Only Memory

PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

RAM Random Access Memory

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer

SMS Short Message Service

SPI Serial Peripheral Interface

TQFP Thin Quad Flat Pack

VLR Visitor Location Register

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List Of Figures

Figure 2.1: (a) Schematic representation of normal ECG, (b) Schematic representation

of the QRS complex, (c) Diagram showing how the polarity of the QRS

complex in leads I, II, and III can be used to estimate the heart's electrical

axis in the frontal plane ............................................................................................ 6

Figure 2.2: Fox and Haskell formula; widely used. .................................................................. 11

Figure 2.3: Electronic symbol and Pin configuration anode and cathode ................................ 19

Figure 2.4: Parts of an LED ...................................................................................................... 19

Figure 2.5: Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display ................................................... 21

Figure 2.6: Wireless communications systems and networks .................................................. 23

Figure 2.7: Hexa cellular range of BTS based network diagram .............................................. 24

Figure 3.1: Pin configuration of microcontroller AT89S52 different versions ........................ 29

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of AT89S52 ................................................................................... 30

Figure 3.3: Pin diagram of ADC0804 IC .................................................................................. 37

Figure 3.4: Block diagram of ADC0804 .................................................................................. 37

Figure 3.5: Diagram of general connections for ADC0804 ...................................................... 39

Figure 3.6: Circuit diagram for ADC0804 IC interfacing with microcontroller ...................... 40

Figure 3.7: Pin configuration of AT89C2051 ........................................................................... 43

Figure 3.8: (a) Circuit diagram of interfacing LCD with micro controller, (b) project

LCD screen ............................................................................................................. 45

Figure 3.9: Pre-assembled/Readymade SIM900D module GSM modem with Antenna ......... 48

Figure 3.10: The symbol for a Photoresistor .............................................................................. 49

Figure 3.11: A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) ....................................................................... 50

Figure 3.12: LM35DZ IC ........................................................................................................... 51

Figure 3.13: LM358P ................................................................................................................. 53

Figure 3.14: Pin diagram of LM358 ........................................................................................... 53

Figure 3.15: Schematic diagram of LM35 .................................................................................. 54

Figure 3.16: Block diagram of the measuring device ................................................................. 56

Figure 3.17: Complete diagram of the project circuit ................................................................. 57

Figure 3.18: Left side of the complete project diagram .............................................................. 58

Figure 3.19: Right side of the complete project diagram ........................................................... 59

Figure 3.20: LM35P circuitry with heartbeat sensor .................................................................. 60

Figure 3.21: Project initial stage diagram when photodiode and IR diode was used ................. 61

Figure 3.22: This figure is available on internet, (a) In this picture we only used the LDR

& High intensity LED portion on right in our project for reference ...................... 64

Figure 3.23: Components used in making a sensor clip ............................................................. 65

Figure 3.24: Making holes in the clip for sensor components placement .................................. 66

Figure 3.25: Ready clip and placement of finger in the clip ....................................................... 66

Figure 3.26: Soldering iron of rating 30W, 220V/240V ............................................................. 67

Figure 3.27: Chip holder soldered on the bread board ............................................................... 67

Figure 3.28: Complete project picture with soldering iron ......................................................... 68

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Figure 3.29: Complete project Picture ........................................................................................ 69

Figure 3.30: Circuital picture of project, some similarity is found (from components

placement point of view) when this picture is compared with

Figure 3.17 to 3.19 ................................................................................................. 70

Figure 3.31: 9V batteries and variable adapter (rating: 1.5V-12V, 2A) ..................................... 71

Figure 3.32: Device running on battery ...................................................................................... 71

Figure 3.33: Device running on adapter ..................................................................................... 72

Figure 3.34: Any mobile SIM (with balance) placement in the GSM modem ........................... 72

Figure 3.35: Turn on device using battery or adapter, place finger in the sensor clip ................ 73

Figure 3.36: Readings after one minute ...................................................................................... 73

Figure 4.1: These circuits were made on Multisim 11 at initial stages, this version (old)

of project did not included GSM system and used 7-segment display ................... 75

Figure 4.2: These circuits were made on Proteus 7 Pro., this version (new) of project

included temperature sensor and hypothetical GSM system, and used LCD

display .................................................................................................................... 78

Figure 5.1: Complete circuit in running condition ................................................................... 88

Figure 5.2: Conditioning circuit for heartbeat sensor in simulator ........................................... 89

Figure 5.3: Result on Oscilloscope by increasing value of comparators potentiometer ......... 91

Figure 5.4: Result on Oscilloscope by increasing value of amplifiers potentiometer ............. 93

Figure 5.5: Actual amplitude levels (same scaled in Oscilloscope) of signals comparison ..... 94

Figure 5.6: Circuit for GSM modem (SIM900D module based) voltage supply ..................... 94

vii

List Of Tables

Table 2.1: Table of heart rates for men ....................................................................................... 9

Table 2.2: Table of heart rates for women ................................................................................ 10

Table 3.1: Table for pin configuration of ADC0804 ................................................................ 38

Table 3.2: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and

verification. .............................................................................................................. 43

.

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim of the project

This project is the design of a simple, low-cost microcontroller based

heart rate and temperature measuring device with LCD, mobile phone

output. Heart rate and temperature of a patient/person is measured from the

finger using optical sensors, and temperature from LM358 and the rate is

then averaged and displayed on a text based LCD and mobile phone

through GSM service.

Heart rate measurement is one of the very important parameters of

the human cardiovascular system. The heart rate of a healthy adult at rest is

around 72 beats per minute (bpm). Athletes normally have lower heart rates

than less active people. Babies have a much higher heart rate at around 120

bpm, while older children have heart rates at around 90 bpm. The heart rate

rises gradually during exercises and returns slowly to the rest value after

exercise. The rate when the pulse returns to normal is an indication of the

fitness of the person. Lower than normal heart rates are usually an

indication of a condition known as bradycardia, while higher than normal

heart rates are known as tachycardia.

1.2 Objective

Heart rate is simply and traditionally measured by placing the thumb

over the subjects arterial pulsation, and feeling, timing and counting the pulses usually in a 30 second period. Heart rate (bpm) of the subject is then

found by multiplying the obtained number by 2. This method although

simple, is not accurate and can give errors when the rate is high. More

sophisticated methods to measure the heart rate utilize electronic

techniques. Electro-cardiogram (ECG) is one of frequently used and

accurate methods for measuring the heart rate. ECG is an expensive device

and its use for the measurement of the heart rate only is not economical.

Low-cost devices in the form of wrist watches are also available for the

instantaneous measurement of the heart rate. Such devices can give

accurate measurements but their cost is usually in excess of several hundred

dollars, making them uneconomical. Most hospitals and clinics in the UK

use integrated devices designed to measure the heart rate, blood pressure,

2

and temperature of the subject. Although such devices are useful, their cost

is usually high and beyond the reach of individuals.

Thesis describes the design of a very low-cost device which

measures the heart rate and temperature of the subject by clipping sensors

on one of the fingers and then displaying the result on a text based LCD.

The device has the advantage that it is microcontroller based and thus can

be programmed to display various quantities, such as the average,

maximum and minimum rates over a period of time and so on. Another

advantage of such a design is that it can be expanded and can easily be

connected to a recording device or a PC to collect and analyze the data for

over a period of time.

1.3 Problem definition

The basic problem with heartbeat measuring manually is that its time

consuming And the person who is measuring heart rate has to pay attention

continuosly for conting heartbeat pulses by holding the wrist of apatient.

Another problem is that the doctor cannot stay with a patient continuosly to

keep an eye on the patient heart rate. Other then this there are still many

people who do not know how find heart rate of a person manually by

holding thee wrist. Heart rate is not only effected by heart condition; things

such sickness or non still state (running joging etc.) also effect a persons

heart rate.

1.4 Methodology

Methodology of this project is very simple. As we know that our

heart pumps blood in our body per beat this means that evey time our

heartbeats the pressure of blood in our body changes. Research shows that

high entensity or Infra Red light reflects from our blood and the amount of

rays depends on the density or pressure of our blood. Using this idea we

formed the bases for or project. The reflected rays will detected by a sensor,

in our project case LDR (Light Depended Resistor). We have also used a

heat/thermal sensor (LM35) for measuring temperature of the patient in

Celcius because the LM35 is specifically designed/callibrated for output in

3

Celcius. The result in Celsius caneasily be transformed in Fahrenheit using

formula:

[F] = [C] 95 + 32

Also the program of the project can also be modified to display

answer in Fahrenheit but for that the formula mentioned above is needed to

be integrated in the program.

1.5 Simulation and Simulation tools

The Simulators or Simulation tools that we used for this project are:

Hardware Simulation: MultiSim 11.0.1 Ultiboard PowerPro

Hardware Simulation: Proteus Professional V7.6 SP4

Program testing(C language): Borland C++

Program testing(Assembly): Keil-uVision3-v8.12-C51

Program testing(Assembly): MDA-WinIDE Studio-51

Hardware Simulation was done in stages through out which we

made changes in our project and siwtched simulators,specifically among

two simulators that our mentioned above mentioned above. Same in case of

prgram testing. Note that the program and hardware structure was

developed together in stages because programing cannot work without

hardware and hardware cannot work without the program.

1.6 Analysis of result

Heart rate result of our project is satisfactory because the electronic

components we bought for the project are cheap and not very sensitive in

terms of sensing and are effected by the environmental conditions more.

Which means that by using good quality components the overall

performance will step up in terms of accuracy of measurement. Our project

heartbeat measurement has a tolerance of about 2 to 5 heartbeats while the

temperature has a tolerance of about 1 to 3 Centigrade. Other than the

reasons defined before, another thing that is effecting our accuracy is the

4

stability of the physical parts of the project/device such as, we have used a

cloth clip for sensors to hold the finger as shown below.

1.7 Goals

The main goal of this project is to make it easy to keep an eye on the

heart condition of a heart patient thus extending the range of treatment of

patients for the doctor meaning that heartbeat monitoring will be done by

this device while in the meantime the doctor can analyze another patient.

And he will also be kept informed by the device through SMS (the device

program can also be edited such that it will send SMS only when the patient

is in critical state).

1.8 Guidelines of thesis

The chapters in this thesis are divided on the basis of technicality and

in order of from basic to complex, meaning that at every next chapter the

depthness in the project will increment. The chapter names define there

main and core contents.

1.9 Research work

Related to this project lot of work has be done but due some technical

point, further research is still needed to perfect this device. The research on

those technical points is in progress. One of the basic problem is related to

the formulae used to calculate the heart rate of a person which will be

discussed in the next chapter. The references related to this project are

mentioned at the end of the thesis on Reference page.

5

Chapter 2: BACKGROUND

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically

expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need

to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as

during exercise or sleep.

The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to

assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by

individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart

rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training. The R wave to R wave

interval (RR interval) is the inverse of the heart rate.

2.1 QRS complex

The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the

graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (ECG). It is

usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing. It

corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the

human heart. In adults, it normally lasts 0.06 - 0.10 s; in children and during

physical activity, it may be shorter.

Typically an ECG has five deflections, arbitrarily named "P" to "T"

waves. The Q, R, and S waves occur in rapid succession, do not all appear

in all leads, and reflect a single event, and thus are usually considered

together. A Q wave is any downward deflection after the P wave. An R

wave follows as an upward deflection, and the S wave is any downward

deflection after the R wave. The T wave follows the S wave, and in some

cases an additional U wave follows the T wave.

6

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 2.1: 1(a) Schematic representation of normal ECG, (b) Schematic

representation of the QRS complex, (c) Diagram showing how the polarity of the

QRS complex in leads I, II, and III can be used to estimate the heart's electrical

axis in the frontal plane

2.1.1 R wave progression

Looking at the precordial leads, the r wave usually progresses from

showing arS-type complex in V1 with an increasing R and a decreasing S

wave when moving towards the left side. There is usually anqR-type of

complex in V5 and V6 with the R-wave amplitude usually taller in V5 than

in V6. It is normal to have a narrow QS and rSr' patterns in V1, and so is

7

also the case for qRs and R patterns in V5 and V6. The transition zone is

where the QRS complex changes from predominately negative to

predominately positive (R/S ratio becoming >1), and this usually occurs at

V3 or V4. It is normal to have the transition zone at V2 (called "early

transition"), and at V5 (called "delayed transition").

The definition of poor R wave progression (PRWP) varies in the

literature, but a common one is when the R wave is less than 24 mm in leads V3 or V4 and/or there is presence of a reversed R wave progression,

which is defined as R in V4< R in V3 or R in V3< R in V2 or R in V2< R in

V1, or any combination of these.Poor R wave progression is commonly

attributed to anterior myocardial infarction, but it may also be caused by

left bundle branch block, WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome, right and left ventricular hypertrophy as well as by faulty ECG recording technique.

2.2 Heartbeat measurement (medical point of view)

Heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body. This pulse

rate can be measured at any point on the body when the artery's pulsation is

transmitted to the surface by pressuring it with the index and middle

fingers; often it is compressed against an underlying structure like bone.

The thumb should not be used for measuring another person's heart rate, as

its strong pulse may interfere with correct perception of the target pulse.[1]

Possible points for measuring the heart rate are:

1. The ventral aspect of the wrist on the side of the thumb (radial artery).

2. The ulnar artery.

3. The neck (carotid artery).

4. The inside of the elbow, or under the biceps muscle (brachial artery).

5. The groin (femoral artery).

6. Behind the medial malleolus on the feet (posterior tibial artery).

7. Middle of dorsum of the foot (dorsalispedis).

8. Behind the knee (popliteal artery).

9. Over the abdomen (abdominal aorta).

10. The chest (apex of heart), which can be felt with one's hand or fingers.

However, it is possible to auscultate the heart using a stethoscope.

11. The temple (superficial temporal artery).

8

12. The lateral edge of the mandible (facial artery).

13. The side of the head near the ear (basilar artery).

A more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of

an electrocardiograph, or ECG (also abbreviated EKG). Continuous

electrocardiograph monitoring of the heart is routinely done in many

clinical settings, especially in critical care medicine. Commercial heart rate

monitors are also available, consisting of a chest strap with electrodes. The

signal is transmitted to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate monitors

allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously and can be used

during exercise when manual measurement would be difficult or impossible

(such as when the hands are being used).

Another way of determining the heart rate is by recording of the

body vibrations: (seismocardiography). Probably the first scientific paper

on this topic was presented by Salerno, DM and Zanetti, J in the Journal of

Cardiovascular Technology in year 1990 (Title: Seismocardiography - a

new technique for recording cardiac vibrations - concept, method, and

initial observations). In 2012 the first smart phone application incorporating

this principle was presented seismoCardiograph.

2.2.1 At rest

The resting heart rate (HRrest) is a person's heart rate when they are at

rest, that is lying down but awake, and not having recently exerted

themselves. The typical resting heart rate in adults is 60-90 beats per minute

(bpm)[2]

. Rates below 60 bpm are referred to as bradycardia and rates above

100 bpm are referred to as tachycardia.

Conditioned athletes often have resting heart rates below 60 bpm,

with values of below 40 bpm not unheard of. The cyclist Miguel

Indurain had a resting heart rate of 28 bpm[3]

.

The low pulse in conditioned athletes is due to the increased

efficiency of the heart as a pump coupled with more effective vascular

networks among peripheral muscle beds. Exercise leads to the healthy

9

enlargement of the ventricles of the heart and a condition known

as Athlete's heart.

Average resting heart rate depends on age.[4]

Men

Age: 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+

Athlete 49-55 49-54 50-56 50-57 51-56 50-55

Excellent 56-61 55-61 57-62 58-63 57-61 56-61

Good 62-65 62-65 63-66 64-67 62-67 62-65

Above Average 66-69 66-70 67-70 68-71 68-71 66-69

Average 70-73 71-74 71-75 72-76 72-75 70-73

Below Average 74-81 75-81 76-82 77-83 76-81 74-79

Poor 82+ 82+ 83+ 84+ 82+ 80+

Table 2.1:1Table of heart rates for men

10

Women

Age: 18-25 24-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+

Athlete 54-60 54-59 54-59 54-60 54-59 54-59

Excellent 61-65 60-64 60-64 61-65 60-64 60-64

Good 66-69 65-68 65-69 66-69 65-68 65-68

Above Average 70-73 69-72 70-73 70-73 69-73 69-72

Average 74-78 73-76 74-78 74-77 74-77 73-76

Below Average 79-84 77-82 79-84 78-83 78-83 77-84

Poor 85+ 83+ 85+ 84+ 84+ 84+

Table 2.2:2Table of heart rates for women

In children: The normal heart rate in children is variable and depends on the child's

age. Children exercising can have heart rates up to 200 bpm.[5]

2.2.2 Maximum

The maximum heart rate (HRmax) is the highest heart rate an

individual can safely achieve through exercise stress, and depends on age.

The most accurate way of measuring HRmax is via a cardiac stress test. In

such a test, the subject exercises while being monitored by an ECG. During

11

the test, the intensity of exercise is periodically increased (if a treadmill is

being used, through increase in speed or slope of the treadmill), continuing

until certain changes in heart function are detected in the ECG, at which

point the subject is directed to stop. Typical durations of such a test range

from ten to twenty minutes.

Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart

rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows: HR = 1,500/RR

interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in seconds, or HR =

300/number of large squares between successive R waves. In each case, the

authors are actually referring to instantaneous HR, which is the number of

times the heart would beat if successive RR intervals were constant.

Conducting a maximal exercise test can require expensive

equipment. People just beginning an exercise regimen are normally advised

to perform this test only in the presence of medical staff due to risks

associated with high heart rates. For general purposes, people instead

typically use a formula to estimate their individual maximum heart rate.

Formula

Figure 2.2:2Fox and Haskell formula; widely used.

12

Various formulas are used to estimate individual maximum heart

rates, based on age, but maximum heart rates vary significantly between

individuals.[6]

Even within a single elite sports team, such as Olympic

rowers in their 20s, maximum heart rates can vary from 160 to 220.[6]

This

variation is as large as a 60 or 90 year age gap by the linear equations given

below, and indicates the extreme variation about these average figures.

The most common formula encountered, with no indication of

standard deviation, is:

HRmax = 220 age

The formula has been attributed to various sources, but is widely

thought to have been devised in 1970 by Dr. William Haskell and Dr.

Samuel Fox.[6]

Inquiry into the history of this formula reveals that it was not

developed from original research, but resulted from observation based on

data from approximately 11 references consisting of published research or

unpublished scientific compilations.[7]

It gained widespread use through

being used by Polar Electro in its heart rate monitors,[6]

which Dr. Haskell

has "laughed about",[6]

as it "was never supposed to be an absolute guide to

rule people's training".[6]

While the most common (and easy to remember and calculate), this

particular formula is not considered by reputable health and fitness

professionals to be a good predictor of HRmax. Despite the widespread

publication of this formula, research spanning two decades reveals its large

inherent error (Sxy = 711 b/min). Consequently, the estimation calculated

by HRmax = 220 age has neither the accuracy nor the scientific merit for

use in exercise physiology and related fields.[7]

A study in year 2002[7]

of 43 different formulae for HRmax (including

the one above) concluded the following:

1. No "acceptable" formula currently existed, (they used the term

"acceptable" to mean acceptable for both prediction of VO2(VO2 falls

under the umbrella of exercise science. VO2 is defined as the

maximum amount of oxygen that the human body can utilize while

exercising aerobically. VO2, also called VO2 max, is a way to not only

show quantitatively the limits of the human cardiovascular system but

13

also to serve as a way to measure individual fitness. VO2 tests can

serve as an indicator for a physiological advantage in endurance

oriented sports) and prescription of exercise training (HR ranges)

2. The formula deemed least objectionable was:

HRmax = 205.8 (0.685 age)

This was found to have a standard deviation that, although large

(6.4 bpm), was still considered to be acceptable for the use of prescribing

exercise training HR ranges.

Other often cited formulae are going to be:

HRmax = 206.3 (0.711 age)

(Often attributed to "Londeree and Moeschberger from the University of

Missouri")

HRmax = 217 (0.85 age)

(Often attributed to "Miller et al. from Indiana University")

HRmax = 208 (0.7 age)

(Another "tweak" to the traditional formula is known as the Tanaka method.

Based on a study of thousands of individuals, a new formula was devised

which is believed to be more accurate).[8]

In year 2007, researchers at the Oakland University analysed

maximum heart rates of 132 individuals recorded yearly over 25 years, and

produced a linear equation very similar to the Tanaka formulaHRmax =

206.9 (0.67 age)and a nonlinear equationHRmax = 191.5 (0.007

age2). The linear equation had a confidence interval of 58 bpm and the

nonlinear equation had a tighter range of 25 bpm. Also a third nonlinear

equation was produced HRmax = 163 + (1.16 age) (0.018 age2).

[9]

These figures are very much averages, and depend greatly on

individual physiology and fitness. For example an endurance runner's rates

will typically be lower due to the increased size of the heart required to

support the exercise, while a sprinter's rates will be higher due to the

improved response time and short duration. While each may have predicted

heart rates of 180 (= 220 age), these two people could have actual

HRmax 20 beats apart (e.g., 170190).

14

Further, note that individuals of the same age, the same training, in

the same sport, on the same team, can have actual HRmax 60 bpmapart (160

to 220):[6]

the range is extremely broad, and some say "The heart rate is

probably the least important variable in comparing athletes."[6]

Year 2010 research conducted at Northwestern University revised the

maximum heart rate formula for women. According to Martha Gulati, et al.,

it is:

HRmax = 206 (0.88 age)[10][11]

A study from Lund, Sweden gives reference values (obtained during

bicycle ergometry).

for men:

HRmax = 203.7 / (1 + exp (0.033 x (age - 104.3)))[12]

and for women:

HRmax = 190.2 / (1 + exp (0.0453 x (age - 107.5)))[13]

The Target Heart Rate or Training Heart Rate (THR) is a desired

range of heart rate reached duringaerobic exercise which enables.

2.3 Target rate

The Target Heart Rate or Training Heart Rate (THR) is a desired

range of heart rate reached during aerobic exercise which enables one's

heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout. This theoretical

range varies based mostly on age; however, a person's physical condition,

gender, and previous training also are used in the calculation. Below are

two ways to calculate one's THR. In each of these methods, there is an

element called "intensity" which is expressed as a percentage. The THR can

be calculated as a range of 65%85% intensity. However, it is crucial to derive an accurate HRmax to ensure these calculations are meaningful (see

above).

Example for someone with a HRmax of 180(age 40, estimating HRmaxAs 220

age):

15

65% Intensity: (220 (age = 40)) 0.65 117 bpm

85% Intensity: (220 (age = 40)) 0.85 153 bpm

2.3.1 Karvonen method

The Karvonen method factors in resting heart rate (HRrest) to

calculate target heart rate (THR), using a range of 5085% intensity: THR = ((HRmax HRrest) % intensity) + HRrest

Example for someone with a HRmax of 180 and a HRrest of 70:

50% Intensity: ((180 70) 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm 85% Intensity: ((180 70) 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm

2.3.2 Zoladz method

An alternative to the Karvonen method is the Zoladz method, which

derives exercise zones by subtracting values from HRmax:

THR = HRmax Adjuster 5 bpm Zone 1 Adjuster = 50 bpm

Zone 2 Adjuster = 40 bpm

Zone 3 Adjuster = 30 bpm

Zone 4 Adjuster = 20 bpm

Zone 5 Adjuster = 10 bpm

Example for someone with a HRmax of 180:

Zone 1(easy exercise): 180 50 5 125 135 bpm Zone 4(tough exercise): 180 20 5 155 165 bpm

2.4 Heart rate reserve

The Heart rate reserve (HRR) is a term used to describe the

difference between a person's measured or predicted maximum heart rate

and resting heart rate. Some methods of measurement of exercise intensity

measure percentage of heart rate reserve. Additionally, as a person

increases their cardiovascular fitness, their HRrest will drop, thus the heart

16

rate reserve will increase. Percentage of HRR is equivalent to percentage of

VO2 reserve.

HRR = HRmax HRrest

This is often used to gauge exercise intensity (first used in 1957 by

Karvonen).[14]

Karvonen's study findings have been questioned, due to the following:

1. The study did not use VO2 data to develop the equation. 2. Only six subjects were used, and the correlation between the

percentages of HRR and VO2 max was not statistically significant.[15]

2.5 Recovery heart rate

The Recovery heart rate is the heart rate measured at a fixed (or

reference) period after ceasing activity, typically measured over a one

minute period.

A greater reduction in heart rate after exercise during the reference

period indicates a better-conditioned heart. Heart rates that do not drop by

more than 12 bpm one minute after stopping exercise are associated with an

increased risk of death.[16]

Training regimes sometimes use recovery heart rate as a guide of

progress and to spot problems such as overheating or dehydration.[17]

After

even short periods of hard exercise it can take a long time (about 30

minutes) for the heart rate to drop to rested levels.

2.6 Abnormalities

2.6.1 Tachycardia

Tachycardia is a resting heart rate more than 100 beats per minute.

This number can vary as smaller people and children have faster heart rates

than average adults.

Physiological condition when tachycardia occurs are:

1. Exercise. 2. Pregnancy. 3. Emotional conditions such as anxiety or stress.

17

Pathological conditions when tachycardia occurs are:

1. Fever. 2. Anemia. 3. Hypoxia. 4. Hyperthyroidism. 5. Hypersecretion of catecholamines. 6. Cardiomyopathy. 7. Valvular heart diseases. 8. Acute Radiation Syndrome.

2.6.2 Bradycardia

Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

although it is seldom symptomatic until below 50 bpm when a human is at

total rest. This number can vary as children and small adults tend to have

faster heart rates than average adults. Bradycardia may be associated with

medical conditions such as hypothyroidism.

Trained athletes tend to have slow resting heart rates, and resting

bradycardia in athletes should not be considered abnormal if the individual

has no symptoms associated with it. For example Miguel Indurain, a

Spanish cyclist and five time Tour de France winner, had a resting heart

rate of 28 beats per minute, one of the lowest ever recorded in a healthy

human.

2.6.3 Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias are abnormalities of the heart rate and rhythm

(sometimes felt as palpitations). They can be divided into two broad

categories: fast and slow heart rates. Some cause few or minimal

symptoms. Others produce more serious symptoms of lightheadedness,

dizziness and fainting.

2.7 Risk factor

A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has

emerged as a new risk factor for mortality in homeothermic mammals,

particularly cardiovascular mortality in human beings. Faster heart rate may

accompany increased production of inflammation molecules and increased

18

production of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular system, in addition

to increased mechanical stress to the heart. There is a correlation between

increased resting rate and cardiovascular risk. This is not seen to be "using

an allotment of heartbeats" but rather an increased risk to the system from

the increased rate.[18]

An Australian-led international study of patients with cardiovascular

disease has shown that heartbeat rate is a key indicator for the risk of heart

attack. The study, published in The Lancet (September 2008) studied

11,000 people, across 33 countries, who were being treated for heart

problems. Those patients whose heart rate was above 70 beats per minute

had significantly higher incidence of heart attacks, hospital admissions and

the need for surgery. University of Sydney professor of cardiology Ben

Freedman from Sydney's Concord hospital, said "If you have a high heart

rate there was an increase in heart attack, there was about a 46 percent

increase in hospitalizations for non-fatal or fatal heart attack."[19]

Standard textbooks of physiology and medicine mention that heart

rate (HR) is readily calculated from the ECG as follows:

HR = 1,500/RR interval in millimeters, HR = 60/RR interval in

seconds, or HR = 300/number of large squares between successive R

waves. In each case, the authors are actually referring to

instantaneous HR, which is the number of times the heart would beat

if successive RR intervals were constant. However, because the

above formula is almost always mentioned, students determine HR

this way without looking at the ECG any further.

2.8 Light-emitting diode

A number of investigations indicate that faster resting heart rate has

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are

used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other

lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early

LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available

across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high

brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on),

electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device,

releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called

electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy

19

of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs

are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components

may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages

over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,

longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster

switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively

expensive and require more precise current and heat management than

compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation

lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic

signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be

developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced

communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote

control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD

players, and other domestic appliances.[20]

Figure 2.3:3Electronic symbol and Pin configuration anode and cathode

Figure 2.4:4Parts of an LED

20

The flat bottom surfaces of the anvil and post embedded inside the

epoxy act as anchors, to prevent the conductors from being forcefully

pulled out from mechanical strain or vibration.

2.8.1 LED Lamp (Light-Emitting Diode)

Light-emitting diode features:[21]

1. Viewing angle: +10 to +200 degrees (as required).

2. Super high intensity luminary: 100 - 20,000mcd.

3. Wave length: 375 - 700nm.

4. Reliable, long lifespan with over 60,000 ~ 100,000 hours.

5. Choice of various viewing angles and colors emitted: red, green, blue,

white, yellow, amber (optional).

6. Applications:

a. Commercial outdoor signs.

b. Automotive interior lights.

c. Front panel indicators.

d. Front panel backlights.

e. City beautification of night piece.

f. Traffic light.

g. Display.

7. All kinds of shapes including: round, columni form, square shape,

elliptica shape, tower shape, super flux, triangular shape.

8. Its outer packing comes in Anti-static bag and exporting carton.

2.9 Liquid crystal display

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic

visual display, or video display that uses the light modulating properties of

liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly.

LCD displays are available to display arbitrary images (as in a

general-purpose computer display) or fixed images which can be displayed

or hidden, such as preset words, digits, 7-segment displays, etc., as in a

digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary

21

images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays

have larger elements.[22]

2.9.1 Applications of LCD

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including computer

monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage,

etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming

devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have replaced

cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are available in

a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they

do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are,

however, susceptible to image persistence.[23]

The LCD is more energy efficient and offers safer disposal than a

CRT. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-

powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically modulated optical

device made up of any number of segments filled with liquid crystals and

arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images

in color or monochrome. Liquid crystals were first developed in 1888.[24]

By 2008 worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded annual

sales of CRT units; the CRT became obsolete for most purposes.

Figure 2.5:5Reflective twisted nematic liquid crystal display

1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters. 2. Glass substrate with Indium tin oxide or tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)

electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine the shapes

that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on

the surface are smooth.

3. Twisted nematic liquid crystal.

22

4. Glass substrate with common electrode film (ITO) with horizontal ridges to line up with the horizontal filter.

5. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light. 6. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this

layer is replaced with a light source.).

2.10 GSM

The Global System for Mobile Communication known as GSM is a

technology that dominated mobile communication industry over the past

decade. GSM originated from Europe and spread into many other countries

to become a popular standard for mobile communication. GSM started

mainly with voice communication, offering few basic services, then data

communication was introduced, but due to slow data rate, it was useful to

very few applications. Research and development brought about the

different evolutions of GSM, namely HSCSD (High Speed Circuit

Switched Data), GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE

(Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution). Presently, GSM network

operators provide a wide range of services, including many new services

such as web surfing, MMS (Multimedia Messaging Services), and EMS

(Enhanced Messaging Services). There are a lot of useful technological

products developed in the world to make life much easier, products which

are not used by many simply because these are not well known or not

properly understood.[25]

Public understanding of science and technology is a very important

aspect of our modern world. Scientific discoveries and new technologies

serve the purpose of pushing back the frontiers of human ignorance and

make life and the actual way humans do things much simpler. It is therefore

of little use keeping them in laboratories and libraries alone. Information

on scientific discoveries and new technologies should be disseminated to

the general public so that people can be aware of them and make informed

choices.[25]

23

2.10.1 GSM demonstration

Many companies invest significant capital in the development of new

technologies, new products or new services, which they have to

commercialize at the end. It is a serious problem for these companies when

the public is not aware of the existence of these new products on the

market, or when the public is not ready to use the new technology.

Therefore educating people about new technologies, their importance and

their use is extremely important for such companies. The quicker people

can be educated about new technologies, the better for themselves, for the

companies developing these technologies, for the government and society

in general.[25]

2.10.2 GSM Network Infrastructure

The following figure below depicts a typical GSM network (called,

Public Land Mobile Network or PLMN) infrastructure.[26]

Figure 2.6:6Wireless communications systems and networks

24

Dont need to go in depth of how internal structure of components of GSM network works because we are only interested in sending SMS

through a mobile, not with which process it will have to go through. GSM

infrastructure is for extra knowledge and to know that how your SMS will

reach the receiver (in this project case the doctor).

Figure 2.7:7Hexa cellular range of BTS based network diagram

The GSM divides the infrastructure into the following three parts.[26]

Network Switching Subsystems (NSS) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Management Subsystem (NMS)

If we count the Mobile Station (MS) or cell-phone is the 4 the

element.[26]

Any telecommunications network requires some kind of NMS. A

part of NMS is generic for any telecom system. The billing and messaging

are two examples. The core of the NSS is the MSC (Mobile Switching

Center) which is basically a PSTN switch with mobility management

related enhancement/add-on. The BSS is entirely new (compared to PSTN)

that are required for wireless access and mobility. The following sections of

this document provide an overview of the network elements and their

functions. The role of these elements will be clearer as we learn more.[26]

25

Chapter3: MICROCONTROLLER, ITS

INTERFACES AND PROJECT CIRCUIT

3.1 Microcontroller description (AT89S52)

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance Static CMOS 8-bit

microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory.

The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51

instruction set and pin out.[27]

The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed

in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a

monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which

provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

control applications.[27]

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of

Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers,

three 16-bit timer/counters, axis-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a

full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition,

the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The

Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial

port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode

saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip

functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.[27]

When choosing a controller chip for the tracking system, it was

important to consider the functions it would need to perform. The functions

include converting the analog voltages from the sensor circuits into digital

values that can then be compared. The controller also needs the capacity to

handle inputs from the user interface and the outputs to the dc motor control

circuit.

These inputs and Outputs need to be clarified before the controller is

chosen. To handle the analog to digital (A/D) conversions, the control chip

must read four voltage levels simultaneously and continuously. After

researching an appropriate 28control chip, the AT89S52 microcontroller

was found to be the preferred choice as it can perform all required functions

26

using only a single chip. The chip contains an on chip A/D converter,

adequate programmable memory space, ample input and output pins and a

supply voltage of five volts. This powerful 10 MIPS (100 nanosecond

instruction execution) yet easy-to-program (only 77 single word

instructions) CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller packs Microchip's

powerful architecture into an 40 -pin package and is upwards compatible

with theAT89ASXX , devices and thus providing a seamless migration

path of software code to higher level of hardware integration.

The AT89S52 features a 'C' compiler friendly development

environment, 256 bytes of EEPROM, Self-programming, an ICD, 2

capture/compare/PWM functions, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital

(A/D)converter, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-

wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit

bus and Enhanced Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

(EUSART). We will describe about the AT89S52 and at the same time, it

will give more understanding for me to employ this controller. Almost all

type of AT89S microcontroller is included in a class of 8-bit

microcontrollers of RISC architecture. Basically, the AT89S52 architecture

is minimized to be a simpler item but it still operates at the same function.

The Harvard architecture is a newer concept than von-Neumann. It was

designed as a response for the need to speed up the work of a

microcontroller. In Harvard architecture, data bus and address bus are

separate. Thus, the data will flow directly through the central processing

unit and the address bus is neglected. This greater flow of data will impact

for a greater speed of work. Besides that, the architecture will involve for a

small number of a fixed length instruction. It means the instruction is not to

have to be 8-bit words but it can use 14 bits for instructions which allows

for all instruction to be one word instructions.

Microcontrollers with Harvard architecture are called "RISC

microcontrollers". RISC is a short form for Reduced Instruction Set

Computer. Micro controllers with von-Neumann's architecture are called

CISC microcontrollers. CISC is a short form for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Same as discussion before, RISC microcontroller has a reduced

set of instructions, maybe 35 instructions for one cycle. If we compared it

with Intels and Motorolas microcontroller, it has over hundred instructions. Simplified point, we can say that the features of

microcontroller are:

1. Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture). 2. A small number of fixed length instructions.

27

3. Most instructions are single cycle execution with single delay cycles upon branches and skips.

4. All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or Destination of math and other functions.

5. A hardware stack for storing return addresses. 6. A fairly y small amount of addressable data space (typically 256

bytes), extended through banking.

7. Data space mapped CPU, port and peripheral registers. 8. The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable.

Microprocessor divides to 6 parts. Those are program memory,

EEPROM, RAM, PORTA and PORTB. AT89S52 has a total of 40 pins.

The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable. So,

the result for AT89S52 microcontroller reaches of 2:1 in code compression

an in speed in relation to other 8-bit microcontrollers in its class. AT89S52

microprocessor divides to 6 parts. Those are program memory, EEPROM,

RAM, PORTA and PORTB, free-run timer and central processing unit.

Furthermore, AT89S52 (PDIP)will be used in this project as base

controller.

As mentioned in previous paragraph, AT89S52 has a total of 40 pins.

Each pin has its meaning. The program counter is also mapped into the data

space and writable. So, the result for microcontroller reaches of 2:1 in code

compression and 4:1 bit microcontrollers in its class.

The AT89S52 pin no. 40 (VDD), pin no. 31 (VDD), these pins will

be connecting to the 5V voltage. For pin no. 20 pin no. this pin will be

connecting to the ground (GND). For pin no. 18 (OSC1) and pin no. 19

(OSC2), these pins will be connecting to the oscillator. For other pins, we

take point for the input and output. The most important part is how to

program this AT89S52.For program this Microcontroller we used pin no

6,7,8,9,10,11. And program is written in Assembly language.

3.2 Pin configuration of AT89S52

In this Project 8051 series microcontroller will be used. The 8051

series microcontroller we have used as base control is an Atmel corporation

AT89S52 40-Lead PDIP type microcontroller.

28

(a)

(b)

29

(c)

Figure 3.1: 8Pin configuration of microcontroller AT89S52 different versions

30

Figure 3.2: 9Block diagram of AT89S52

31

3.3 Pin Description of AT89S52

3.3.1 VCC

Supply voltage.[27]

3.3.2 GND

GND stands for ground. Used to provide a ground. [27]

3.3.3 Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,

each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the

pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to

be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external

program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups Port 0

also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the

code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required

during program verification.[27]

3.3.4 Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1

output buffers can Sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port

1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as

inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being Pulled low will

source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and

P1.1Can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input

(P1.0/T2) and the Timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively,

Port 1 also receive s the low-order address bytes during Flash programming

and verification.[27]

3.3.5 Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2

output buffers can Sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port

2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as

32

inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will

source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-

order address byte during fetches from external program memory and

During accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MO VX

@DPTR) In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when

emitting 1s. During Accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit

addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special

Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some

control signals during Flash programming and verification.[27]

3.3.6 Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3

output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port

3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as

inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will

source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions

of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and

verification.[27]

3.3.7 RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the

oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator

periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR

(address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit

DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.[27]

3.3.8 ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during Accesses to external memory. This pin is also the

program pulse input (PROG) During Flash programming. In normal

operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency

and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however,

that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.

If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location

8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC

instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-

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disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution

mode.[27]

3.3.9 PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program

memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program

memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two

PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data

memory.[27]

3.3.10 EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable

the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at

0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA

will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for

internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.[27]

3.3.11XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock

operating circuit.[27]

3.3.12 XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.[27]

3.4 Special Function Registers of AT89S52

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register

(SFR) space. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and

unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses

to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses

will have an indeterminate effect. User software should not write 1s to these

unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new

34

features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always

be 0.[27]

3.4.1 Timer 2 Registers

Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD

for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the Capture/Reload

registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.[27]

3.4.2 Interrupt Registers

The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities

can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.[27]

3.4.3 Dual Data Pointer Registers

To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two

banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address

locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1

selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the

DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data

Pointer Register.[27]

3.4.4 Power off Flag

The Power off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON

SFR. POF is set to 1 during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.2.2.5 Memory Organization

MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data

Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can

be addressed.[27]

3.5 Watchdog Timer of AT89S52

(One-time Enabled with Reset-out) The WDT is intended as a recovery

method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets.

The WDT consists of a 13-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset

(WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To

35

enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the

WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will

increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT

timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no

way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or

WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output

RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.[27]

3.5.1 Using the WDT

To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to

the WDTRST register (SFR) location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled,

the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to

avoid a WDT overflow. The 13-bit counter overflows when it reaches 8191

(1FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will

increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means

the user must reset the WDT at least every 8191 machine cycles. To reset

the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a

write-only register. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When

WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin.

The RESET pulse duration is 96xTOSC, where TOSC=1/FOSC. To make

the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that

will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT

reset.[27]

3.5.2 WDT during Power-down and Idle

Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also

stops. While in Power- down mode, the user does not need to service the

WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware

reset or via a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to

entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware

reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the

AT89S52 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly

different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to

stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To

prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held

low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested

that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to

exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within

a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before

36

entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the

WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT

continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE

(WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting

the AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user sho