Healing the Heart: When Failure is Not

an OptionSeptember 12, 2013

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Your Participation

Our Panelists

Nazanin Moghbeli, MD, MPH, Cardiologist Salil Shah, MD, Cardiothoracic

Surgeon

Heart FailureNazanin Moghbeli, MD, MPH,

FACCSeptember 10, 2013

Overview• What is heart failure?• Why should I know about it?• What are the causes of heart failure?• What are the signs and symptoms?• How do you treat this disease?• What can I do to prevent worsening heart

failure?

Definition of Heart Failure

• Heart failure: is caused by damage to the heart and can be caused

by many different reasons.

i.e. heart attack or uncontrolled high blood pressure.

• Heart failure in this case - does not mean the heart has fully

stopped.

• The heart is pumping with less strength than usual

Understanding what is going on with the heart…

• Blood moves through the body at a slower rate. As a result, the heart

cannot pump enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the body's needs.

• As a result, the kidneys may respond by causing the body to retain fluid

(water) and salt.

• Often fluid builds up in the arms, legs, ankles, feet, lungs, or other organs,

the body becomes congested (full of fluid); hence the term congestive

heart failure to describe the condition.

How common is Heart Failure?

• Heart failure affects nearly 5.7 million Americans.

• Roughly 670,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year.

• It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65.

• 1 in every 5 people will develop heart failure in the US.

Mortality Data *

• 80% of men and 70% of women with less than 65 years of age and HF will

die within 8 years

• Up to 42% of patients die of HF within 5 years of hospitalization of HF.

• Sudden cardiac death is 6 to 9 times more likely in a HF patient as

compared to the general population.

What causes Heart Failure (HF)?

• HF is caused by conditions that damage the heart:

• Coronary artery disease (CAD)= a disease of the arteries of

the heart. If arteries of the heart become blocked or narrowed,

the heart can be damaged by lack of oxygen and nutrients.

• Heart attack= occurs when the heart arteries become suddenly

blocked, stopping the flow of blood to the heart muscle. This

damages the heart muscle, resulting in a scarred area that no

longer functions well.

Other causes of HF:

•Alcohol

•High blood pressure

•Valve disease

• Thyroid disease

•Heart defects present at birth can all cause heart failure

•Preeclampsia

•

Symptoms associated with CHF:

• Congested lungs:

Shortness of breath: at rest, with exercise, or if lying flat

Lung congestion can cause a dry hacking cough/wheezing

• Fluid and water retention.

Less blood released by kidneys causes fluid and water retention, resulting in

swollen ankles, legs, abdomen (called edema), and weight gain.

May cause an increased need to urinate during the night.

Stomach bloating may cause a loss of appetite or nausea.

Symptoms often found in HF:

• Dizziness, fatigue, and weakness.

Less blood to major organs and muscles can cause fatigue/weakness

Less blood to the brain can cause dizziness or confusion.

• Rapid or irregular heartbeats.

The heart beats faster to pump enough blood to the body. This can cause a rapid

or irregular heartbeat.

How do we treat heart failure• Medications that lower blood pressure and

heart rate, thereby decreasing the strain on the heart

• Restriction of water and salt• Treating diabetes, high blood pressure,

coronary artery disease• Exercise• Smoking cessation

Advanced treatment options for HF

• Mechanical Devices

• Heart transplantation (completely replacing the current nonfunctioning heart

with a better functioning heart).

Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD)

Heart Transplantation *

• Heart transplant patients can live a near-normal quality of life and functional

capacity.

• 50% of all patients will live at least 9-10 years.

• Gold standard for appropriately selected patients with advanced-stage HF

Heart Transplantation

• Only 2000 people a year receive transplants in the U.S

• Over 10% of people on the waiting list die each year waiting on a heart to

become available.

• Hence additional options must be sought to improve outcomes and avoid

deaths for these patients.

What can I do?• Exercise• Cholesterol control• Weight management• Medications as needed• Avoid over the counter medications such as

Motrin, decongestants • Avoid alcohol excess

Einstein Heart Failure Services

• Diagnosis and workup of heart failure:

• Treatment, including careful monitoring of heart failure medications

• Education

• Team approach: PCP, patient, heart failure team

• Mechanical support, transplant evaluation and referral

Surgical Treatment of Heart Failure

September 12, 2013

•Differentiate between acute and chronic heart failure

•Surgical management of acute heart failure•Device options and efficacy

•Surgical Management of Chronic Heart Failure•Ventricular Remodeling•Device placement and management

•The Future

Objectives

Acute vs Chronic Heart Failure

• Acute– A sudden change in heart function related

to some new event that has caused damage to the heart.

• Chronic– A gradual decline of heart function over a

period of time. (Often the body compensates slowly for the loss of heart function).

Causes of Acute Heart Failure:• Myocardial Infarction (aka Heart attack)

• Pulmonary Embolism (Blood clot in the lungs)

• Myocarditis (Inflammation)

• Post-partum Cardiomyopathy (Enlarged heart after pregnancy)

• Chronic heart failure with acute (new) flare

• Trauma (i.e. direct injury to the heart)

• Acute Heart Transplant Rejection

Management

• Most importantly, treatment is to prevent or stop the failure of other organs that are dependent on blood flow from the heart.

• This can be done medically or with mechanical devices.

Intra-Aortic Balloon pump

• Device placed via the femoral artery (in the leg) to increase heart blood flow.

• Pros: – Can be placed and removed by a

catheter.– Will allow increased heart and brain

blood flow

• Cons: – Does not increase the amount of

blood pumped by the heart– Has never been shown to improve

survival.

Tandem Heart

• Centrifugal flow pump placed percutaneously

• Designed to augment left ventricular output and rest left ventricle

• Can augment cardiac output up to 5 LPM

Pros: Can fully augment left ventricular cardiac output Placed and removed

percutaneously

Cons: Must have skilled person to place the cannula trans-septal

Cannula position is difficult to control and cannula can migrate

Tandem Heart

• Many case studies and retrospective reviews to show efficacy, but no PRCT to show efficacy versus convertional therapy.

• Theoretical advantage to allowing the left ventricle to rest and provide the body with support.

• No mechanism to deal with right ventricular failure.

• Trial starting now to determine efficacy versus other devices

Impella

• Axial flow device

• 2.5- 5.0 L/min Active forward flow

• Single Vascular access

• 5 Minute setup\

• Percutaneous or surgical cut-down

for placement

• Multiple configurations possible

• Operation independent of cardiac

function or rhythm

Impella

Co

ns

ole

Impella LD/LP 5.0Impella LP2.5

Pu

mp

sIm

pla

nta

tio

n

Impella CPImpella CP

Impella RP

New Technology

Investigational

Myocardial Protection Hemodynamic SupportMyocardial Protection Hemodynamic Support

InflowInflow

(ventricle)(ventricle)

OutflowOutflow

(aortic root)(aortic root)

aorticaortic

valvevalve

O2 O2 DemandDemand O2 O2 SupplySupply Cardiac Power OutputCardiac Power Output

EDV, EDPEDV, EDP AOPAOP FlowFlow

Myocardial ProtectionMyocardial Protection Systemic Hemodynamic SupportSystemic Hemodynamic Support

Physiology of Impella 31

Impella Unloading Effect

ECMO

• Extracorporeal Membraneous Oxygenation

• Blood is removed from the venous system either peripherally via cannulation of a femoral vein or centrally via cannulation of the right atrium, – Oxygenate– Extract carbon dioxide

• Blood is then returned back to the body either peripherally via a femoral artery or centrally via the ascending aorta.

ECMO

• Cadillac of mechanical support

• Full cardiopulmonary bypass

• Provides body with oxygenated blood

• Provides body with full cardiac output

• Allows heart and lungs to rest as body recovers from injury and insult

ECMO

Pros: Can be placed percutaneously anywhere

Provides full heart and lung supportAllows for bridge to decision

Cons: Must be removed surgicallyNeed trained staff to monitor and adjust 24 hrs/day while on support Have increased bleeding and vascular complications

Bottomline

• All therapies have their place

• If chosen and used correctly will take an almost uniformly deadly situation and provide a chance for recovery

• There are indications for each device and all devices are approved to be used in acute cardiogenic shock situations.

Chronic Heart Failure

• Decline of heart function over a period of time where the body compensates slowly for the decrement in heart function.

• Treatment:

– Medication-Ionotropes, afterload reduction

– Ventricular Remodeling

– Mechanical Support-LVAD/RVAD

– Heart Transplantation

Heartmate II

• Continuous axial flow pump

• Connects LV apex to Aorta

• Bypasses blood flow from the left ventricle

• Only has exteriorized driveline connected to external monitor and power source

• Must be placed surgically• Can be used as bridge to

transplant or as destination therapy

Heartmate II

• Pros: – Excellent flow device– Very durable– Easily implantable – Has excellent long term efficacy

and data

• Cons:– Difficult to explant – Need chronic anticoagulation – Device does have defined lifespan – Patient must be of a certain size

to accommodate device

The Future•Heartware

•Impella RP

inflow

outflow

Heartware

• Continuous axial flow pump• Connects LV apex to Aorta• Bypasses blood flow from the left

ventricle• Only has exteriorized driveline

connected to external monitor and power source

• Must be placed surgically• Can be used as bridge to transplant

or as destination therapy• Small device can be placed in any

body habitus• Can be used for biventricular long-

term support• Currently on trial

• Catheter-based percutaneous VAD (22 Fr pump mounted on a 11 Fr catheter)

• Treatment: Right ventricular dysfunction

• Flow: > 4 L/min• Duration of support: up to

14 days• Pump Inflow: Inferior Vena

Cava (IVC) Pump Outflow: Pulmonary Artery (PA)

inflow

outflow

Impella RP

Thank You!!

Dr. Shah

Salil G. Shah

215-456-8543

5501 Old York Road

Klein 409

Philadelphia, PA

Dr. Moghbeli

Einstein Advance Heart Failure Program

Location

5501 Old York Road

Philadelphia, PA 19141

To talk to one of our team, call the Heart

Failure Hotline at 215-292-1958

Contact Information